মানব দেহ

"মানব অঙ্গসংস্থান" শিরোনামকে এখানে পুনর্নির্দেশ করা হয়েছে। other uses জন্য অঙ্গসংস্থানবিদ্যা দেখুন।

Human body
চিত্র:Human body-bn.png
বিস্তারিত
শনাক্তকারী
লাতিন	corpus humanum
মে-এসএইচ	D018594
টিএ৯৮	A01.0.00.000
টিএ২	96
এফএমএ	FMA:20394
শারীরস্থান পরিভাষা

মানব দেহ হল একটি মানুষের পূর্ণাঙ্গ দেহ কাঠামো যা  মাথা, ঘাড়, Trunk (anatomy)ধড় (যাতে অন্তর্ভুক্ত হল বক্ষ এবং পেট), বাহু এবং হাত, পা এবং পায়ের পাতা।

মানব দেহের প্রতিটি অংশই বিভিন্ন ধরনের কোষ দ্বারা গঠিত, যা জীবনের মৌলিক একক।

পরিণত অবস্থায়,মানবদেহের কোষের সংখ্যা থাকে গড়ে প্রায় ৩৭.২ ট্রিলিয়ন। এই সংখ্যাটিকে মানবদেহের অন্যতম উপাত্ত হিসেবে উল্লেখ করা হয় এবং পরবর্তী ধাপের অন্যান্য হিসেবনিকেশের সূচনা হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। দেহের সকল অঙ্গের এবং সকল প্রকারের কোষের সংখ্যাকে যোগ করে এই সংখ্যাটি নির্ণয় করা হয়েছে। মানব বেশ কিছু নির্দিষ্ট রাসায়নিক পদার্থের সমন্বয়ে গঠিত যাদের মধ্যে অন্যতম হল কার্বন, ক্যালসিয়াম এবং ফসফরাস।

মানব দেহ নিয়ে পড়াশুনার মধ্যে প্রধান দুটি শাখা হল শারীরবিদ্যা এবং অঙ্গসংস্থানবিদ্যা। মানব দেহে প্রায়শই কিছু অঙ্গসংস্থানিক ও রোগনির্ণয়-ভিত্তিক বৈচিত্র্য ও অনিয়মিত অস্বাভাবিকতা দেখা যায় যা সনাক্ত করার প্রয়োজন পড়ে। শারীরবিদ্যা দেহের অঙ্গতন্ত্রের এবং অঙ্গের কার্যপ্রণালীর দিকে নজর দেয়। মানবদেহের বহু তন্ত্র ও কার্যপ্রণালী দৈহিক ভারসাম্য নিয়ন্ত্রণের জন্য পারস্পারিকভাবে সম্পর্ক তৈরি করে।

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অঙ্গসংস্থানিক বিভিন্নতা

আরও তথ্যের জন্য দেখুন: List of anatomical variations

In human anatomy, the term anatomical variation refers to a non-pathologic anatomic structure that is different from normal. The possible anatomic variations in each organ and its arterial and venous supply must be known by physicians, such as surgeons or radiologists, in order to identify them. Unlike congenital anomalies, anatomic variations are typically inconsequential and do not constitute a disorder. Accessory muscles are rare anatomical duplicates of muscle that can occur and only require treatment where function is impaired. The accessory soleus muscle in the ankle is one such variation and one which does not need to be rectified. Another more common variation found in around ten per cent of the population is the accessory spleen.

মানব শারীরবিদ্যা

মূল নিবন্ধ: Physiology

Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. Physiology focuses principally at the level of organs and systems. Most aspects of human physiology are closely homologous to corresponding aspects of animal physiology, and animal experimentation has provided much of the foundation of physiological knowledge. Anatomy and physiology are closely related fields of study: anatomy, the study of form, and physiology, the study of function, are intrinsically related and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum.

The study of how physiology is altered in disease is pathophysiology.

তন্ত্র

আরও দেখুন: List of systems of the human body

The human body consists of many interacting systems. Each system contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis, of itself, other systems, and the entire body. A system consists of two or more organs, which are functional collections of tissue. Systems do not work in isolation, and the well-being of the person depends upon the well-being of all the interacting body systems. Some combining systems are referred to by their joint names such as the nervous system and the endocrine system known together as the neuroendocrine system.

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• 

	System	Clinical study	Physiology
	The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the organ of thought, emotion, memory, and sensory processing, and serves many aspects of communication and controls various systems and functions. The special senses consist of vision, hearing, taste, and smell. The eyes, ears, tongue, and nose gather information about the body's environment.	neuroscience, neurology (disease), psychiatry (behavioral), ophthalmology (vision), otolaryngology (hearing, taste, smell)	neurophysiology
	The musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton (which includes bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage) and attached muscles. It gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement. In addition to their structural role, the larger bones in the body contain bone marrow, the site of production of blood cells. Also, all bones are major storage sites for calcium and phosphate. This system can be split up into the muscular system and the skeletal system.	orthopedics (bone and muscle disorders and injuries)	cell physiology, musculoskeletal physiology, osteology (skeleton), arthrology (articular system), myology (muscular system)
	The circulatory system or cardiovascular system comprises the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries). The heart propels the circulation of the blood, which serves as a "transportation system" to transfer oxygen, fuel, nutrients, waste products, immune cells, and signalling molecules (i.e., hormones) from one part of the body to another. The blood consists of fluid that carries cells in the circulation, including some that move from tissue to blood vessels and back, as well as the spleen and bone marrow.	cardiology (heart), hematology (blood)	cardiovascular physiology The heart itself is divided into three layers called the endocardium, myocardium and epicardium, which vary in thickness and function.
	The respiratory system consists of the nose, nasopharynx, trachea, and lungs. It brings oxygen from the air and excretes carbon dioxide and water back into the air.	pulmonology	respiratory physiology
	The digestive system consists of the mouth including the tongue and teeth, esophagus, stomach, gut (gastrointestinal tract, small and large intestines, and rectum), as well as the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands. It converts food into small, nutritional, non-toxic molecules for distribution by the circulation to all tissues of the body, and excretes the unused residue.	gastroenterology	gastrointestinal physiology
	The integumentary system consists of the covering of the body (the skin), including hair and nails as well as other functionally important structures such as the sweat glands and sebaceous glands. The skin provides containment, structure, and protection for other organs, but it also serves as a major sensory interface with the outside world.	dermatology	cell physiology, skin physiology
	The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It removes water from the blood to produce urine, which carries a variety of waste molecules and excess ions and water out of the body.	nephrology (function), urology (structural disease)	renal physiology
চিত্র:Male anatomy.png	The reproductive system consists of the gonads and the internal and external sex organs. The reproductive system produces gametes in each sex, a mechanism for their combination, and a nurturing environment for the first 9 months of development of the infant.	gynecology (women), andrology (men), sexology (behavioral aspects) embryology (developmental aspects), obstetrics (partition)	reproductive physiology
	The immune system consists of the white blood cells, the thymus, lymph nodes and lymph channels, which are also part of the lymphatic system. The immune system provides a mechanism for the body to distinguish its own cells and tissues from alien cells and substances and to neutralize or destroy the latter by using specialized proteins such as antibodies, cytokines, and toll-like receptors, among many others.	immunology	immunology
	The main function of the lymphatic system is to extract, transport and metabolize lymph, the fluid found in between cells. The lymphatic system is very similar to the circulatory system in terms of both its structure and its most basic function (to carry a body fluid).	oncology, immunology	oncology, immunology
	The endocrine system consists of the principal endocrine glands: the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, parathyroids, and gonads, but nearly all organs and tissues produce specific endocrine hormones as well. The endocrine hormones serve as signals from one body system to another regarding an enormous array of conditions, and resulting in variety of changes of function. There is also the exocrine system.	endocrinology	endocrinology

শারীরতাত্ত্বিক ভারসাম্য

The term homeostasis refers to a system that regulates its internal environment and maintains a stable, relatively constant condition; such as maintaining an equal temperature, or acid balance pH. This is required for the body to function properly. Without a relatively constant pH, temperature, blood flow, and position, survival would be impossible.

Many interacting systems and mechanisms act to maintain the human's internal environment. The nervous system receives information from the body and transmits this to the brain via neurotransmitters. The endocrine system may release hormones to help regulate blood pressure and volume. Cell metabolism may help to maintain the blood's pH.

সমাজ ও সংস্কৃতি

আরও তথ্যের জন্য দেখুন: History of anatomy, History of medicine ও History of physiology

চিত্রায়ন

Image of two facing pages of text with woodcuts of naked male and female figures. "Epitome" by Andreas Vesalius, fol. 10b and 11a. HMD Collection, WZ 240 V575dhZ 1543.

Anatomy has become a key part of the visual arts. Basic concepts of how muscles and bones function and change with movement are vital in drawing, painting or animating a human figure. Many books (such as "Human Anatomy for Artists: The Elements of Form") have been written as guides to drawing the human body anatomically correctly. Leonardo da Vinci sought to improve his art through a better understanding of human anatomy. In the process he advanced both human anatomy and its representation in art.

Because the structure of living organisms is complex, anatomy is organized by levels, from the smallest components of cells to the largest organs and their relationship to others.

Aউওস্থিতি

মূল নিবন্ধ: Human physical appearance

History of anatomy

The history of anatomy has been characterized, over a long period of time, by an ongoing, developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the human body. Methods have advanced dramatically, from the simple examination by dissection of animals and cadavers (corpses), to the development and use of the microscope, to the far more technological advances of the electron microscope and other complex techniques developed since the beginning of the 20th century. During the 19th and early 20th centuries it was the most prominent biological field of scientific study.

শারীরবিদ্যার ইতিহাস

মূল নিবন্ধ: History of physiology

The study of human physiology dates back to at least 420 B.C. and the time of Hippocrates, the father of western medicine. The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece, while Claudius Galenus (c. 126–199 A.D.), known as Galen, was the first to use experiments to probe the function of the body. Galen was the founder of experimental physiology. The medical world moved on from Galenism only with the appearance of Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey.

Following from the Middle Ages, the Renaissance brought an increase of physiological research in the Western world that triggered the modern study of anatomy and physiology. Andreas Vesalius was an author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica. Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy. Anatomist William Harvey described the circulatory system in the 17th century, demonstrating the fruitful combination of close observations and careful experiments to learn about the functions of the body, which was fundamental to the development of experimental physiology. Herman Boerhaave is sometimes referred to as a father of physiology due to his exemplary teaching in Leiden and textbook Institutiones medicae (1708).

In the 18th century, important works in this field were done by Pierre Cabanis, a French doctor and physiologist.

In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, in particular with the 1838 appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells. Claude Bernard's (1813–1878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of milieu interieur (internal environment), which would later be taken up and championed as "homeostasis" by American physiologist Walter Cannon (1871–1945).

In the 20th century, biologists also became interested in how organisms other than human beings function, eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology. Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew. Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline.

The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form. It is achieved through communication that occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical.

In terms of the human body, the endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals that integrate function. Homeostasis is a major aspect with regard to the interactions in the body. -->

আরও দেখুন

• মানব অঙ্গসংস্থানের সূচিপত্র
• দৈহিক চিত্র
• দৈহিক গঠন
• মানবদেহের পরিবর্ধন
• তুলনামূলক শারীরবিদ্যা
• তুলনামূলক অঙ্গসংস্থানবিদ্যা
• অঙ্গসংস্থানবিদ্যা বিষয়ক নিবন্ধের সূচিপত্র
• বিভিন্ন স্থানের অঙ্গসংস্থানিক পরিভাষা

আরও পড়ুন

• Raincoast Books (২০০৪)। Encyclopedic Atlas Human Body। Raincoast Books। আইএসবিএন 978-1-55192-747-3। উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link)
• Daniel D. Chiras (১ জুন ২০১২)। Human Body Systems: Structure, Function, and Environment। Jones & Bartlett Publishers। আইএসবিএন 978-1-4496-4793-3। উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link)
• Adolf Faller; Michael Schünke; Gabriele Schünke (২০০৪)। The Human Body: An Introduction to Structure and Function। Thieme। আইএসবিএন 978-1-58890-122-4।  উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link)
• Richard Walker (৩০ মার্চ ২০০৯)। Human Body। Dk Pub। আইএসবিএন 978-0-7566-4545-8। উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link)
• DK Publishing (১৮ জুন ২০১২)। Human Body: A Visual Encyclopedia। আইএসবিএন 978-1-4654-0143-4। উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link)
• DK Publishing (৩০ আগস্ট ২০১০)। The Complete Human Body: The Definitive Visual Guide। আইএসবিএন 978-0-7566-7509-7। উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link)
• Saddleback (১ জানুয়ারি ২০০৮)। Human Body। Saddleback Educational Publ। আইএসবিএন 978-1-59905-234-2। উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link)
• Babsky, Evgeni; Boris Khodorov; Grigory Kositsky; Anatoly Zubkov (১৯৮৯)। Evgeni Babsky, সম্পাদক। Human Physiology, in 2 vols.। Translated by Ludmila Aksenova; translation edited by H. C. Creighton (M.A., Oxon)। Moscow: Mir Publishers। আইএসবিএন 5-03-000776-8। উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link)
• Sherwood, Lauralee (২০১০)। Human Physiology from cells to systems (Hardcover) (7 সংস্করণ)। Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/cole। আইএসবিএন 978-0-495-39184-5। উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link)

• Nikoletseas, Michael (২০১০)। Cranial Nerves for Medical Students: with clinical correlations। আইএসবিএন 978-1453812945। উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link)

বহিঃসংযোগ

• The Book of Humans (from the early 18th century)
• Man and His Bodies (1896)
• 3D Human Body: Explore the human body in 3D - MSN Health & Fitness