সাহায্য:আধ্বব

প্রধান প্রতীকের তালিকা

The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the Latin alphabet. Symbols which do not resemble any Latin letter are placed at the end.

প্রতীক	উদাহরণ	বর্ণনা
^ top A
[a] ()	জার্মান Mann, ফরাসি gare	For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father.
[ä] ()	ম্যান্ডারিন 他 tā, মার্কিনি ইংরেজি father, স্পেনীয় casa, ফরাসি patte
[ɐ] ()	RP cut, জার্মান Kaiserslautern	(In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.)
[ɑ] ()	RP father, ফরাসি pâte, Dutch bad
[ɑ̃] ()	ফরাসি Caen, sans, temps	অনুনাসিক [ɑ].
[ɒ] ()	RP cot	Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.
[ʌ] ()	মার্কিনি ইংরেজি cut	Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].)
[æ] ()	RP cat
^ top B
[b] ()	English babble
[ɓ] ()	সোয়াহিলি bwana	Like a [b] said with a gulp. See implosive consonants.
[β] ()	স্পেনীয় la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children", কোরীয় 무궁화 [muɡuŋβwa̠] mugunghwa	Like [b], but with the lips not quite closed.
[ʙ] ()	Nias simbi [siʙi] "lower jaw"	Sputtering.
^ top C
[c] ()	তুর্কি kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", গ্রীক και "and"	Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like হিন্দি.
[ç] ()	জার্মান Ich	More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
[ɕ] ()	ম্যান্ডারিন 西安 Xi'an, Polish ściana	More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she.
[ɔ] ()	see under O
^ top D
[d] ()	English dad
[ɗ] ()	সোয়াহিলি Dodoma	Like [d] said with a gulp.
[ɖ] ()	মার্কিনি ইংরেজি harder	Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ð] ()	English the, bathe
[dz] ()	English adds, Italian zero
[dʒ] ()	English judge
[dʑ] ()	Polish niedźwiedź "bear"	Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound.
[dʐ] ()	Polish dżem "jam"	Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top E
[e] ()	স্পেনীয় fe; ফরাসি clé, জার্মান Klee	Similar to English hey, before the y sets in.
[ɘ] ()	Australian English bird
[ə] ()	English above, হিন্দি ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	(Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
[ɚ] ()	মার্কিনি ইংরেজি runner
[ɛ] ()	English bet
[ɛ̃] ()	ফরাসি Saint-Étienne, vin, main	অনুনাসিক [ɛ].
[ɜ] ()	RP bird (long)
[ɝ] ()	মার্কিনি ইংরেজি bird
^ top F
[f] ()	English fun
[ɟ] ()	see under J
[ʄ] ()	see under J
^ top G
[ɡ] ()	English gag	(Should look like . No different from a Latin "g")
[ɠ] ()	সোয়াহিলি Uganda	Like [ɡ] said with a gulp.
[ɢ] ()		Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some আরবি dialects for /q/, as in Muammar Gaddafi.
[ʒ] ()	see under Z	English beige.
^ top H
[h] ()	মার্কিনি ইংরেজি house
[ɦ] ()	English ahead, when said quickly.
[ʰ]		The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to ফরাসি or স্পেনীয় [t].
[ħ] ()	আরবি ‏مُحَمَّد‎ Muhammad	Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger.
[ɥ] ()	see under Y
[ɮ] ()	see under L
^ top I
[i] ()	English sea, ফরাসি ville, স্পেনীয় Valladolid
[ɪ] ()	English sit
[ɨ] ()	রুশ ты "you"	Often used for unstressed English roses.
^ top J
[j] ()	English yes, hallelujah, জার্মান Junge
[ʲ]	In রুশ Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn]	Indicates a sound is more y-like.
[ʝ] ()	স্পেনীয় cayo (some dialects)	Like [j], but stronger.
[ɟ] ()	তুর্কি gör "see", Czech díra "hole"	Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like হিন্দি.
[ʄ] ()	সোয়াহিলি jambo	Like [ɟ] said with a gulp.
^ top K
[k] ()	English kick, skip
^ top L
[l] ()	English leaf
[ɫ] ()	English wool রুশ малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small"	"Dark" el.
[ɬ] ()	Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit"	By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla.
[ɭ] ()		Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɺ] ()		A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together.
[ɮ] ()	Zulu dla "eat"	Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together.
^ top M
[m] ()	English mime
[ɱ] ()	English symphony	Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f].
[ɯ] ()	see under W
[ʍ] ()	see under W
^ top N
[n] ()	English nun
[ŋ] ()	English sing, Māori nga
[ɲ] ()	স্পেনীয় Peña, ফরাসি champagne	Rather like English canyon (/nj/ said quickly).
[ɳ] ()	হিন্দি वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna	Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɴ] ()	Castilian স্পেনীয় Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat.
^ top O
[o] ()	স্পেনীয় no, ফরাসি eau, জার্মান Boden	Somewhat reminiscent of মার্কিনি ইংরেজি no.
[ɔ] ()	জার্মান Oldenburg, ফরাসি Garonne
[ɔ̃] ()	ফরাসি Lyon, son	অনুনাসিক [ɔ].
[ø] ()	ফরাসি feu, bœufs, জার্মান Goethe	Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o].
[ɵ] ()	Dutch hut, ফরাসি je, Swedish dum	Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The Dutch vowel is often transcribed with ⟨ʏ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩, whereas the ফরাসি vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ə⟩.
[œ] ()	ফরাসি bœuf, seul, জার্মান Göttingen	Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ].
[œ̃] ()	ফরাসি brun, parfum	অনুনাসিক [œ].
[ɶ] ()
[θ] ()	see under Others
[ɸ] ()	see under Others
^ top P
[p] ()	English pip
^ top Q
[q] ()	আরবি ‏قُرْآن‎ Qur’ān	Like [k], but further back, in the throat.
^ top R
[r] ()	স্পেনীয় perro, Scots borrow	"Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English [ɹ], when there's no ambiguity.)
[ɾ] ()	স্পেনীয় pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, মার্কিনি ইংরেজি kitty/kiddie	"Flapped R".
[ʀ] ()	Dutch rood and জার্মান rot (some speakers)	A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of ফরাসি.
[ɽ] ()	হিন্দি साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari"	Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back.
[ɹ] ()	RP borrow
[ɻ] ()	ম্যান্ডারিন 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", মার্কিনি ইংরেজি borrow, butter	Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
[ʁ] ()	ফরাসি Paris, জার্মান Riemann (some dialects)	Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
^ top S
[s] ()	English sass
[ʃ] ()	English shoe
[ʂ] ()	ম্যান্ডারিন 少林 (Shàolín), রুশ Пушкин (Pushkin)	Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top T
[t] ()	English tot, stop
[ʈ] ()	হিন্দি ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ts] ()	English cats, রুশ царь tsar
[tʃ] ()	English church
[tɕ] ()	ম্যান্ডারিন 北京 Běijīng (), Polish ciebie "you"	Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.
[tʂ] ()	ম্যান্ডারিন 真正 zhēnzhèng, Polish czas	Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top U
[u] ()	মার্কিনি ইংরেজি food, ফরাসি vous "you", জার্মান Schumacher
[ʊ] ()	English foot, জার্মান Bundesrepublik
[ʉ] ()	Australian English food (long)	Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ɥ] ()	see under Y
[ɯ] ()	see under W
^ top V
[v] ()	English verve
[ʋ] ()	হিন্দি वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna"	Between [v] and [w]. Used by some জার্মানs and রুশs for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r.
[ɤ] ()	see under Y
[ɣ] ()	see under Y
[ʌ] ()	see under A
^ top W
[w] ()	English wow
[ʷ]		Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in English rain
[ʍ] ()	what (some dialects)	like [h] and [w] said together
[ɯ] ()	তুর্কি kayık "caïque", Scottish Gaelic gaol	Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ].
[ɰ] ()	স্পেনীয় agua
^ top X
[x] ()	Scottish English loch, জার্মান Bach, রুশ хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good", স্পেনীয় joven	between [k] and [h]
[χ] ()	northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian স্পেনীয় Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [x], but further back, in the throat. Some জার্মান and আরবি speakers have [χ] for [x].
^ top Y
[y] ()	ফরাসি rue, জার্মান Bülow	Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ʏ] ()	জার্মান Düsseldorf	Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ].
[ɣ] ()	আরবি ‏غَالِي‎ ghālī and সোয়াহিলি ghali "expensive", স্পেনীয় suegro	Sounds rather like ফরাসি [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h].
[ɤ] ()	ম্যান্ডারিন 河南 Hénán, Scottish Gaelic taigh	Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ].
[ʎ] ()	Italian tagliatelle	Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume.
[ɥ] ()	ফরাসি lui	Like [j] and [w] said together.
^ top Z
[z] ()	English zoo
[ʒ] ()	English vision, ফরাসি journal
[ʑ] ()	old-styled রুশ позже [ˈpoʑːe] "later", Polish źle	More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey.
[ʐ] ()	রুশ жир "fat"	Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɮ] ()	see under L
^ top Others
[θ] ()	English thigh, bath
[ɸ] ()	富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui	Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching
[ʔ] ()	English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, জার্মান die Angst	The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [əˈʔæpl̩].
[ʕ] ()	আরবি ‏عَرَبِيّ‎ ʻarabī "আরবি"	A light sound deep in the throat.
[ǀ] ()	English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring"	(The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo.
[ǁ] ()	English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog"	(The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa.
[ǃ] ()	Zulu iqaqa "polecat"	(The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ].
[ʘ] ()	ǂ’Amkoe ʘoa "two"	Like a kissing sound.
[ǂ] ()	Khoekhoe ǂgā-amǃnâ [ǂààʔám̀ᵑǃã̀ã̀] "to put in the mouth"	Like an imitation of a chewing sound.

সহায়ক চিহ্ন

বহু চিহ্ন বর্ণের উপরে, নিচে, আগে বা পরে যোগ করা যেতে পারে। এখানে a বর্ণের সাথে এই চিহ্নগুলিকে ব্যবহার করে দেখানো হয়েছে। সম্পূর্ণ তালিকার জন্য দেখুন আন্তর্জাতিক ধ্বনিমূলক বর্ণমালা § সহায়ক চিহ্ন।

প্রতীক	উদাহরণ	বর্ণনা
বর্ণের উপর ব্যবহৃত চিহ্ন
[ã]	French vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃] "white wine"	A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang.
[ä]	Portuguese vá [vä] "go"	A central vowel pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back.
বর্ণের নিচে ব্যবহৃত চিহ্ন
[a̯]	English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯]	This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].)
[n̥]	English boy [b̥ɔɪ̯], doe [d̥oʊ̯] (see also)	Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa.
[n̩]	English button	A consonant without a vowel. (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.)
[d̪]	Spanish dos, French deux	The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English.
বর্ণের পাশে ব্যবহৃত চিহ্ন
[kʰ]	English come	Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ].
[k’]	Zulu ukuza "come"	Ejective. Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ].
[aː]	English shh! [ʃː]	Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc.
[aˑ]	RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt]	Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].)
[ˈa]	pronunciation [pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]	Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ˌa]		Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[.]	English courtship [ˈkɔrt.ʃɪp]	Syllable break. (this is often redundant and therefore left off)

বহিঃসংযোগ

• IPA pronunciation chart
• IPA Charts – pronunciation charts with an interactive chart of all IPA symbols with their sounds (Flash)
• IPA Character Picker 7 - An easy-to-use web site for creating the complete set of IPA characters with any diacritic.