রসায়নশাস্ত্রের রূপরেখা

উইকিপিডিয়া, মুক্ত বিশ্বকোষ থেকে
(রসায়নের রূপরেখা থেকে পুনর্নির্দেশিত)

নিচের রূপরেখাটিকে রসায়নশাস্ত্রের একটি সামগ্রিক দৃশ্য ও বিষয়ভিত্তিক নির্দেশিকা হিসেবে উপস্থাপন করা হল:

রসায়ন হল আণবিক মাপনীতে পদার্থ (অর্থাৎ যে মাপনীতে পদার্থ বিভিন্ন মৌলিক পদার্থের পরমাণু নিয়ে গঠিত) সম্পর্কিত বিজ্ঞান, যাতে এগুলির মধ্যবর্তী রাসায়নিক বিক্রিয়াসমূহের পাশাপাশি বিক্রিয়ার নিরিখে এগুলি ধর্ম, কাঠামো, গঠন, আচরণ ও পরিবর্তন আলোচনা করা হয়।[১][২] রসায়নশাস্ত্রের কেন্দ্রীয় আলোচ্য বিষয় হল পরমাণুসমূহ ও অন্যান্য পরমাণুসমূহের সাথে তাদের আন্তঃক্রিয়া, বিশেষ করে রাসায়নিক বন্ধনসমূহ ও এদের ধর্মাবলী।

রসায়নশাস্ত্রের প্রকৃতি[সম্পাদনা]

রসায়নশাস্ত্রকে নিম্নোক্ত সবগুলি দ্বারা বর্ণনা করা সম্ভব:

  • একটি উচ্চশিক্ষায়তনিক পাঠ্য বিষয় – যেটির সাথে সংশ্লিষ্ট উচ্চশিক্ষায়তনিক বিভাগ, পাঠ্যক্রম ও উপাধি; জাতীয় ও আন্তর্জাতিক সমাজ; এবং বিশেষায়িত গবেষণা সাময়িকী রয়েছে।
  • বিজ্ঞানের একটি ক্ষেত্র বা শাখা – বিজ্ঞানের ভেতরে ব্যাপকভাবে স্বীকৃত বিশেষায়িত জ্ঞানের একটি শ্রেণী, যার নিজস্ব পরিভাষা ও নামকরণ পদ্ধতি রয়েছে। রসায়নশাস্ত্র সম্পর্কিত একাধিক বিজ্ঞান গবেষণা সাময়িকী আছে।

রসায়নশাস্ত্রের শাখাসমূহ[সম্পাদনা]

রসায়নশাস্ত্রের ইতিহাস[সম্পাদনা]

রসায়নশাস্ত্রেরইতিহাস

  • রসায়নশাস্ত্রের অগ্রদূতসমূহ
  • রসায়নশাস্ত্রের শাখাসমূহের ইতিহাস
    • History of analytical chemistry – history of the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials.
    • History of astrochemistry – history of the study of the abundance and reactions of chemical elements and molecules in the universe, and their interaction with radiation.
      • History of cosmochemistry – history of the study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions
    • History of atmospheric chemistry – history of the branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines
    • History of biochemistry – history of the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes.
      • History of agrochemistry – history of the study of both chemistry and biochemistry which are important in agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and beverages, and in environmental monitoring and remediation.
      • History of bioinorganic chemistry – history of the examines the role of metals in biology.
      • History of bioorganic chemistry – history of the rapidly growing scientific discipline that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry.
      • History of biophysical chemistry – history of the new branch of chemistry that covers a broad spectrum of research activities involving biological systems.
      • History of environmental chemistry – history of the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places.
      • History of immunochemistry – history of the branch of chemistry that involves the study of the reactions and components on the immune system.
      • History of medicinal chemistry – history of the discipline at the intersection of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties, where they are involved with design, chemical synthesis and development for market of pharmaceutical agents (drugs).
      • History of pharmacology – history of the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action.
      • History of natural product chemistry – history of the chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism – history of the found in nature that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug design.
      • History of neurochemistry – history of the specific study of neurochemicals, which include neurotransmitters and other molecules such as neuro-active drugs that influence neuron function.
    • History of computational chemistry – history of the branch of chemistry that uses principles of computer science to assist in solving chemical problems.
    • History of Flavor chemistry – history of the someone who uses chemistry to engineer artificial and natural flavors.
    • History of Flow chemistry – history of the chemical reaction is run in a continuously flowing stream rather than in batch production.
    • History of geochemistry – history of the study of the mechanisms behind major geological systems using chemistry
    • History of inorganic chemistry – history of the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds.
    • History of nuclear chemistry – history of the subfield of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes and nuclear properties.
      • History of radiochemistry – history of the chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes (often within radiochemistry the absence of radioactivity leads to a substance being described as being inactive as the isotopes are stable).
    • History of organic chemistry – history of the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives.
      • History of petrochemistry – history of the branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of crude oil (petroleum) and natural gas into useful products or raw materials.
    • History of organometallic chemistry – history of the study of chemical compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal.
    • History of photochemistry – history of the study of chemical reactions that proceed with the absorption of light by atoms or molecules..
    • History of physical chemistry – history of the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts.
      • History of chemical kinetics – history of the study of rates of chemical processes.
      • History of chemical thermodynamics – history of the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics.
      • History of electrochemistry – history of the branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte), and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution.
      • History of Femtochemistry – history of the Femtochemistry is the science that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10−15 seconds (one femtosecond, hence the name).
      • History of mathematical chemistry – history of the area of research engaged in novel applications of mathematics to chemistry; it concerns itself principally with the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena.
      • History of mechanochemistry – history of the coupling of the mechanical and the chemical phenomena on a molecular scale and includes mechanical breakage, chemical behaviour of mechanically stressed solids (e.g., stress-corrosion cracking), tribology, polymer degradation under shear, cavitation-related phenomena (e.g., sonochemistry and sonoluminescence), shock wave chemistry and physics, and even the burgeoning field of molecular machines.
      • History of physical organic chemistry – history of the study of the interrelationships between structure and reactivity in organic molecules.
      • History of quantum chemistry – history of the branch of chemistry whose primary focus is the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems.
      • History of sonochemistry – history of the study of the effect of sonic waves and wave properties on chemical systems.
      • History of stereochemistry – history of the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules.
      • History of supramolecular chemistry – history of the area of chemistry beyond the molecules and focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits or components.
      • History of thermochemistry – history of the study of the energy and heat associated with chemical reactions and/or physical transformations.
    • History of phytochemistry – history of the strict sense of the word the study of phytochemicals.
    • History of polymer chemistry – history of the multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules.
    • History of solid-state chemistry – history of the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials, particularly, but not necessarily exclusively of, non-molecular solids
    • History of multidisciplinary fields involving chemistry:
      • History of chemical biology – history of the scientific discipline spanning the fields of chemistry and biology that involves the application of chemical techniques and tools, often compounds produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and manipulation of biological systems.
      • History of chemical engineering – history of the branch of engineering that deals with physical science (e.g., chemistry and physics), and life sciences (e.g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry) with mathematics and economics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms.
      • History of chemical oceanography – history of the study of the behavior of the chemical elements within the Earth's oceans.
      • History of chemical physics – history of the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics.
      • History of materials science – history of the interdisciplinary field applying the properties of matter to various areas of science and engineering.
      • History of nanotechnology – history of the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale
      • History of oenology – history of the science and study of all aspects of wine and winemaking except vine-growing and grape-harvesting, which is a subfield called viticulture.
      • History of spectroscopy – history of the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy
      • History of surface science – history of the Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces.
  • History of chemicals
  • History of chemical processes
  • History of the chemical industry
  • History of the periodic table

রাসায়নিক পদার্থসমূহ[সম্পাদনা]

পারমাণবিক তত্ত্ব[সম্পাদনা]

পারমাণবিক তত্ত্ব

তাপ-রসায়ন[সম্পাদনা]

তাপ-রসায়ন

পরিভাষা[সম্পাদনা]

  • Thermochemistry –
  • Chemical kinetics – the study of the rates of chemical reactions and investigates how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about the reaction's mechanism and transition states, as well as the construction of mathematical models that can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction.
  • Exothermic –a process or reaction in which the system release energy to its surroundings in the form of heat. They are denoted by negative heat flow.
  • Endothermic –a process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings in the form of heat. They are denoted by positive heat flow.
  • Thermochemical equation –
  • Enthalpy change – internal energy of a system plus the product of pressure and volume. Its change in a system is equal to the heat brought to the system at constant pressure.
  • Enthalpy of reaction –
  • Temperature – an objective comparative measure of heat.
  • Calorimeter – an object used for calorimetry, or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity.
  • Heat – A form of energy associated with the kinetic energy of atoms or molecules and capable of being transmitted through solid and fluid media by conduction, through fluid media by convection, and through empty space by radiation.[৪]
  • Joule – a unit of energy.
  • Calorie –
  • Specific heat –
  • Specific heat capacity –
  • Latent heat –
  • Heat of fusion –
  • Heat of vaporization –
  • Collision theory –
  • Activation energy –
  • Activated complex –
  • Reaction rate –
  • Catalyst –

তাপরাসায়নিক বিক্রিয়াসমূহ[সম্পাদনা]

  • Chemical equations that include the heat involved in a reaction, either on the reactant side or the product side.
  • Examples:
    • H2O(l) + 240kJ → H2O(g)
    • N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 + 92kJ
  • Joule (J) –

অভ্যন্তরীণ তাপগতীয় বিভব (এনথালপি)[সম্পাদনা]

How to calculate the enthalpy of N₂+3H₂ is in equilibrium with 2NH₃?

অভ্যন্তরীণ তাপগতীয় বিভব ও তাপ-রাসায়নিক সমীকরণসমূহ[সম্পাদনা]

তাপশোষী বিক্রিয়াসমূহ[সম্পাদনা]

তাপোৎপাদী বিক্রিয়াসমূহ[সম্পাদনা]

বিভব শক্তি রেখাচিত্রসমূহ[সম্পাদনা]

তাপরসায়ন ভূতমিতি[সম্পাদনা]

রসায়নবিদ[সম্পাদনা]

আরও তথ্যের জন্য দেখুন: রসায়নশাস্ত্রে নোবেল পুরস্কার

রসায়ন রচনাবলী[সম্পাদনা]

List of science magazines

তালিকাসমূহ[সম্পাদনা]

মূল পাতাসমূহ: Category:Chemistry-related lists ও Index of chemistry articles
Chemical elements data references
যৌগিক পদার্থের তালিকা
অন্যান্য

আরও দেখুন[সম্পাদনা]

তথ্যসূত্র[সম্পাদনা]

  1. ↑ "What is Chemistry?"। Chemweb.ucc.ie। ২০১৮-১০-০৩ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১১-০৬-১২। 
  2. ↑ Chemistry ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ৫ মার্চ ২০১৬ তারিখে. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  3. ↑ Herbst, Eric (মে ১২, ২০০৫)। "Chemistry of Star-Forming Regions"। Journal of Physical Chemistry A। 109 (18): 4017–4029। ডিওআই:10.1021/jp050461c। পিএমআইডি 16833724। বিবকোড:2005JPCA..109.4017H। 
  4. ↑ "heat", The Free Dictionary, ২০১৯-০৮-১৭ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১৯-০৮-১৮ 

বহিঃসংযোগ[সম্পাদনা]

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