স্বধর্ম

উইকিপিডিয়া, মুক্ত বিশ্বকোষ থেকে

স্বধর্ম বা আত্মধর্ম হলো ধর্মীয় বা আত্ম-উন্নত গোষ্ঠী যার প্রাথমিক লক্ষ্যগুলির মধ্যে হল নিজের উন্নতি।[১] পল হিলাস[২] দ্বারা "আত্মধর্ম" শব্দটি তৈরি করা হয়েছিল এবং ধর্মের অন্যান্য পণ্ডিতরা বর্ণনাটি গ্রহন করেছেন। কিংস কলেজ লন্ডনের পণ্ডিত পিটার বার্নার্ড ক্লার্ক হিলাসের আত্মধর্মের ধারণার উপর ভিত্তি করে তৈরি করেছেন "প্রকৃত ধর্মের ধর্ম" শ্রেণীর বর্ণনা করার জন্য।[৩]

সুযোগ[সম্পাদনা]

হ্যানেগ্রাফ উল্লেখ করেছেন যে "স্বধর্ম" সাধারণভাবে নব যুগ আধ্যাত্মিকতার সাথে সমান হতে পারে।[৪] এবং লেখক মাইকেল ইয়র্ক লিখেছেন, "যদি 'আত্মধর্ম' মানে ব্যক্তিগত ব্যাখ্যা এবং ব্যক্তি দ্বারা নির্বাচন, তবে সাধারণ রুব্রিক প্রবণতার ক্ষেত্রে প্রযোজ্যদেরী আধুনিক উত্তর-আধুনিক রূপান্তর, যা কেবলমাত্র নব যুগ ও নব্য-পৌত্তলিক ধর্মের চেয়ে অনেক বেশি জুড়ে রয়েছে।"[৫] আইলেন বার্কার, তার ১৯৯৯ সালের পুস্তক "New Religious Movements"-এ বলেছেন যে তারা "নতুন ধর্মীয় আন্দোলন বর্ণালীর নব যুগের শেষের দিকে"।[৬] ইতালীয় ধর্মের সমাজবিজ্ঞানী মাসিমো ইন্ট্রোভিন আত্মধর্মকে "পবিত্রের প্রতি গভীর কিন্তু অস্পষ্ট ও অসংগঠিত আগ্রহ" হিসেবে বর্ণনা করেন।[৭]

উদাহরণ[সম্পাদনা]

স্বধর্ম বা "সত্যিকারের ধর্ম" হিসাবে চিহ্নিত (বা ধারণার সাথে যুক্ত) গোষ্ঠীগুলির মধ্যে রয়েছে:

আরও দেখুন[সম্পাদনা]

তথ্যসূত্র[সম্পাদনা]

  1. ↑ Chryssides, pp. 290–291.[যাচাই করার জন্য উদ্ধৃতি প্রয়োজন]
  2. ↑ For example in Heelas, Paul (১৯৯১), ""Cults for capitalism? self religions, magic and the empowerment of business", Gee, Peter; Fulton, John, Religion and power, decline and growth: sociological analyses of religion in Britain, Poland, and the Americas, Twickenham: British Sociological Association, Sociology of Religion Study Group, আইএসবিএন 0-9517224-0-9 
  3. ↑ Clarke, Peter Bernard (২০০৬), New religions in global perspective: a study of religious change in the modern world, Routledge, পৃষ্ঠা 8, আইএসবিএন 978-0-415-25748-0, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৫-২২, Looking at the situation from West to East, one kind of spirituality that is increasingly sought after in the former concept is the [...] inner-directed or internally focussed spirituality that gives rise to what, building on Heelas' (1991) concept of Self-religion, I prefer to describe as Religions of the True Self. 
  4. ↑ Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (২০০৪), Woodhead, Linda, সম্পাদক, "New Age Religion", Religions in Modern World: Traditions and Transformations, Routledge: 300, [...] New Age spirituality has indeed sometimes been dubbed 'self religion'(Heelas, 1996). 
  5. ↑ York, Michael (অক্টোবর ২০০১), "New Age Commodification and Appropriation of Spirituality", Journal of Contemporary Religion, 16 (3): 361–372, এসটুসিআইডি 144973113, ডিওআই:10.1080/13537900120077177, If 'self-religion' means personal exegesis and selection by the individual, the general rubric is applicable to trends in the late modern/early postmodern transition, which encompass much more than simply New Age and Neo-pagan religiosities. 
  6. ↑ Barker, Eileen (১৯৯৯-০৫-০৫), "New Religious Movements: their incidence and significance", Wilson, Bryan R.; Cresswell, Jamie, New religious movements: challenge and response, Routledge (প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯৯৯), পৃষ্ঠা 15–32 [17], আইএসবিএন 978-0-415-20050-9, It is not impossible – indeed, as one moves toward the New Age end of the NRM spectrum, it is quite common – for individuals to have overlapping memberships, happily hopping from one 'self-religion' to another. It would not be impossible for committed seekers in California, Amsterdam or Highgate to spend twenty minutes in Transcendental Mediation each morning before embarking on their Tai Chi, then going on to attend a channelling session on Monday, to meet with their Co-counsellor on Tuesday, have an Alexander lession on Wednesday, watch an Osho video on Thursday and participate in a Forum Seminar throughout the weekend. Two months later one might find them chanting 'Hare Hrishna', 'Om Shanti' or, perhaps, 'Nam Myoho Renge Kyo'. 
  7. ↑ Witham, Larry (মার্চ ১১, ১৯৯৬)। "Europeans forge new religious paths Boomers tilt traditions to fit their needs"। Washington Times। পৃষ্ঠা A.12। 
  8. ↑ Heelas, Paul (১৯৯১-১০-০১), "Western Europe: Self-Religions", Clarke, Peter, The World's Religions: The Study of Religion, Traditional and New Religion, London: Routledge (প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯৯১), পৃষ্ঠা 167–173 [168], আইএসবিএন 978-0-203-41397-5, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৫-২২, [...] such neo-Gurdjieffian movements as Arica [...] 
  9. ↑ Heelas, Paul (১৯৯১-১০-০১), "Western Europe: Self-Religions", Clarke, Peter, The World's Religions: The Study of Religion, Traditional and New Religion, London: Routledge (প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯৯১), পৃষ্ঠা 167–173 [168], আইএসবিএন 978-0-203-41397-5, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৫-২২, [...] such neo-Gurdjieffian movements as [...] the Emin Foundation [...] 
  10. ↑ est features prominently in Heelas's "Western Europe: Self-Religions" article: Heelas, Paul (১৯৯১-১০-০১), "Western Europe: Self-Religions", Clarke, Peter, The World's Religions: The Study of Religion, Traditional and New Religion, London: Routledge (প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯৯১), পৃষ্ঠা 167–173, আইএসবিএন 978-0-203-41397-5, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৫-২২  as an influential movement. Heelas writes in his very first paragraph: "And the founder of est (the highly influential seminar training established by Erhard in 1971) observes that, 'Of all the disciplines that I studied, and learned, Zen was the essential one.'" (page 167). And Heelas goes on to discuss est and Erhard a few pages later: "No European city comes anywhere near the 'one out of 34 adults have taken est' figure provided by this organisation for Boston. [...] To the extent that Erhard, for example, is a latter-day Gurdjieffian (it is surely not a coincidence that he devotes himself to what he calls 'The Work') he can appeal to a similar clientele as those attracted to the Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man." (page 172).
  11. ↑ Clancy, Ray (জুলাই ২১, ১৯৯২)। "Professionals fall prey to New Age gurus"। The Times। London (UK)। 
  12. ↑ Heelas, Paul (১৯৯১-১০-০১), "Western Europe: Self-Religions", Clarke, Peter, The World's Religions: The Study of Religion, Traditional and New Religion, London: Routledge (প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯৯১), পৃষ্ঠা 167–173 [169], আইএসবিএন 978-0-203-41397-5, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৫-২২, Mention of the self-religion which I know best, namely London-based Exegesis, serves to introduce one such contributor. D'Aubigny, the leader, has had an office devoid of books, except the collected works of Jung. 
  13. ↑ ক খ Bowker, John, সম্পাদক (২০০০), "New religious movements", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press 
  14. ↑ Heelas, Paul (১৯৯৬), The New Age movement: the celebration of the self and the sacralization of modernity (reprint সংস্করণ), Wiley-Blackwell, পৃষ্ঠা 59, আইএসবিএন 978-0-631-19332-6, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৯-০৯-২৪, Furthermore, and perhaps more significantly, est has served as an important model for other Self-movements. est graduates, together with those otherwise involved with Erhard, have moved on to develop their own seminars.[...] In 1977, est graduate Robert D'Aubigny founded Exegesis in Britain. 
  15. ↑ Heelas, Paul (১৯৯১-১০-০১), "Western Europe: Self-Religions", Clarke, Peter, The World's Religions: The Study of Religion, Traditional and New Religion, London: Routledge (প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯৯১), পৃষ্ঠা 167–173 [168], আইএসবিএন 978-0-203-41397-5, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৫-২২, The great majority of the self-religions active in Europe owe their immediate ancestry to developments in the United States. Going back a step, however, these developments in turn largely derive from events in Europe. One event, above all others, stands out: Gurdjieff's establishment, in 1922, if the Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man. [...] Gurdjieff's Institute paved the weay for what was to follow. [...] ASll the basic ingredients of the self-religions are [...] in evidence. As well as provoking what was to come, Gurdjieff's 'The Work' is still alive and well. [...] Between five and ten thousand attend centres [in England] (including the Gurdjieff Ouspensky School), and then there are those attached to such neo-Gurdjieffian movements as Arica, the Emis Foundation (700) and the School of Economic Science. 
  16. ↑ Heelas, Paul (১৯৯১-১০-০১), "Western Europe: Self-Religions", Clarke, Peter, The World's Religions: The Study of Religion, Traditional and New Religion, London: Routledge (প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯৯১), পৃষ্ঠা 167–173 [168], আইএসবিএন 978-0-203-41397-5, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৪-০৩, Gurdjieff provided the (often) group contexts, complete with rules and techniques, to effect transformation. All the basic ingredients of the self-religions are thus in evidence. [...] and then there are those attached to such neo-Gurdjieffian movements as Arica, the Emin Foundation [...] and the School of Economic Science [...] 
  17. ↑ Clarke, Peter Bernard (২০০৬), New religions in global perspective: a study of religious change in the modern world, Routledge, পৃষ্ঠা 33, আইএসবিএন 978-0-415-25748-0, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৫-২২, [...] the Rajneesh movement [...] developed a psycho-spiritual therapeutic system founded on ideas of, and ways of realizing, the True Self, derived from Eastern spirituality, and on the 'new' and as yet fringe developments in psychotherapy in the West. Other similar movements include [...] Insight [...] 
  18. ↑ ক খ গ Heelas, Paul (১৯৯১-১০-০১), "Western Europe: Self-Religions", Clarke, Peter, The World's Religions: The Study of Religion, Traditional and New Religion, London: Routledge (প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯৯১), পৃষ্ঠা 167–173 [170], আইএসবিএন 978-0-203-41397-5, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৫-২২, [...] the great majority of self-religions [...] These are the est-like movements [...] – the Church for the Movement of Inner Spiritual Awareness/Insight, Self Transformation, the Life Training/the Kairos Foundation, Relationships and the like. 
  19. ↑ Barker, Eileen (১৯৯৯-০৫-০৫), "New Religious Movements: their incidence and significance", Wilson, Bryan R.; Cresswell, Jamie, New religious movements: challenge and response, Routledge (প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯৯৯), পৃষ্ঠা 15–32 [17], আইএসবিএন 978-0-415-20050-9, It is not impossible – indeed, as one moves toward the New Age end of the NRM spectrum, it is quite common – for individuals to have overlapping memberships, happily hopping from one 'self-religion' to another. It would not be impossible for committed seekers in California, Amsterdam or Highgate to spend twenty minutes in Transcendental Mediation each morning before embarking on their Tai Chi, then going on to [...] participate in a Forum Seminar throughout the weekend. 
  20. ↑ McCarl, Steven R.; Zaffron, Steve; Nielsen, Joyce McCarl; Kennedy, Sally Lewis (2001), "The Promise of Philosophy and the Landmark Forum", Contemporary Philosophy, Barbados Group Working Papers (প্রকাশিত হয় Jan/Feb & Mar/Apr 2001), 23 (1 & 2), পৃষ্ঠা 51–59, এসএসআরএন 278955 অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য, ডিওআই:10.2139/ssrn.278955, We describe a contemporary experience [...] provided by [...] Landmark Educational Corporation. Its introductory program [is] called The Landmark Forum [...]. [...] [Bartley's] work includes much of the philosophy that informed the est training, the program that preceded and is precursor to the Forum.  এখানে তারিখের মান পরীক্ষা করুন: |প্রকাশনার-তারিখ= (সাহায্য)
  21. ↑ Clarke, Peter Bernard (২০০৬), New religions in global perspective: a study of religious change in the modern world, Routledge, পৃষ্ঠা 33, আইএসবিএন 978-0-415-25748-0, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৫-২২, [...] the Rajneesh movement [...] developed a psycho-spiritual therapeutic system founded on ideas of, and ways of realizing, the True Self, derived from Eastern spirituality, and on the 'new' and as yet fringe developments in psychotherapy in the West. Other similar movements include [...] Mind Dynamics, an offshoot of Silva Mind Control. 
  22. ↑ Clarke, Peter Bernard (২০০৬), New religions in global perspective: a study of religious change in the modern world, Routledge, পৃষ্ঠা 228, আইএসবিএন 978-0-415-25748-0, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৫-২২, Although it assumes responsibility for the African race as a whole, Rastafarianism can be also aptly described as a 'Self religion' (Heelas, 1991). 
  23. ↑ Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (২০০৫), "Modern Satanism: Dark Doctrines and Black Flames", Lewis, James R.; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard, Controversial new religions, Oxford scholarship online, Oxford University Press US, পৃষ্ঠা 444, আইএসবিএন 978-0-19-515682-9, As stated in the introduction, the three main traits I use to define modern Satanism are "Self-religion," that is, the realization of an "authentic nature"; the use of Satan as a positive and negative symbolic expression of this aspiration; and a coherent organization or body of work. 
  24. ↑ Heelas, Paul (১৯৯১-১০-০১), "Western Europe: Self-Religions", Clarke, Peter, The World's Religions: The Study of Religion, Traditional and New Religion, London: Routledge (প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯৯১), পৃষ্ঠা 167–173 [168], আইএসবিএন 978-0-203-41397-5, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৫-২২, [...] such neo-Gurdjieffian movements as [...] the School of Economic Science [...] 
  25. ↑ Heelas, Paul (১৯৯১-১০-০১), "Western Europe: Self-Religions", Clarke, Peter, The World's Religions: The Study of Religion, Traditional and New Religion, London: Routledge (প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯৯১), পৃষ্ঠা 167–173 [170], আইএসবিএন 978-0-203-41397-5, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০২-১৮, Together with Eastern traditions, Western therapeutic thought has also influenced one of the best known self-religions, Scientology 
  26. ↑ Clarke, Peter Bernard (২০০৬), New religions in global perspective: a study of religious change in the modern world, Routledge, পৃষ্ঠা 33, আইএসবিএন 978-0-415-25748-0, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৫-২২, [...] the Rajneesh movement [...] developed a psycho-spiritual therapeutic system founded on ideas of, and ways of realizing, the True Self, derived from Eastern spirituality, and on the 'new' and as yet fringe developments in psychotherapy in the West. Other similar movements include [...] Silva Mind Control, which is based largely on New Thought [...] 

উৎস[সম্পাদনা]

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