কাশ্মীর উপত্যকা

অন্য ব্যবহারের জন্য Kashmir (disambiguation) দেখুন।

টেমপ্লেট:Use dmy dates এই নিবন্ধ থেকে {{Use Indian English}} সরান। এটি বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়া, ইংরেজি উইকিপিডিয়া নয়।

Kashmir Valley
Geographical feature, Division
Kashmir valley seen from a satellite. Snow-capped peaks of the Pir Panjal Range (left in the image; southwest in compass) and the Himalayas (right in image; northeast in compass) flank the valley
ডাকনাম: Peer Waer (Garden of saints) Paradise on Earth
Country	India
State	Jammu and Kashmir
Districts	Anantnag, Baramulla, Budgam, Bandipore, Ganderbal, Kupwara, Kulgam, Pulwama, Shopian and Srinagar
Headquarters	Srinagar
Historical divisions	তালিকা Kamraz (North Kashmir) Yamraz (Central Kashmir) Maraz ( South Kashmir)
আয়তন
• মোট	১৫,৯৪৮ বর্গকিমি (৬,১৫৮ বর্গমাইল)
মাত্রা
• দৈর্ঘ্য	১৩৫'"`UNIQ--ref-০০০০০০০৬-QINU`"' কিলোমিটার (৮৩.৮৮৫ মাইল)
• প্রস্থ	৩২'"`UNIQ--ref-০০০০০০০৭-QINU`"' কিলোমিটার (১৯.৮৮৪ মাইল)
উচ্চতা	১,৬২০'"`UNIQ--ref-০০০০০০০৮-QINU`"' মিটার (৫,৩১৪ ফুট)
জনসংখ্যা (2011)
• মোট	৬৯,০৭,৬২২
• জনঘনত্ব	৪৫০.০৬/বর্গকিমি (১,১৬৫.৭/বর্গমাইল)
বিশেষণ	Kashmiri, Koshur (کوٗشُر in Kashmiri)
Languages
• Main spoken language	Kashmiri
• Other spoken languages	Urdu{as second language}, Pahari (Uri, Karnah), Gojri, Shina (Gurez)
Ethnic groups, Religion
• Main ethnic group	Kashmiri
• Other ethnic groups	Pahari, Gujar, Shina etc
• Main religion	97.16% Islam
• Other Religions	1.84% Hinduism, 0.88% Sikhism, 0.11% Buddhism
সময় অঞ্চল	IST (ইউটিসি+5:30)
যানবাহন নিবন্ধন	JK
Highest peak	Machoi Peak (5458 meters)
Largest lake	Wular lake(260 square kilometers)
Longest river	Jhelum river(725 kilometers)

The Kashmir Valley, also known as the Vale of Kashmir, is a valley in the portion of the Kashmir region administered by India. The valley is bounded on the southwest by the Pir Panjal Range and on the northeast by the main Himalayas range. It is approximately 135 km long and 32 km wide, and is drained by the Jhelum River.

Kashmir division is one of the three administrative divisions of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Kashmir division borders Jammu Division to the south and Ladakh to the east while Line of Control forms its northern and the western border. The division consists of the following districts: Anantnag, Baramulla, Budgam, Bandipore, Ganderbal, Kupwara, Kulgam, Pulwama, Shopian and Srinagar.

History

মূল নিবন্ধসমূহ: Kashmiris § History, ও Kashmiris history

General view of Temple and Enclosure of Martand or the Sun, near Bhawan. Probable date of temple AD 490–555. Probable date of colonnade AD 693–729. Photograph of the Surya Temple at Martand in Jammu & Kashmir taken by John Burke in 1868.

In the first half of the 1st millennium, the Kashmir region became an important centre of Hinduism and later of Buddhism; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose. In 1339, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, inaugurating the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, and the Afghan Durrani Empire, which ruled from 1747 until 1820. That year, the Sikhs, under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, after the Sikh defeat in the First Anglo-Sikh War, and upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, became the ruler of a new State of Jammu and Kashmir. The rule of his descendants, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947. In that year, facing a rebellion in the western districts of the state as well as an invasion by Pashtun tribes instigated by the Dominion of Pakistan, the Maharaja of the princely state signed the Instrument of Accession, joining the Dominion of India. Subsequently, he transferred power to a popular government headed by Sheikh Abdullah.

Following this, a war ensued between India and Pakistan. The territory of the state, however, has been the centre of a dispute ever since, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China, the latter having taken control of Aksai Chin in 1964. Kashmir valley is however fully under the control of India and is about 15,948 Square Kilometres in area which is about 15.73% of the total area under Indian control.

Demographics

A mosque in Srinagar

The major ethnic group of Kashmir Valley are Kashmiris and they speak the Kashmiri language. Smaller ethno-linguistic groups include the Gujjars and Bakarwals who mostly live along mountain ranges of the Valley. The Valley has a Muslim majority population and Islam is practiced by 97.16% of the population with the remaining being Hindus (1.84%), Sikhs (0.88%), Buddhists (0.11%) and others. The principal spoken languages in the valley are Kashmiri and Urdu, with Urdu being the official language. Many speakers of these languages also know English as a second language.

Districts

Map of the Kashmir division shown in orange

আরও দেখুন: List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir

Kashmir Division consists of ten districts:

Name of District	Headquarters	Area (km²)	Population 2001 Census	Population 2011 Census
Anantnag District	Anantnag	৩,৯৮৪	৭,৩৪,৫৪৯	১০,৬৯,৭৪৯
Kulgam district	Kulgam		৪,৩৭,৮৮৫	৪,২৩,১৮১
Pulwama district	Pulwama	১,৩৯৮	৪,৪১,২৭৫	৫,৭০,০৬০
Shopian district	Shopian		২,১১,৩৩২	২,৬৫,৯৬০
Budgam district	Budgam	১,৩৭১	৬,২৯,৩০৯	৭,৫৫,৩৩১
Srinagar district	Srinagar	২,২২৮	৯,৯০,৫৪৮	১২,৫০,১৭৩
Ganderbal district	Ganderbal		২,১১,৮৯৯	২,৯৭,০০৩
Bandipore district	Bandipore		৩,১৬,৪৩৬	৩,৮৫,০৯৯
Baramulla district	Baramulla	৪,৫৮৮	৮,৫৩,৩৪৪	১০,১৫,৫০৩
Kupwara district	Kupwara	২,৩৭৯	৬,৫০,৩৯৩	৮,৭৫,৫৬৪

Cities

Srinagar is its main city and also the summer capital of the state. Other main cities are Baramulla, Handwara, Sopore, Anantnag, Ganderbal etc.

Politics

The major political parties in the region are the National Conference, the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party and the Congress. Srinagar in the valley is the summer capital of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The capital moves out of the valley in the winter to Jammu in a grand ceremony called Darbar Move.

Climate

Srinagar
জলবায়ু লেখচিত্র
জা ফে মা এ মে জু জু আ সে অ ন ডি     ৪৮   ৭ ২−     ৬৮   ৮ ১−     ১২১   ১৪ ৩     ৮৫   ২১ ৮     ৬৮   ২৫ ১১     ৩৯   ৩০ ১৫     ৬২   ৩০ ১৮     ৭৬   ৩০ ১৮     ২৮   ২৭ ১২     ৩৩   ২২ ৬     ২৮   ১৫ ১     ৫৪   ৮ ২− সেলসিয়াস তাপমাত্রায় সর্বোচ্চ এবং সর্বোনিম্ন গড় মিলিমিটারে বৃষ্টিপাতের মোট পরিমাণ উৎস: HKO
ইম্পেরিয়াল রূপান্তর জা ফে মা এ মে জু জু আ সে অ ন ডি     ১.৯   ৪৫ ২৮     ২.৭   ৪৭ ৩১     ৪.৮   ৫৭ ৩৮     ৩.৩   ৬৯ ৪৬     ২.৭   ৭৬ ৫১     ১.৫   ৮৫ ৫৯     ২.৪   ৮৬ ৬৫     ৩   ৮৫ ৬৪     ১.১   ৮১ ৫৪     ১.৩   ৭২ ৪২     ১.১   ৫৯ ৩৪     ২.১   ৪৭ ২৯ সর্বোচ্চ এবং সর্বোনিম্ন গড় তাপমাত্রা ফারেনহাইটে ইঞ্চিতে বৃষ্টিপাতের মোট পরিমাণ

Kashmir Valley has a moderate climate, which is largely defined by its geographic location, with the towering Karakoram Range in the north, Pir Panjal Range in the south and west and Zanskar Range in the east. It can be generally described as cool in the spring and autumn, mild in the summer and cold in the winter. As a large valley with significant differences in geo-location among various districts, the weather is often cooler in the hilly areas compared to the flat lower part.

Summer is usually mild and fairly dry, but relative humidity is generally high and the nights are cool. The precipitation occurs throughout the year and no month is particularly dry. The hottest month is July (mean minimum temperature 16 °C, mean maximum temperature 32 °C) and the coldest are December–January (mean minimum temperature −15 °C, mean maximum temperature 0 °C).

Compared with other plain parts of India, Kashmir valley enjoys a more moderate climate but weather conditions are unpredictable. The recorded high temperature is 33 °C and the recorded low is −18 °C. On 5 and 6 January 2012, after years of relatively little snow, a wave of heavy snow and low temperatures (winter storm) shocked the valley covering it in a thick layer of snow and ice.

Kashmir Valley has seen an increase in relative humidity and annual precipitation in the last few years. This is most likely because of the commercial afforestation projects which also include expanding parks and green cover.

• Different seasons and climatic conditions in Kashmir
• 
  Autumn
• 
  Winter
• 
  Spring
• 
  Summer

Tourism

মূল নিবন্ধ: Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir

Skiing is popular in Gulmarg, showing cable car in a snow clad mountain

Kashmir valley is a popular tourist destination for domestic and foreign tourists. Among the popular tourist places in the valley are Gulmarg that has a ski resort, Dal Lake that has popular house boats, Pahalgam and the major Hindu shrine Amarnath Temple.

Before insurgency intensified in 1989, tourism formed an important part of the Kashmiri economy. As a result, the tourism economy in the Kashmir valley was worst hit. Thousands of Hindu pilgrims visit holy shrine of Amarnath every year and this significantly benefits the state's economy. But this yatra has put Kashmir on the verge of ecological disaster.

Tourism in the Kashmir valley has rebounded in recent years and in 2009, the state became one of the top tourist destinations of India. Gulmarg, one of the most popular ski resort destinations in India, is also home to the world's highest green golf course. However, with the decrease in violence in the state has boosted the states economy specifically tourism. It was reported that 736,000 tourists including 23,000 foreigners visited Kashmir in 2010. Other tourist places include Sonamarg, Kokernag, Verinag, Aharabal and Semthan-Top.

Hill stations

Sind River at Nilgrar Sonamarg

Lidder River flowing through Pahalgam Valley

• Aru
• Gulmarg
• Pahalgam
• Sonamarg
• Srinagar
• Yusmarg
• Aharabal
• Kounsernag

Mughal gardens

Nishat Bagh

Shalimar Garden

• Nishat Bagh
• Shalimar Bagh
• Chashme Shahi
• Pari Mahal
• Achabal
• Verinag

Lakes

• Dal Lake
• Gadsar Lake
• Gangabal Lake
• Krishansar Lake
• Manasbal Lake
• Nundkol Lake
• Satsar Lake
• Sheshnag Lake
• Tarsar Lake
• Marsar Lake
• Vishansar Lake
• Wular Lake
• Kounsernag Lake

Mountaineering

This Himalayan valley provides a base to climb some of the challenging Himalayan peaks. These peaks were closed due to the rise in militancy, now they are opened for mountaineering.

• Mount Haramukh, ১৬,৮৭০ ফু (৫,১৪২ মিটার)
• Kolhoi Peak, ১৭,৭৯৯ ফু (৫,৪২৫ মিটার)
• Machoi Peak, ১৭,৯০৭ ফু (৫,৪৫৮ মিটার)
• Sirbal Peak, ১৭,১৭৮ ফু (৫,২৩৬ মিটার)
• Amarnath Peak, ১৭,০১৪ ফু (৫,১৮৬ মিটার)
• Sunset Peak, ১৫,৫৭১ ফু (৪,৭৪৬ মিটার)
• Tatakooti Peak, ১৫,৫০২ ফু (৪,৭২৫ মিটার)
• Mahadev Peak, ১৩,৯৯৯ ফু (৪,২৬৭ মিটার)

Culture and cuisine

আরও তথ্যের জন্য দেখুন: Cuisine of Kashmir, Wazwan, Kashmiri literature, Kashmiri music ও Kashmiri Pandit Festivals

Kashmiri cuisine includes dum aloo (boiled potatoes hollowed and stuffed with heavy amounts of spice), tzaman (a solid cottage cheese), rogan josh (lamb cooked in heavy spices), yakhiyn (lamb cooked in curd with mild spices), hakh (a spinach-like leaf), rista-gushtaba (minced meat balls in tomato and curd curry), danival korme and the signature rice. The traditional wazwan feast involves cooking meat or vegetables, usually mutton, in several different ways.

Alcohol is not consumed by many Muslims in the valley. There are two styles of making tea in the region: Noon Chai or salt tea that is pink in colour (known as chinen posh rang or peach flower colour) and popular with locals, and kahwah, a tea for festive occasions, made with saffron and spices (cardamom, cinnamon, sugar, noon chai leaves) and black tea.

Transport

Kashmir valley is connected to Jammu and Ladakh regions by road and air. It has access to Jammu region and the rest of India through the Banihal road tunnel near Qazigund on national highway NH 1A and through NH 1B that passes through Sinthan pass and Kishtwar.

Srinagar is the main airport in Kashmir valley and has scheduled flights from Jammu, Leh, Mumbai, Chandigarh and New Delhi. Kashmir valley has a ১১৯ কিমি (৭৪ মা) long modern railway line that started in October 2009 and connects Baramulla in the western part of the valley to Srinagar and Qazigund. It further links the Kashmir Valley to Banihal across the Pir Panjal mountains through the new 11.215 km (7 mile) long Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel or Banihal rail tunnel from 26 June 2013. Banihal railway station will be linked to the rest of India in another few years as the construction of the railway line from Jammu to Banihal progresses steadily. Transport within the valley is predominantly by road.Other airports are in Udhampur, Awantipora, Leh and Jammu. Another airport is proposed in Anantnag.

See also

• Downtown Srinagar
• Kulgam
• Kupwara
• Pulwama
• Baramulla

External links

• উইকিভ্রমণ থেকে কাশ্মীর উপত্যকা ভ্রমণ নির্দেশিকা পড়ুন।
• Vale of Kashmir