সাহায্য:আধ্বব

উইকিপিডিয়া, মুক্ত বিশ্বকোষ থেকে
পরিচ্ছেদসমূহ: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z  সহায়ক চিহ্ন 

প্রধান প্রতীকের তালিকা[সম্পাদনা]

The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the Latin alphabet. Symbols which do not resemble any Latin letter are placed at the end.

প্রতীক উদাহরণ বর্ণনা
A
[a] (শুনুন) জার্মান Mann, ফরাসি gare For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father.
[ä] (শুনুন) ম্যান্ডারিন 他 tā, মার্কিনি ইংরেজি father, স্পেনীয় casa, ফরাসি patte
[ɐ] (শুনুন) RP cut, জার্মান Kaiserslautern (In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.)
[ɑ] (শুনুন) RP father, ফরাসি pâte, Dutch bad
[ɑ̃] (শুনুন) ফরাসি Caen, sans, temps অনুনাসিক [ɑ].
[ɒ] (শুনুন) RP cot Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.
[ʌ] (শুনুন) মার্কিনি ইংরেজি cut Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].)
[æ] (শুনুন) RP cat
B
[b] (শুনুন) English babble
[ɓ] (শুনুন) সোয়াহিলি bwana Like a [b] said with a gulp. See implosive consonants.
[β] (শুনুন) স্পেনীয় la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children", কোরীয় 무궁화 [muɡuŋβwa̠] mugunghwa Like [b], but with the lips not quite closed.
[ʙ] (শুনুন) Nias simbi [siʙi] "lower jaw" Sputtering.
C
[c] (শুনুন) তুর্কি kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", গ্রীক και "and" Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like হিন্দি.
[ç] (শুনুন) জার্মান Ich More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
[ɕ] (শুনুন) ম্যান্ডারিন 西安 Xi'an, Polish ściana More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she.
[ɔ] (শুনুন) see under O
D
[d] (শুনুন) English dad
[ɗ] (শুনুন) সোয়াহিলি Dodoma Like [d] said with a gulp.
[ɖ] (শুনুন) মার্কিনি ইংরেজি harder Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ð] (শুনুন) English the, bathe
[dz] (শুনুন) English adds, Italian zero
[] (শুনুন) English judge
[] (শুনুন) Polish niewiedź "bear" Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound.
[] (শুনুন) Polish em "jam" Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
E
[e] (শুনুন) স্পেনীয় fe; ফরাসি clé, জার্মান Klee Similar to English hey, before the y sets in.
[ɘ] (শুনুন) Australian English bird
[ə] (শুনুন) English above, হিন্দি ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" (Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
[ɚ] (শুনুন) মার্কিনি ইংরেজি runner
[ɛ] (শুনুন) English bet
[ɛ̃] (শুনুন) ফরাসি Saint-Étienne, vin, main অনুনাসিক [ɛ].
[ɜ] (শুনুন) RP bird (long)
[ɝ] (শুনুন) মার্কিনি ইংরেজি bird
F
[f] (শুনুন) English fun
[ɟ] (শুনুন) see under J
[ʄ] (শুনুন) see under J
G
[ɡ] (শুনুন) English gag (Should look like . No different from a Latin "g")
[ɠ] (শুনুন) সোয়াহিলি Uganda Like [ɡ] said with a gulp.
[ɢ] (শুনুন) Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some আরবি dialects for /q/, as in Muammar Gaddafi.
[ʒ] (শুনুন) see under Z English beige.
H
[h] (শুনুন) মার্কিনি ইংরেজি house
[ɦ] (শুনুন) English ahead, when said quickly.
[ʰ] The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to ফরাসি or স্পেনীয় [t].
[ħ] (শুনুন) আরবি ‏مُحَمَّدMuhammad Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger.
[ɥ] (অডিও ফাইল "Labial-palatal approximant.ogg" খুঁজে পাওয়া যায়নি) see under Y
[ɮ] (শুনুন) see under L
I
[i] (শুনুন) English sea, ফরাসি ville, স্পেনীয় Valladolid
[ɪ] (শুনুন) English sit
[ɨ] (শুনুন) রুশ ты "you" Often used for unstressed English roses.
J
[j] (শুনুন) English yes, hallelujah, জার্মান Junge
[ʲ] In রুশ Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn] Indicates a sound is more y-like.
[ʝ] (শুনুন) স্পেনীয় cayo (some dialects) Like [j], but stronger.
[ɟ] (শুনুন) তুর্কি gör "see", Czech díra "hole" Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like হিন্দি.
[ʄ] (শুনুন) সোয়াহিলি jambo Like [ɟ] said with a gulp.
K
[k] (শুনুন) English kick, skip
L
[l] (শুনুন) English leaf
[ɫ] (শুনুন) English wool
রুশ малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small"
"Dark" el.
[ɬ] (শুনুন) Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey"
Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit"
By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla.
[ɭ] (শুনুন) Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɺ] (অডিও ফাইল "Alveolar lateral flap.ogg" খুঁজে পাওয়া যায়নি) A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together.
[ɮ] (শুনুন) Zulu dla "eat" Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together.
M
[m] (শুনুন) English mime
[ɱ] (শুনুন) English symphony Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f].
[ɯ] (শুনুন) see under W
[ʍ] (শুনুন) see under W
N
[n] (শুনুন) English nun
[ŋ] (শুনুন) English sing, Māori nga
[ɲ] (শুনুন) স্পেনীয় Peña, ফরাসি champagne Rather like English canyon (/nj/ said quickly).
[ɳ] (শুনুন) হিন্দি वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɴ] (শুনুন) Castilian স্পেনীয় Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat.
O
[o] (শুনুন) স্পেনীয় no, ফরাসি eau, জার্মান Boden Somewhat reminiscent of মার্কিনি ইংরেজি no.
[ɔ] (শুনুন) জার্মান Oldenburg, ফরাসি Garonne
[ɔ̃] (শুনুন) ফরাসি Lyon, son অনুনাসিক [ɔ].
[ø] (শুনুন) ফরাসি feu, bœufs, জার্মান Goethe Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o].
[ɵ] (শুনুন) Dutch hut, ফরাসি je, Swedish dum Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The Dutch vowel is often transcribed with ⟨ʏ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩, whereas the ফরাসি vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ə⟩.
[œ] (শুনুন) ফরাসি bœuf, seul, জার্মান Göttingen Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ].
[œ̃] (শুনুন) ফরাসি brun, parfum অনুনাসিক [œ].
[ɶ] (শুনুন)
[θ] (শুনুন) see under Others
[ɸ] (শুনুন) see under Others
P
[p] (শুনুন) English pip
Q
[q] (শুনুন) আরবি ‏قُرْآنQur’ān Like [k], but further back, in the throat.
R
[r] (শুনুন) স্পেনীয় perro, Scots borrow "Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English [ɹ], when there's no ambiguity.)
[ɾ] (শুনুন) স্পেনীয় pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, মার্কিনি ইংরেজি kitty/kiddie "Flapped R".
[ʀ] (শুনুন) Dutch rood and জার্মান rot (some speakers) A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of ফরাসি.
[ɽ] (শুনুন) হিন্দি साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari" Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back.
[ɹ] (শুনুন) RP borrow
[ɻ] (শুনুন) ম্যান্ডারিন 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", মার্কিনি ইংরেজি borrow, butter Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
[ʁ] (শুনুন) ফরাসি Paris, জার্মান Riemann (some dialects) Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
S
[s] (শুনুন) English sass
[ʃ] (শুনুন) English shoe
[ʂ] (শুনুন) ম্যান্ডারিন 少林 (Shàolín), রুশ Пушкин (Pushkin) Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
T
[t] (শুনুন) English tot, stop
[ʈ] (শুনুন) হিন্দি ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ts] (শুনুন) English cats, রুশ царь tsar
[] (শুনুন) English church
[] (শুনুন) ম্যান্ডারিন 北京 Běijīng (listen), Polish ciebie "you" Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.
[] (শুনুন) ম্যান্ডারিন 真正 zhēnzhèng, Polish czas Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
U
[u] (শুনুন) মার্কিনি ইংরেজি food, ফরাসি vous "you", জার্মান Schumacher
[ʊ] (শুনুন) English foot, জার্মান Bundesrepublik
[ʉ] (শুনুন) Australian English food (long) Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ɥ] (অডিও ফাইল "Labial-palatal approximant.ogg" খুঁজে পাওয়া যায়নি) see under Y
[ɯ] (শুনুন) see under W
V
[v] (শুনুন) English verve
[ʋ] (শুনুন) হিন্দি वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna" Between [v] and [w]. Used by some জার্মানs and রুশs for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r.
[ɤ] (শুনুন) see under Y
[ɣ] (শুনুন) see under Y
[ʌ] (শুনুন) see under A
W
[w] (শুনুন) English wow
[ʷ] Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in English rain
[ʍ] (শুনুন) what (some dialects) like [h] and [w] said together
[ɯ] (শুনুন) তুর্কি kayık "caïque", Scottish Gaelic gaol Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ].
[ɰ] (শুনুন) স্পেনীয় agua
X
[x] (শুনুন) Scottish English loch, জার্মান Bach, রুশ хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good", স্পেনীয় joven between [k] and [h]
[χ] (শুনুন) northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian স্পেনীয় Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] Like [x], but further back, in the throat. Some জার্মান and আরবি speakers have [χ] for [x].
Y
[y] (শুনুন) ফরাসি rue, জার্মান Bülow Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ʏ] (শুনুন) জার্মান Düsseldorf Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ].
[ɣ] (শুনুন) আরবি ‏غَالِيghālī and সোয়াহিলি ghali "expensive", স্পেনীয় suegro Sounds rather like ফরাসি [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h].
[ɤ] (শুনুন) ম্যান্ডারিন 河南 Hénán, Scottish Gaelic taigh Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ].
[ʎ] (শুনুন) Italian tagliatelle Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume.
[ɥ] (অডিও ফাইল "Labial-palatal approximant.ogg" খুঁজে পাওয়া যায়নি) ফরাসি lui Like [j] and [w] said together.
Z
[z] (শুনুন) English zoo
[ʒ] (শুনুন) English vision, ফরাসি journal
[ʑ] (শুনুন) old-styled রুশ позже [ˈpoʑːe] "later", Polish źle More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey.
[ʐ] (শুনুন) রুশ жир "fat" Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɮ] (শুনুন) see under L
Others
[θ] (শুনুন) English thigh, bath
[ɸ] (শুনুন) 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching
[ʔ] (শুনুন) English uh-oh, Hawaii, জার্মান die Angst The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [əˈʔæpl̩].
[ʕ] (শুনুন) আরবি ‏عَرَبِيّʻarabī "আরবি" A light sound deep in the throat.
[ǀ] (শুনুন) English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring" (The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo.
[ǁ] (শুনুন) English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog" (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa.
[ǃ] (শুনুন) Zulu iqaqa "polecat" (The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ].
[ʘ] (শুনুন) ǂ’Amkoe ʘoa "two" Like a kissing sound.
[ǂ] (শুনুন) Khoekhoe ǂgā-amǃnâ [ǂààʔám̀ᵑǃã̀ã̀] "to put in the mouth" Like an imitation of a chewing sound.

সহায়ক চিহ্ন[সম্পাদনা]

বহু চিহ্ন বর্ণের উপরে, নিচে, আগে বা পরে যোগ করা যেতে পারে। এখানে a বর্ণের সাথে এই চিহ্নগুলিকে ব্যবহার করে দেখানো হয়েছে। সম্পূর্ণ তালিকার জন্য দেখুন আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালা § সহায়ক চিহ্ন

প্রতীক উদাহরণ বর্ণনা
বর্ণের উপর ব্যবহৃত চিহ্ন
[ã] French vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃] "white wine" A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang.
[ä] Portuguese vá [vä] "go" A central vowel pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back.
বর্ণের নিচে ব্যবহৃত চিহ্ন
[a̯] English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯] This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].)
[n̥] English boy [b̥ɔɪ̯], doe [d̥oʊ̯]

(see also)

Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa.
[n̩] English button A consonant without a vowel. (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.)
[d̪] Spanish dos, French deux The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English.
বর্ণের পাশে ব্যবহৃত চিহ্ন
[kʰ] English come Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ].
[k’] Zulu ukuza "come" Ejective. Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ].
[aː] English shh! [ʃː] Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc.
[aˑ] RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt] Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].)
[ˈa] pronunciation
[pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]
Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ˌa] Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[.] English courtship [ˈkɔrt.ʃɪp] Syllable break. (this is often redundant and therefore left off)

তথ্যসূত্র[সম্পাদনা]

বহিঃসংযোগ[সম্পাদনা]