বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তিতে নাস্তিকদের তালিকা: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য
বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে
প্রলয়স্রোত (আলোচনা | অবদান) ট্যাগ: মোবাইল সম্পাদনা মোবাইল ওয়েব সম্পাদনা |
প্রলয়স্রোত (আলোচনা | অবদান) →Science and technology: বাতিল ট্যাগ: মোবাইল সম্পাদনা মোবাইল ওয়েব সম্পাদনা |
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| ২৪৭ নং লাইন: | ২৪৭ নং লাইন: | ||
* [[Herbert Kroemer|হার্বাট ক্রোমিয়ার]] (1928–): জার্মান আমেরিকান অধ্যাপক এবং [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] এর কম্পিউটার এবং ইলেক্ট্রিক্যাল অধ্যাপক। ২০০০ সালে তিনি এবং [[Zhores I. Alferov]] যুগপৎভাবে [[Nobel Prize in Physics|পদার্থ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ থেকে]] সেমিকণ্ডাটকার হেটারোস্ট্রাকচার (যা ব্যবহৃত হয় উচ্চ গতির জন্য) এর উন্নয়নের জন্য নোবেল পা।<ref>{{cite web|last=Kroemer|first=Herbert|title=Herbert Kroemer - Science Video Interview|url=http://vega.org.uk/video/programme/32|quote=Interviewer: "You have no belief in a afterlife?" Kroemer: "That's correct." Interviewer: "...You don't see the evidence of a designer?" Kroemer: "No, I don't." Interviewer: "Could you say more about it?" Kroemer: "I think it's just wishful thinking."}}</ref> |
* [[Herbert Kroemer|হার্বাট ক্রোমিয়ার]] (1928–): জার্মান আমেরিকান অধ্যাপক এবং [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] এর কম্পিউটার এবং ইলেক্ট্রিক্যাল অধ্যাপক। ২০০০ সালে তিনি এবং [[Zhores I. Alferov]] যুগপৎভাবে [[Nobel Prize in Physics|পদার্থ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ থেকে]] সেমিকণ্ডাটকার হেটারোস্ট্রাকচার (যা ব্যবহৃত হয় উচ্চ গতির জন্য) এর উন্নয়নের জন্য নোবেল পা।<ref>{{cite web|last=Kroemer|first=Herbert|title=Herbert Kroemer - Science Video Interview|url=http://vega.org.uk/video/programme/32|quote=Interviewer: "You have no belief in a afterlife?" Kroemer: "That's correct." Interviewer: "...You don't see the evidence of a designer?" Kroemer: "No, I don't." Interviewer: "Could you say more about it?" Kroemer: "I think it's just wishful thinking."}}</ref> |
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* [[Harold Kroto|হোরাল্ড ক্রোটো]] (1939–2016): রসায়নবিদ। ১৯৯৬ সালে রসায়ন বিভাগ থেকে নোবেল লাভ করেন।<ref>Harold Kroto claims to have four "religions": humanism, atheism, amnesty-internationalism and humourism.[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/kroto-autobio.html]</ref> |
* [[Harold Kroto|হোরাল্ড ক্রোটো]] (1939–2016): রসায়নবিদ। ১৯৯৬ সালে রসায়ন বিভাগ থেকে নোবেল লাভ করেন।<ref>Harold Kroto claims to have four "religions": humanism, atheism, amnesty-internationalism and humourism.[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/kroto-autobio.html]</ref> |
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==Science and technology== |
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[[File:Ernst Abbe.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ernst Abbe]]]] |
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[[File:Zhores Alferov.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zhores Alferov]]]] |
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[[File:Andersonphoto.jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[Philip Warren Anderson]]]] |
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[[File:Arrhenius2.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Svante Arrhenius]]]] |
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[[File:Axelrod01.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Julius Axelrod]]]] |
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[[File:John Stewart Bell (physicist).jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[John Stewart Bell]]]] |
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[[File:John Desmond Bernal.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[John Desmond Bernal]]]] |
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[[File:Bethe.jpg|right|thumb|100px|[[Hans Bethe]]]] |
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[[File:Niels Bohr.jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[Niels Bohr]]]] |
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[[File:Bridgman.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Percy Williams Bridgman]]]] |
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[[File:Paul Broca.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Paul Broca]]]] |
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[[File:Rodney Brooks ML40.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Rodney Brooks]]]] |
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[[File:Frank Macfarlane Burnet nobel.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]]]] |
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[[File:Seanmcarroll2.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Sean M. Carroll|Sean Carroll]]]] |
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[[File:James Chadwick.tif|thumb|right|100px|[[James Chadwick]]]] |
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[[File:Clifford William Kingdon.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[William Kingdon Clifford]]]] |
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[[File:Jerry Coyne, American professor of biology at the University of Chicago.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Jerry Coyne]]]] |
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[[File:Francis Crick crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Francis Crick]]]] |
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[[File:Pierrecurie.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pierre Curie]]]] |
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[[File:Alembert.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]]]] |
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[[File:Richard dawkins lecture.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Richard Dawkins]]]] |
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[[File:Dirac 4.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Paul Dirac]]]] |
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[[File:Paul Ehrenfest.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Paul Ehrenfest]]]] |
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[[File:Erdos head budapest fall 1992.jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[Paul Erdős]]]] |
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[[File:Hugh-Everett.jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[Hugh Everett III]]]] |
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[[File:Richard Feynman Nobel.jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[Richard Feynman]]]] |
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[[File:Sigmund Freud 1926 (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[Sigmund Freud]]]] |
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[[File:Gaylussac.jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]]] |
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[[File:Camillo Golgi.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Camillo Golgi]]]] |
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[[File:David Gross cropped.JPG|thumb|100px|[[David Gross]]]] |
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[[File:Edmund_Halley.gif|thumb|right|100px|[[Edmond Halley]]]] |
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[[File:Godfrey_Hardy_1890s.jpg|right|thumb|100px|[[G.H. Hardy]]]] |
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[[File:Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Stephen Hawking]]]] |
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[[File:Nobel_Prize_24_2013.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Peter Higgs]]]] |
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[[File:Fred Hoyle.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Fred Hoyle]]]] |
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[[File:Julian_Huxley_1964.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Julian Huxley]]]] |
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[[File:Frédéric Joliot-Curie Harcourt.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]]]] |
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[[File:Irène Joliot-Curie Harcourt.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Irène Joliot-Curie]]]] |
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[[File:Alfred Charles Kinsey.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Alfred Kinsey]]]] |
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[[File:Laurence Krauss.JPG|thumb|right|100px|[[Lawrence M. Krauss]]]] |
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[[File:Landau.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Lev Landau]]]] |
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[[File:Pierre-Simon-Laplace (1749-1827).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pierre-Simon Laplace|Laplace]]]] |
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[[File:PaulLauterbur.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Paul Lauterbur]]]] |
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[[File:Richard Leakey cropped.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Richard Leakey]]]] |
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[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F088117-0003, Jean-Marie Lehn.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Jean-Marie Lehn]]]] |
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[[File:Lobachevsky.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Nikolai Lobachevsky]]]] |
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[[File:Ernst Mach 01.jpg|right|thumb|100px|[[Ernst Mach]]]] |
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[[File:AAMarkov.jpg|right|thumb|100px|[[Andrey Markov]]]] |
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[[File:Maxim_portrait.jpg|right|thumb|100px|[[Hiram Maxim]]]] |
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[[File:Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]]] |
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[[File:John McCarthy Stanford.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]]]] |
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[[File:Marvin Minsky at OLPCb.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Marvin Minsky]]]] |
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[[File:Gaspard monge litho delpech.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Gaspard Monge]]]] |
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[[File:John Forbes Nash, Jr. by Peter Badge.jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[John Forbes Nash, Jr.]]]] |
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[[File:Alfred Nobel3.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Alfred Nobel]]]] |
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[[File:Pauling.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Linus Pauling]]]] |
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[[File:Ivan Pavlov NLM3.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Ivan Pavlov]]]] |
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[[File:Roger Penrose-6Nov2005.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Roger Penrose]]]] |
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[[File:Henri Poincaré-2.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Henri Poincaré]]]] |
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[[File:DerekdeSollaPrice.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Derek J. de Solla Price]]]] |
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[[File:II Rabi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[I.I. Rabi]]]] |
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[[File:Bertrand Russell photo (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Bertrand Russell]]]] |
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[[File:9.13.09OliverSacksByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Oliver Sacks]]]] |
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[[File:SahaInBerlin.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Meghnad Saha]]]] |
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[[File:RIAN archive 25981 Academician Sakharov.jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[Andrei Sakharov]]]] |
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[[File:Erwin Schrödinger (1933).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Erwin Schrödinger]]]] |
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[[File:William Shockley, Stanford University.jpg|thumb|100px|[[William Shockley]]]] |
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[[File:Herbert_simon_red_complete.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Herbert A. Simon|Herbert Simon]]]] |
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[[File:B.F._Skinner_at_Harvard_circa_1950.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[B.F. Skinner]]]] |
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[[File:Stephen Smale2.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Stephen Smale]]]] |
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[[File:Richard Stallman - Fête de l'Humanité 2014 - 010.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Richard Stallman]]]] |
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[[File:VicHead2011.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Victor J. Stenger]]]] |
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[[File:AlfredTarski1968.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Alfred Tarski]]]] |
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[[File:Nikolaas Tinbergen 1978.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]]] |
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[[File:Linus Torvalds.jpeg|thumb|100px|[[Linus Torvalds]]]] |
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[[File:Alan Turing Aged 16 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Alan Turing]]]] |
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[[File:Craigventer2.jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[Craig Venter]]]] |
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[[File:James Watson.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Watson]]]] |
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[[File:Steven weinberg 2010.jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[Steven Weinberg]]]] |
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[[File:Frank Whittle CH 011867.jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[Frank Whittle]]]] |
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[[File:Wigner.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Eugene Wigner]]]] |
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[[File:Steve Wozniak 2010 (4747685358).jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Steve Wozniak]]]] |
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[[File:Oscar Zariski.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oscar Zariski]]]] |
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[[File:Konrad Zuse (1992).jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[Konrad Zuse]]]] |
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[[File:Zwicky2.jpg|right|thumb|100 px|[[Fritz Zwicky]]]] |
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* [[Scott Aaronson]] (1981–): [[United States|American]] theoretical computer scientist and faculty member in the [[Electrical Engineering and Computer Science]] department at MIT. His primary area of research is [[quantum computing]] and [[computational complexity theory]]. <ref>{{cite web|title=Long-awaited God post|url=http://www.scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=189|publisher=Shtetl-Optimized – The Blog of Scott Aaronson|accessdate=June 15, 2013|author=Scott Aaronson|date=January 16, 2007|quote=If you'd asked, I would've told you that I, like yourself, am what most people would call a disbelieving atheist infidel heretic.}}</ref> |
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* [[Ernst Abbe]] (1840–1905): German physicist, optometrist, entrepreneur, and social reformer. Together with [[Otto Schott]] and [[Carl Zeiss]], he laid the foundation of modern [[optics]]. Abbe developed numerous optical instruments. He was a co-owner of [[Carl Zeiss AG]], a German manufacturer of research microscopes, astronomical telescopes, planetariums and other optical systems.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers|year=1945|publisher=Haldeman-Julius Publications|url=http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_mccabe/dictionary.html|author=Joseph McCabe|accessdate=7 April 2013|quote=He was not only a distinguished German physicist and one of the most famous inventors on the staff at the Zeiss optical works at Jena but a notable social reformer, By a generous scheme of profit-sharing he virtually handed over the great Zeiss enterprise to the workers. Abbe was an intimate friend of Haeckel and shared his atheism (or Monism). Leonard Abbot says in his life of Ferrer that Abbe had "just the same ideas and aims as Ferrer."}}</ref> |
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* [[Fay Ajzenberg-Selove]] (1926–2012): American nuclear physicist who was known for her experimental work in [[nuclear spectroscopy]] of light elements, and for her annual reviews of the energy levels of light atomic nuclei. She was a recipient of the 2007 [[National Medal of Science]].<ref>Ajzenberg-Selove, Fay. A Matter of Choices: Memoirs of a Female Physicist. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 1994. Print. "I explained carefully to Louis that I was a Jew and an atheist..."</ref> |
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* [[Zhores Alferov]] (1930–): [[Belarus]]ian, [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and Russian [[physicist]] and academic who contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. He is an inventor of the heterotransistor and the winner of 2000 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Prominent Russians: Zhores Alferov|url=http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/science-and-technology/zhores-alferov/|publisher=RT.com|accessdate=21 April 2012|quote=In public life the scientist is a strong supporter of communism, an atheist strongly objecting to advancement of religious education in Russia, and proponent of science and knowledge as the means to see a better future.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Zhores I. Alferov|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/039/000027955/|publisher=NNDB.com|accessdate=21 April 2012}}</ref> |
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* [[Hannes Alfvén]] (1908–1995): Swedish electrical engineer and plasma physicist. He received the 1970 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work on [[magnetohydrodynamics]] (MHD). He is best known for describing the class of MHD waves now known as [[Alfvén waves]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Beyond the Big Bang: Quantum Cosmologies and God|year=1990|publisher=Open Court Publishing|isbn=9780812691184|pages=22–24|author=Willem B. Drees}}</ref><ref>"Sometime after this, Hannes Alfvén was brought to the presence of Prime Minister Ben-Gurion. The latter was curious about this young Swedish scientist who was being much talked about. After a good chat, Ben Gurion came right to the point: "Do you believe in God?" Now, Hannes Alfvén was not quite prepared for this. So he considered his answer for a few brief seconds. But Ben-Gurion took his silence to be a "No." So he said: "Better scientist than you believes in God."" As told by Hannes Alfvén to Asoka Mendis, [http://www.bibhasde.com/Alfven100.html Hannes Alfvén Birth Centennial].</ref><ref>"Nuclear power is uniquely unforgiving: as Swedish Nobel physicist Hannes Alfvén said, "No acts of God can be permitted."" Amory Lovins, [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/insidenova/author/amory-lovins/ Inside NOVA – Nuclear After Japan: Amory Lovins], ''pbs.org''.</ref><ref>"Alfven dismissed in his address religion as a "myth," and passionately criticized the big-bang theory for being dogmatic and violating basic standards of science, to be no less mythical than religion." Helge Kragh, ''Matter and Spirit in the Universe: Scientific and Religious Preludes to Modern Cosmology'' (2004), page 252.</ref> |
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* [[Jim Al-Khalili]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (1962–): Iraqi-born British theoretical physicist, author and science communicator. He is professor of [[Theoretical Physics]] and Chair in the Public Engagement in Science at the [[University of Surrey]]<ref>"I find it more comfortable to say I'm an atheist, and for that I probably have someone like Dawkins to thank." – Jim Al-Khalili, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/science-discovery/jim-al-khalili/#intro BBC – Radio 4 – Science Explorer: Jim Al-Khalili featured in The Life Scientific], ''BBC.co.uk.com''.</ref> |
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* [[Philip W. Anderson]] (1923–): American physicist. He was one of the recipients of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1977. Anderson has made contributions to the theories of [[Anderson localization|localization]], [[antiferromagnetism]] and [[high-temperature superconductivity]].<ref>{{cite book|title=More and Different: Notes from a Thoughtful Curmudgeon|year=2011|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789814350129|author=Philip W. Anderson|page=177|chapter=Imaginary Friend, Who Art in Heaven|quote=We atheists can, as he does, argue that, with the modern revolution in attitudes toward homosexuals, we have become the only group that may not reveal itself in normal social discourse.}}</ref> |
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* [[Jacob Appelbaum]] (1983–): American [[computer security]] researcher and [[Hacking (innovation)|hacker]]. He is a core member of the [[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor project]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jacob Appelbaum (Part 1/2) Digital Anti-Repression Workshop – April 26, 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=HHoJ9pQ0cn8#at=3323|accessdate=28 June 2013|quote=Like, for me, as an atheist, bisexual, Jew, I'm gonna go on, uh – oh and Emma Goldman is one of my great heroes and I really think that anarchism is a fantastic principle by which to fashion a utopian society even if we can't get there.}}</ref> |
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* [[François Arago]] (1786–1853): French mathematician, physicist, astronomer and politician.<ref>"The same Arago who spent his time criticizing unfounded myths now peddled them. Arago the atheist now spoke of souls." Theresa Levitt, ''The shadow of enlightenment: optical and political transparency in France, 1789–1848'', page 105.</ref> |
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* [[Svante Arrhenius]] (1859–1927): Swedish scientist and the first Swedish Nobel Prize winner.<ref>{{cite book|title=The encyclopedia of unbelief|volume=1|date=1988|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=9780879753078|author=Gordon Stein|page=594|quote=Svante Arrhenius (I859-I927), recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry (I903), was a declared atheist and the author of The Evolution of the Worlds and other works on cosmic physics.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Svante Arrhenius|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/875/000092599/|publisher=Soylent Communications|accessdate=11 September 2012|author=NNDB.com}}</ref> |
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* [[Abhay Ashtekar]] (1949–): Indian theoretical physicist. As the creator of [[Ashtekar variables]], he is one of the founders of [[loop quantum gravity]] and its subfield [[loop quantum cosmology]].<ref>{{cite web|title='He brings a humanness to (science) that's very refreshing'|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/may/15us5.htm|publisher=Rediff On The News|accessdate=31 October 2014|quote=Although he is an atheist, Dr Ashtekar says, his attitude toward work is from the Hindu religious text, the Bhagavad Gita.}}</ref> |
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* [[Larned B. Asprey]] (1919–2005): American [[chemist]] noted for his work on [[actinide]], [[lanthanide]], [[rare earth element|rare earth]], and [[fluorine]] chemistry, and for his contributions to nuclear chemistry on the [[Manhattan Project]] and later at the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]].{{sfn|Asprey|2014|pp=110, 349}} |
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* [[Peter Atkins]] (1940–): [[England|English]] chemist, [[Professor]] of [[chemistry]] at [[Lincoln College, Oxford]] in England.<ref>When asked by [[Rod Liddle]] in the documentary [[The Trouble with Atheism]] "Give me your views on the existence, or otherwise, of God", Peter Atkins replied "Well it's fairly straightforward: there isn't one. And there's no evidence for one, no reason to believe that there is one, and so I don't believe that there is one. And I think that it is rather foolish that people do think that there is one."{{citation |
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* [[Scott Atran]] (1952-): American [[anthropologist]] who is a Director of Research in Anthropology at the [[Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique]] in Paris, Research Professor at the [[University of Michigan]], and cofounder of ARTIS International and of the Centre for the Resolution of Intractable Conflict at [[Oxford University]] in England.<ref>In an ''Edge'' [http://www.edge.org/discourse/bb.html#atran2 discussion] following the Beyond Belief conference in 2006, Atran criticised other speakers, saying: "I find it fascinating that among the brilliant scientists and philosophers at the conference, there was no convincing evidence presented that they know how to deal with the basic irrationality of human life and society other than to insist against all reason and evidence that things ought to be rational and evidence based. It makes me embarrassed to be a scientist and atheist."</ref> |
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* [[Julius Axelrod]] (1912–2004): American [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize–winning]] [[biochemistry|biochemist]], noted for his work on the release and reuptake of [[catecholamine]] [[neurotransmitter]]s and major contributions to the understanding of the [[pineal gland]] and how it is regulated during the sleep-wake cycle.<ref>"Although he became an atheist early in life and resented the strict upbringing of his parents’ religion, he identified with Jewish culture and joined several international fights against anti-Semitism." Craver, Carl F: "Axelrod, Julius", ''Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography'' Vol. 19 p. 122. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.</ref> |
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* [[Edward Battersby Bailey|Sir Edward Battersby Bailey]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1881–1965): British [[geologist]], director of the British Geological Survey.<ref>"In religious matters he was an atheist." A.G. MacGregor: "Bailey, Edward Battersby", ''Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography'' Vol. 1 p. 393. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.</ref> |
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* [[Gregory Bateson]] (1904–1980): English anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, visual anthropologist, semiotician and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields.<ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding Gregory Bateson: mind, beauty, and the sacred earth|year=2008|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780791474525|page=29|author=Noel G. Charlton|quote=This was to be the last large-scale work of lifelong atheist Bateson, seeking to understand the meaning of the sacred.}}</ref> |
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* [[Patrick Bateson|Sir Patrick Bateson]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1938–): English biologist and science writer, Emeritus Professor of ethology at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] and president of the [[Zoological Society of London]].<ref>"A confirmed agnostic, he [Bateson] was converted to atheism after attending a dinner where he tried to converse with a woman who was a creationist. "For many years what had been good enough for Darwin was good enough for me. Not long after that dreadful dinner, Richard Dawkins wrote to me to ask whether I would publicly affirm my atheism. I could see no reason why not." " Lewis Smith, 'Science has second thoughts about life', ''The Times'' (London), January 1, 2008, Pg. 24.</ref> |
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* [[William Bateson]] (1861–1926): British [[geneticist]], a Fellow of [[St. John's College, Cambridge]], where he eventually became Master. He was the first person to use the term [[genetics]] to describe the study of [[heredity]] and [[biological inheritance]], and the chief populariser of the ideas of [[Gregor Mendel]] following their rediscovery.<ref>"William Bateson was a very militant atheist and a very bitter man, I fancy. Knowing that I was interested in biology, they invited me when I was still a school girl to go down and see the experimental garden. I remarked to him what I thought then, and still think, that doing research must be the most wonderful thing in the world and he snapped at me that it wasn’t wonderful at all, it was tedious, disheartening, annoying and anyhow you didn’t need an experimental garden to do research." [http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4620.html Interview with Dr. Cecilia Gaposchkin] by Owen Gingerich, March 5, 1968.</ref> |
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* [[George Beadle]] (1903–1989): American scientist in the field of [[genetics]], and [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] laureate who, with [[Edward Tatum]], discovered the role of [[genes]] in regulating biochemical events within cells in 1958.<ref>George Beadle, An Uncommon Farmer: The Emergence of Genetics in the 20th Century. CSHL Press. 2003. p. 273. ISBN 9780879696887. Beadle's views on this occasion were somewhat more tempered than David's characterization of him as a "vehement atheist," and from his earliest days "intolerant of religion and other forms of superstition.</ref> |
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* [[John Stewart Bell]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1928–1990): Irish physicist. Best known for his discovery of [[Bell's theorem]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7RjnsB64XgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Quantum+Reflections&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtkPWatvbRAhVI2SYKHfvvAs0Q6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Quantum%20Reflections&f=false |title=Quantum Reflections|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521630085|author=John Ellis, D. Amati|chapter=Biographical notes on John Bell|accessdate=4 February 2017|page=xi|quote=By now, he was also a 'Protestant Atheist', which he remained all his life.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Andrew Whitaker|author2=Mary Bell|author3=Shan Gao|title=Quantum Nonlocality and Reality: 50 Years of Bell's Theorem|date=Sep 19, 2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107104341|page=8|chapter=1 – John Bell – The Irish Connection|quote=John Bell was certainly not interested in Protestantism as such – his wife Mary [33] has reported that he was an atheist most of his life.}}</ref> |
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* [[Charles H. Bennett (computer scientist)|Charles H. Bennett]] (1943–): American physicist, information theorist and IBM Fellow at [[IBM Research]]. He is best known for his work in [[quantum cryptography]], [[quantum teleportation]] and is one of the founding fathers of modern [[quantum information theory]].<ref>"I am so sorry to hear of Asher's passing. I will miss his scientific insight and advice, but even more his humor and stuborn integrity. I remember when one of his colleagues complained about Asher's always rejecting his manuscript when they were sent to him to referee. Asher said in effect, "You should thank me. I am only trying to protect your reputation." He often pretended to consult me, a fellow atheist, on matters of religious protocol. As we waited in line to eat the hors d'oeuvres at a conference in Evanston, he said, "There is a prayer Jews traditionally say when they do something new that they have never done before. I am about to eat a new kind of non-Kosher food. Do you think I should say the prayer?" My wife and grown children, who are visiting us this new year, and remember Asher from when we all lived in Cambridge 20 years ago, join me in sending you our condolences for this sudden loss of an irrepressible and irreplaceable person. Please convey our feelings especially to your mother at this difficult time. " Charles H. Bennett's letter written to the family of Israeli physicist, Asher Peres, [http://tx.technion.ac.il/~peres/letters.html A selection of the many letters of condolence sent to the Peres family during January 2005 ].</ref> |
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*[[John Desmond Bernal]] (1901–1971): British biophysicist. Best known for pioneering [[X-ray crystallography]] in [[molecular biology]].<ref>"The Bernals were originally Sephardic Jews who came to Ireland in 1840 from Spain via Amsterdam and London. They converted to Catholicism and John was Jesuit-educated. John enthusiastically supported the Easter Rising and, as a boy, he organised a Society for Perpetual Adoration. He moved away from religion as an adult, becoming an atheist." William Reville, [http://understandingscience.ucc.ie/pages/sci_johndesmondbernal.htm John Desmond Bernal – The Sage].</ref> |
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*[[Paul Bert]] (1833–1886): French zoologist, physiologist and politician. Known for his research on [[oxygen toxicity]].<ref>"Dr. Paul Bert, the atheist Minister of Public Instruction, in M. Gambetta's Cabinet, made the next greatest sensation of the Congress." ''The Phrenological journal and science of health: incorporated with the Phrenological magazine, Volume 76'', page 42.</ref> |
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* [[Marcellin Berthelot]] (1827–1907): French chemist and politician noted for the [[Thomsen-Berthelot principle]] of [[thermochemistry]]. He synthesized many organic compounds from inorganic substances and disproved the theory of vitalism.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Truth About the Shroud of Turin: Solving the Mystery|year=2010|publisher=Regnery Gateway|isbn=9781596986008|author=Robert K. Wilcox|page=23|quote=In 1902, Marcellin P. Berthelot, often called the founder of modern organic chemistry, was one of France's most celebrated scientists—if not the world's. He was permanent secretary of the French Academy, having succeeded the giant Louis Pasteur, the renowned microbiologist. Unlike Delage, an agnostic, Berthelot was an atheist—and militantly so.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection|year=2012|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9781101588550|author=Thomas de Wesselow|quote=Although Delage made it clear that he did not regard Jesus as the resurrected Son of God, his paper upset the atheist members of the Academy, including its secretary, Marcellin Berthelot, who prevented its full publication in the Academy's bulletin.}}</ref> |
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* [[Claude Louis Berthollet]] (1748–1822): French chemist.<ref name="autogenerated274">"[[Napoleon]] replies: "How comes it, then, that [[Laplace]] was an atheist? At the Institute neither he nor [[Monge]], nor [[Berthollet]], nor [[Lagrange]] believed in God. But they did not like to say so." Baron [[Gaspard Gourgaud]], ''Talks of Napoleon at St. Helena with General Baron Gourgaud'' (1904), page 274.</ref> |
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* [[Hans Bethe]] (1906–2005): [[German American|German-American]] [[nuclear physics|nuclear]] [[physicist]], and [[Nobel laureate]] in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]] for his work on the theory of [[stellar nucleosynthesis]].<ref>Horgan, J. (1992) ''Profile: Hans A. Bethe – Illuminator of the Stars'', [[Scientific American]] '''267'''(4), 32–40.</ref> A versatile theoretical physicist, Bethe also made important contributions to [[quantum electrodynamics]], [[nuclear physics]], [[solid-state physics]] and [[astrophysics]]. During [[World War II]], he was head of the Theoretical Division at the secret [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos]] laboratory which developed the first [[atomic bomb]]s. There he played a key role in calculating the [[critical mass (nuclear)|critical mass]] of the weapons, and did theoretical work on the [[Implosion-type nuclear weapon|implosion method]] used in both the [[Trinity test]] and the "[[Fat Man]]" weapon dropped on [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]], Japan.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Voice Of Genius: Conversations With Nobel Scientists And Other Luminaries|year=2001|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780738204475|author=Denis Brian|page=117|quote=Bethe: "I am an atheist."}}</ref> |
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* [[Norman Bethune]] (1890–1939): Canadian physician and medical innovator.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Passion: Norman Bethune's Writing and Art|year=1998|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-0907-4|author=Larry Hannant|quote=Bethune was a communist and an atheist with a healthy contempt for his evangelical father.}}</ref> |
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* [[Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett|Patrick Blackett]] [[Order of Merit|OM]], [[Order of the Companions of Honour|CH]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1897–1974): [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize–winning]] English [[experimental physics|experimental]] [[physicist]] known for his work on [[cloud chamber]]s, [[cosmic ray]]s, and [[paleomagnetism]].<ref>"The grandson of a vicar on his father’s side, Blackett respected religious observances that were established social customs, but described himself as agnostic or atheist." Mary Jo Nye: "Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart." ''Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography'', Vol. 19 p. 293. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.</ref> |
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* [[Susan Blackmore]] (1951–): English [[neuropsychologist]], [[evolutionary psychologist]], and [[Memetics|memeticist]], best known for her book ''[[The Meme Machine]]''.<ref>In a [[Point of Inquiry]] podcast interview, Blackmore described religion as a collection of "really pernicious memes", "I think religious memeplexes are really amongst the nastiest viruses we have on the planet". Blackmore also practices Zen Buddhist meditation; later, when she was asked: "And you find this practice of Zen, the meditative practice, completely compatible with your lack of theism, your atheism...?" she replied: "Oh yes, I mean, there is no god in Buddhism...". [http://www.pointofinquiry.org/susan_blackmore_in_search_of_the_light Susan Blackmore – In Search of the Light], Point of Inquiry, December 15, 2006 (accessed April 1, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[Colin Blakemore|Sir Colin Blakemore]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FMedSci|FRSB|FBPhS|size=100%|sep=,}} (1944–): British [[neurobiologist]], specialising in [[Visual perception|vision]] and the development of the brain, who is Professor of Neuroscience and Philosophy in the [[School of Advanced Study]], [[University of London]] and Emeritus Professor of Neuroscience at the [[University of Oxford]]. He was formerly Chief Executive of the British [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]] (MRC).<ref>Clarke, Peter. All in the Mind?: Does Neuroscience Challenge Faith? N.p.: Lion, 2015. Print. "Blakemore is indeed an atheist..."</ref> |
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* [[Cliff Bleszinski]] (born 1975): American video game designer that is most notable for his role in the development of the [[Unreal (video game series)|Unreal]] video game franchise.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/therealcliffyb/status/347503051403309056 |title=Twitter / therealcliffyb: And I'm not Jewish. I'm an Atheist |publisher=Twitter.com |date=2013-06-19 |accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref> |
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* [[Christian Bohr]] (1855–1911): [[Denmark|Danish]] physician; father of [[physicist]] and [[Nobel laureate]] [[Niels Bohr]], and of mathematician [[Harald Bohr]]; grandfather of [[physicist]] and Nobel laureate [[Aage Bohr]]. Christian Bohr is known for having characterized respiratory [[dead space]] and described the [[Bohr effect]].<ref>{{cite web|title=When the atom went quantum – Bohr's revolutionary atomic theory turns 100|url=http://www.sciencenews.org/view/feature/id/351277/description/When_the_atom_went_quantum|publisher=Society for Science & the Public 2000|accessdate=1 July 2013|author=Tom Siegfried|date=June 28, 2013|quote=As for standard religion, though, Bohr was unsympathetic. His mother was a nonpracticing Jew, his father an atheist Lutheran.}}</ref> |
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* [[Niels Bohr]] (1885–1962): Danish physicist. Best known for his foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1922.<ref>{{cite book|last=Simmons|first=John|title=The Scientific 100: a rankings of the most influential scientists, past and present.|year=1996|publisher=Carol Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8065-1749-0|page=16|quote=His mother was warm and intelligent, and his father, as Bohr himself later recalled, recognized "that something was expected of me." The family was not at all devout, and Bohr became an atheist who regarded religious thought as harmful and misguided.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Niels Bohr and Contemporary Philosophy|year=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789048142996|editor1=J. Faye |editor2=H. Folse |page=88|quote=Planck was religious and had a firm belief in God; Bohr was not, but his objection to Planck's view had no anti-religious motive.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Niels Bohr: Atomic Theorist|year=2008|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9780816061785|edition=2|author1=Ray Spangenburg |author2=Diane Kit Moser |page=37|quote=Niels had quietly resigned his membership in the Lutheran Church the previous April. Although he had sought out religion as a child, by the time of their marriage he no longer “was taken” by it, as he put it. “And for me it was exactly the same,” Margrethe later explained. “[Interest in religion] disappeared completely,” although at the time of their wedding, she was still a member of the Lutheran Church. (Niels's parents were also married in a civil, not a religious, ceremony, and Harald also resigned his membership in the Lutheran Church just before his wedding, a few years later.)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Science and Religion in Dialogue, Two Volume Set|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781405189217|page=416|quote=On the other hand Bohr wrote of his admiration for the writing and presentation of Kierkegaard – at the same time stating he could not accept some of it. Part of this may have followed from Kierkegaard being a very avowed, yet rather circuitous proponent of a costly Christian faith, while after a youth of confirming faith Bohr himself was a non-believer.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Measure of God: History's Greatest Minds Wrestle with Reconciling Science and Religion|year=2006|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780060858339|author=Larry Witham|pages=138–139|quote="Bohr's atheism, the counterpiece of Einstein's monotheism, ... was more affined to traditional Far Eastern philosophy,” according to Stent. ...The young Bohr thus lived in two worlds, but mostly the cultural Christianity of the Danish middle class. As a young man, he had read Søren Kierkegaard, a fellow Dane and a Christian existentialist from the nineteenth century, with some enthusiasm. But he finally faced a religious crisis, and by the time he went to England to study physics, the idea of God had lost its appeal. The aim of life was happiness, he wrote his fiancée, making it impossible “that a person must beg from and bargain with fancied powers infinitely stronger than himself." ... In his only published paper on the topic of religion, Bohr spoke not of deities and doctrines but of psychological experience.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Candid Science V: Conversations with Famous Scientists|date=2005|publisher=Imperial College Press|isbn=9781860945052|page=518|author=Gunther S. Stent|author2=Balazs Hargittai |author3=István Hargittai |quote=Gunther S. Stent: "Niels Bohr was one of the few five-star scientists who really was an atheist — and not merely paying lip service to atheism."}}</ref><ref name=heilbron>{{cite book|title=Love, Literature and the Quantum Atom: Niels Bohr's 1913 Trilogy Revisited|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191669736|pages=159–160|author=John L. Heilbron|author2=Finn Aaserud |quote=A statement about religion in the loose notes on Kierkegaard may throw light on the notion of wildness that appears in many of Bohr's letters. “I, who do not feel in any way united with, and even less, bound to a God, and therefore am also much poorer [than Kierkegaard], would say that the good [is] the overall lofty goal, as only by being good [can one] judge according to worth and right.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Love, Literature and the Quantum Atom: Niels Bohr's 1913 Trilogy Revisited|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199680283|page=110|author1=Finn Aaserud |author2=John L. Heilbron |chapter=Part 2. Nascent Science|quote=Bohr's sort of humor, use of parables and stories, tolerance, dependence on family, feelings of indebtedness, obligation, and guilt, and his sense of responsibility for science, community, and, ultimately, humankind in general, are common traits of the Jewish intellectual. So too is a well-fortified atheism. Bohr ended with no religious belief and a dislike of all religions that claimed to base their teachings on revelations.}}</ref> |
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* [[Hermann Bondi|Sir Hermann Bondi]] [[Order of the Bath|KCB]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1919–2005): Anglo-Austrian mathematician and [[physical cosmology|cosmologist]], best known for co-developing the [[steady-state theory]] of the universe and important contributions to the theory of [[general relativity]].<ref>"Since his childhood in Vienna Bondi had been an atheist, developing from an early age a view on religion that associated it with repression and intolerance. This view, which he shared with Hoyle, never left him. On several occasions he spoke out on behalf of freethinking, so-called, and became early on active in British atheist or "humanist" circles. From 1982 to 1999, he was president of the British Humanist Association, and he also served as president of the Rationalist Press Association of United Kingdom." Helge Kragh: "Bondi, Hermann", ''Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography'' Vol. 19 p. 343. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. Accessed via [http://gale.cengage.com/servlet/GvrlMS?msg=ma Gale Virtual Reference Library] April 29, 2008.</ref><ref>In a letter to the ''Guardian'', Jane Wynne Willson, Vice-President of the British Humanist Association, added to his obituary: "Also president of the Rationalist Press Association from 1982 until his death, and with a particular interest in Indian rationalism, Hermann was a strong supporter of the Atheist Centre in Andhra Pradesh. He and his wife Christine visited the centre a number of times, and the hall in the science museum there bears his name. When presented with a prestigious international award, he divided a large sum of money between the Atheist Centre and women's health projects in Mumbai." [https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/sep/23/guardianobituaries.mainsection Obituary letter: Hermann Bondi], ''Guardian'', September 23, 2005 (accessed April 29, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[Paul D. Boyer]] (1918–): American [[biochemist]] and [[Nobel Laureate]] in [[Chemistry]] in 1997.<ref>Boyer, Paul. "[http://archive.is/20120526042010/http://ffrf.org/fttoday/2004/march/?ft=boyer A Path to Atheism]". [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]]. Retrieved February 3, 2007.</ref> |
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* [[Sydney Brenner]] (1927–): South African biologist and a 2002 [[Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine]] laureate, shared with [[Bob Horvitz]] and [[John Sulston]]. Brenner made significant contributions to work on the [[genetic code]], and other areas of molecular biology while working in the [[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)|Medical Research Council]] (MRC) [[Laboratory of Molecular Biology]] in [[Cambridge]], [[England]].<ref>István Hargittai; Magdolna Hargittai (2006-10-23). Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists. Books.google.com. p. 32. Retrieved 2016-12-01.</ref> |
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* [[Calvin Bridges]] (1889–1938): American [[geneticist]], known especially for his work on fruit fly genetics.<ref>"...he always remained true to his own concepts and ideals and did not dissimulate. His open designation of himself as "atheist" in "Who's Who in America" and his opposition to the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Allies..." H J Muller, 'Dr. Calvin B. Bridges', ''Nature'' 143, 191–192 (04 Feb 1939).</ref> |
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* [[Percy Williams Bridgman]] (1882–1961): American physicist who won the 1946 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work on the physics of high pressures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Percy Williams Bridgman|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/750/000099453/|publisher=NNDB.com|accessdate=24 April 2012|quote=He was raised in the Congregational Church, but faith in God clashed with his well-known analytical nature and he told his family as a young man that he could not in good conscience become a church member.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Science and Cultural Crisis: An Intellectual Biography of Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961)|year=1990|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-1796-0|pages=14–15|author=Maila L. Walter|quote=Raymond Bridgman was extremely disappointed with his son's rejection of his religious views. Near the end of his life, however, he offered a conciliatory interpretation that allowed him to accept Percy's commitment to honesty and integrity as a moral equivalent to religion.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center|year=2013|publisher=Random House LLC|isbn=9780385504133|author=Ray Monk|quote=In many ways they were opposites; Kemble, the theorist, was a devout Christian, while Bridgman, the experimentalist, was a strident atheist.}}</ref> |
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* [[Paul Broca]] (1824–1880): French physician, surgeon, anatomist, and anthropologist. Broca's work also contributed to the development of [[physical anthropology]], advancing the science of [[anthropometry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Paul Broca (1824–80)|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/paulbroca.aspx|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|accessdate=12 April 2012|quote=He was a left-wing atheist who argued against African enslavement.}}</ref> |
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* [[Louis de Broglie]] (1892–1987): French physicist who made groundbreaking contributions to [[quantum theory]] and won the [[Nobel Prize for Physics]] in 1929.<ref>{{cite book|title=Quantum Mechanics at the Crossroads: New Perspectives From History, Philosophy And Physics|year=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783540326632|first1=James |last1=Evans |first2=Alan S. |last2=Thorndike|page=71|quote=Asked to join Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques<!-- the source has "Sceintifiques", but that is a typo --> Français, Louis declined because, he said, he had ceased the religious practices of his youth.}}</ref><ref>Kimball, John (2015). Physics Curiosities, Oddities, and Novelties. CRC Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-1-4665-7636-0.</ref> |
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* [[Rodney Brooks]] (1954–): Australian-American computer scientist and roboticist.<ref>{{cite news|title=Seeding Intelligence|url=http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/1997/07/5433|accessdate=17 July 2012|newspaper=Wired Magazine|date=1997-07-25|author=Kristi Coale|quote="I've been an atheist – I had found it difficult to have religious beliefs and scientific ones," Brooks explained. "But I've accepted that I have a duality – there's a human way of interacting with people but also a mechanistic explanation of what people are and how they work."}}</ref> |
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* [[Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)|Sheldon Brown]] (1944–2008): Bicycle mechanic and technical authority on almost every aspect of bicycles.<ref>"Some Things I Do ''Not'' Believe In: Angels, Astrology,... Devils, Elves, Faeries, Faith, Gods, "Intelligent Design", Leprechauns, ...Magic..."[http://sheldonbrown.com/home.html]</ref> |
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* [[Ruth Mack Brunswick]] (1897–1946): American psychologist, a close confidant of and collaborator with Sigmund Freud.<ref>"Although in her youth she had shared her father's Zionist sympathies, she was not otherwise involved in Jewish affairs and was by conviction an atheist." 'BRUNSWICK, Ruth Jane Mack (Feb. 17, 1897-Jan. 24, 1946)' in ''Notable American Women: 1607–1950.'' Retrieved August 01, 2008, from [http://www.credoreference.com Credo Reference]</ref> |
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* [[Luther Burbank]] (1849–1926): American [[botany|botanist]], [[horticulturist]] and pioneer in [[agricultural science]] who developed more than 800 [[Strain (biology)|strains]] and [[Variety (biology)|varieties]] of [[plant]]s over his 55-year career. Burbank's varied creations included [[fruit]]s, [[flower]]s, [[grain]]s, [[grass]]es, and [[vegetable]]s.<ref>http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED402584.pdf "Burbank the Plant Wizard, the man who created "a good firm shipper's fruit suitable for canning" and a miraculous garden of "hybrid" flowers, admitted during an interview that he was an atheist"</ref> |
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* [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet|Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] [[Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science|FAA]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand|FRSNZ]] (1899–1985): Australian virologist best known for his contributions to immunology. He won the [[Nobel Prize]] in 1960 for predicting [[acquired immune tolerance]] and was best known for developing the theory of [[clonal selection]].<ref>"College Roll: Burnet, Sir Frank Macfarlane." RACP: College Roll. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017. "He...developed a fairly aggressive atheism."</ref> |
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* [[Geoffrey Burnstock]] (1929–): Australian medical researcher and President of the Autonomic Neuroscience Centre of the [[UCL Medical School]]. He is best known for coining the term [[purinergic signaling]], which he discovered in the 1970s. He played a key role in the discovery of ATP as neurotransmitter.<ref>http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ani/Prof/Most%20Highly%20Cited%20Scientist.pdf</ref> |
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* [[Robert Cailliau]] (1947–): Belgian informatics engineer and computer scientist who, together with Sir Tim Berners-Lee, developed the [[World Wide Web]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cailliau|first1=Robert|title=Atheism|url=http://www.robertcailliau.eu/Alphabetical/A/Atheism/|website=www.cailliau.org|quote=As Richard Dawkins points out, I have no obligation to explain why I am an atheist, it’s for those who believe in a god to supply evidence. Atheism, religion, science and ethics are linked: Religion provides a simple world view based on the existence of one or more gods. Gods are super-beings who are unscrutable, far superior to humans and endowed with supernatural powers. Such a world view starts from the axiom that humans will not be able to understand the world around them. There is no further argument possible: one lives "by the book".}}</ref> |
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* [[Paul Callaghan|Sir Paul Callaghan]] {{post-nominals|country=NZL|GNZM|FRS|FRSNZ}} (1947–2012): New Zealand [[physicist]] who, as the founding director of the [[MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology]] at [[Victoria University of Wellington]], held the position of Alan MacDiarmid Professor of Physical Sciences and was President of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance.<ref>The Telegraph – Professor Sir Paul Callaghan http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/science-obituaries/9169952/Professor-Sir-Paul-Callaghan.html "Callaghan was brought up a Methodist, but showed a typically scientific interest in other faiths, trying out Anglicanism, Catholicism and Marxism, before finally settling for atheism."</ref> |
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* [[Walter Bradford Cannon]] (1871–1945): American [[physiologist]], professor and chairman of the Department of Physiology at [[Harvard Medical School]] who coined the term [[fight or flight response]], and he expanded on [[Claude Bernard]]'s concept of [[homeostasis]].<ref>"Walter Bradford Cannon." Walter Bradford Cannon. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2017. <http://www.nndb.com/people/468/000164973/>.</ref> |
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* [[John D. Carmack]] (1970–): American [[game programmer]], [[aerospace]] and [[virtual reality]] engineer. He co-founded [[id Software]], and holds the position of [[CTO]] at [[Oculus VR]].<ref>Replied to an user in his Twitter "I don't believe in god, but I don't see any correlation between religiosity and human virtues. Merry Xmas everyone!" https://twitter.com/ID_AA_Carmack/status/18382634732224512</ref><ref>"Having a reasonable grounding in statistics and probability and no belief in luck, fate, karma, or god(s), the only casino game that interests me is blackjack," he wrote in a .plan file." – John D. Carmack, David Kushner, Masters of Doom: How two guys created an Empire and transformed Pop Culture (2003).</ref> |
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* [[Sean M. Carroll]] (1966–): American [[cosmologist]] specializing in dark energy and [[general relativity]].<ref>Carroll, Sean [http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2013/05/i_won_t_take_money_from_templeton_science_and_religion_can_t_be_reconciled.html "Science and Religion Can’t Be Reconciled. Why I won’t take money from the Templeton Foundation."] Slate. May 9, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2015.</ref> |
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* [[Raymond Cattell]] (1905–1998): British and American [[psychologist]], known for his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure and his exploration of many areas within empirical psychology. Cattell authored, co-authored, or edited almost 60 scholarly books, more than 500 research articles, and over 30 standardized psychometric tests, questionnaires, and rating scales and was among the most productive, but controversial psychologists of the 20th century.<ref>Michael Martin (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge University Press. p. 310. ISBN 9780521842709. "Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including...Raymond B. Cattell..."</ref> |
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* [[James Chadwick]] (1891–1974): English physicist. He won the 1935 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his discovery of the [[neutron]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The neutron and the bomb: a biography of Sir James Chadwick|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198539926|author=Andrew Brown|page=362|quote=He was a lifelong atheist and felt no need to develop religious faith as he approached the end of his life.}}</ref> |
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* [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] (1910–1995): [[Indian American|Indian-American]] [[astrophysicist]] known for his theoretical work on the structure and [[evolution of stars]]. He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1983.<ref>"In his later years, Chandra had openly admitted to being an atheist which also meant that he subscribed to no religion in the customary sense of the word." Vishveshwara, S. 2000. [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr252000/generalia.pdf ''Leaves from an unwritten diary: S. Chandrasekhar, Reminiscences and Reflections''], ''Current Science'', 78(8):1025–1033.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Chandra: A Biography of Chandrasekhar |date=1991 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226870557 |page=304 |author=Kameshwar C. Wali |quote=SC: I am not religious in any sense; in fact, I consider myself an atheist.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4552.html|title=Interview with Dr. S. Chandrasekhar|publisher=American Institute of Physics}}</ref> |
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* [[Georges Charpak]] (1924–2010): French physicist who was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|title=Georges Charpak|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/811/000099514/|publisher=NNDB.com|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref><ref>Charpak, Georges, and Henri Broch. Debunked!: ESP, telekinesis, and other pseudoscience. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins U Press, 2004. Print.</ref> |
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* [[Nikolai Chebotaryov]] (1894–1947): Russian and Soviet mathematician, best known for the [[Chebotaryov density theorem]].<ref>Loren Graham and Jean-Michel Kantor, ''Naming Infinity: A True Story of Religious Mysticism and Mathematical Creativity'', Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-06740-329-34. http://www.ams.org/notices/201401/rnoti-p62.pdf. "Chebatorev was an atheist..."</ref> |
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* [[Boris Chertok]] (1912–2011): Prominent [[USSR|Soviet]] and [[Russia]]n [[rocket]] designer, responsible for control systems of a number of ballistic missiles and spacecraft. He was the author of a four-volume book ''Rockets and People'', the definitive source of information about the history of the [[Soviet space program]].<ref>Chertok, B. E. Rockets and people. Washington, D.C.: NASA, 2005. Print. "I have always considered myself a diehard atheist and materialist..."</ref> |
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* [[Aaron Ciechanover]] (1947-): Israeli [[biology|biologist]], who won the [[Nobel prize]] in [[Chemistry]] for characterizing the method that cells use to degrade and recycle proteins using [[ubiquitin]].<ref>J. (2013). 50 Renowned Academics Speaking About God (Part 3). Retrieved September 04, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHv__O8wvZI</ref> |
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* [[William Kingdon Clifford]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1845–1879): English mathematician and philosopher, co-introducer of [[geometric algebra]], the first to suggest that [[gravitation]] might be a manifestation of an underlying geometry, and coiner of the expression "mind-stuff".<ref>{{cite book|title=A New Approach to Differential Geometry Using Clifford's Geometric Algebra|year=2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780817682828|page=111|author=John Snygg|quote=However, the dogmatic position of the Anglican Church against Darwin's theory of evolution induced him to reexamine his beliefs. He soon evolved into an agnostic and then an atheist.}}</ref> |
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* [[Frank Close]] [[OBE]] (1945–): British particle physicist, Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, known for his lectures and writings making science intelligible to a wider audience, for which he was awarded the Institute of Physics's Kelvin Medal and Prize.<ref>When describing a total solar eclipse, Close wrote: "It was simultaneously ghastly, beautiful, supernatural. Even for a 21st century atheist, the vision was such that I thought, "If there is a heaven, this is what its entrance is like." The heavenly vision demanded music by Mozart; instead we had the crickets." Frank Close, 'Dark side of the moon', ''The Guardian'', August 9, 2001, Guardian Online Pages, Pg. 8.</ref> |
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* [[Samuel T. Cohen]] (1921–2010): American physicist who invented the [[W70]] warhead and is generally credited as the father of the [[neutron bomb]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Creator of Neutron Bomb Leaves an Explosive Legacy|url=http://forward.com/articles/134967/creator-of-neutron-bomb-leaves-an-explosive-legacy/|publisher=Forward Association, Inc.|author=Gal Beckerman|date=January 26, 2011|quote=As for his own Jewish identity, Cohen was an avowed atheist who was cremated after he died, against Jewish tradition. But still he was proud of being Jewish, his daughter said, and even had a kind of “arrogant attitude” about Jewish intelligence.}}</ref> |
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*[[John Horton Conway]] (1937–): British mathematician active in the theory of [[finite groups]], [[knot theory]], [[number theory]], [[combinatorial game theory]] and [[coding theory]]. He is best known for the invention of the cellular automaton called [[Conway's Game of Life]].<ref>"Conway propped up the pillow behind his head and grinned. "I like showing off. When I make a new discovery, and I really like telling people about it. I guess I'm not so much a mathematician as a teacher. In America, kids aren't supposed to like mathematics. It's so sad.' Conway sat up suddenly. 'Most people think that mathematics is cold. But it's not at all! For me, the whole damn thing is sensual and exciting. I like what it looks like, and I get a hell of a lot more pleasure out of math than most people do out of art!' He relaxed slightly, and he lowered his voice. 'I feel like an artist. I like beautiful things – they're there already; man doesn't have to create it. I don't believe in God, but I believe that nature is unbelievably subtle and clever. In physics, for instance, the real answer to a problem is usually so subtle and surprising that it wasn't even considered in the first place. That the speed of light is a constant – impossible! Nobody even thought about it. And quantum mechanics is even worse, but it's so beautiful, and it works!"", John Horton Conway in an interview with Charles Seife, ''The Sciences'' (1994).</ref> |
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* [[John Cornforth|Sir John Cornforth]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]], [[Australian Academy of Science#Fellows|FAA]] (1917–2013): Australian–British chemist who won the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1975 for his work on the [[stereochemistry]] of [[enzyme]]-catalysed reactions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kroto|first1=Harold|title=Sir John Cornforth (‘Kappa’): Some Personal Recollections|journal=Australian Journal of Chemistry|date=2015|volume=68|issue=4|pages=697–698|doi=10.1071/CH14601}}</ref> |
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* [[Brian Cox (physicist)|Brian Cox]] [[OBE]] (1968–): English particle physicist, Royal Society University Research Fellow, Professor at the University of Manchester. Best known as a presenter of a number of science programmes for the BBC. He also had some fame in the 1990s as the keyboard player for the pop band D:Ream.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/7435109/Professor-Brian-Cox-bringing-the-solar-system-to-your-living-room.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Paul | last=Kendall | title=Professor Brian Cox: bringing the solar system to your living room | date=March 14, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sci-fi-online.com/2006_Interviews/07-08-27_brian-cox.htm |title=Dr. Brian Cox (science consultant) – Sunshine – Interview |publisher=Sci-fi-online.com |date=2007-08-27 |accessdate=2012-06-03}}</ref> |
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* [[Jerry Coyne]] (1949–): American professor of [[ecology]] and [[evolution]], known for his books on evolution and commentary on the intelligent design debate.<ref>"Yet they [the NCSE] can afford to ignore us because, in the end, where else can we atheists go for support against creationists? [...] Am I grousing because, as an atheist and a non-accommodationist, my views are simply ignored by the NAS and NCSE? Not at all. I don't want these organizations to espouse or include my viewpoint. I want religion and atheism left completely out of all the official discourse of scientific societies and organizations that promote evolution." Jerry Coyne, '[http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2009/04/22/truckling-to-the-faithful-a-spoonful-of-jesus-helps-darwin-go-down/ Truckling to the Faithful: A Spoonful of Jesus Helps Darwin Go Down]', April 22, 2009 (accessed 23 April 2009).</ref> |
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* [[Richard Crandall]] (1947–2012): [[United States|American]] [[physicist]] and [[computer scientist]] who made contributions to [[computational number theory]].<ref>http://blog.stephenwolfram.com/2012/12/remembering-richard-crandall-1947-2012/</ref> |
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* [[Francis Crick]] (1916–2004): English molecular biologist, physicist, and neuroscientist; noted for being one of the co-discoverers of the structure of the [[DNA]] molecule in 1953. He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] in [[Physiology]] or [[Medicine]] in 1962.<ref>Francis Crick, ''What Mad Pursuit: a Personal View of Scientific Discovery'', Basic Books reprint edition, 1990, ISBN 0-465-09138-5, p. 145.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990a01.htm |title=How I Got Inclined Towards Atheism |publisher=Positiveatheism.org |accessdate=2012-06-03}}</ref><ref>[[Mark Steyn]] identify Crick as an atheist. See:[http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200410/steyn The Twentieth-Century Darwin] by Mark Steyn, published in [[The Atlantic Monthly]], October 2004.</ref><ref>"Francis Crick was an evangelical atheist."[http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020419&ct=1 Francis Crick's Legacy for Neuroscience: Between the α and the Ω]</ref><ref>"Instead, it is interlaced with descriptions of Crick’s vacations, parties and assertions of atheism — occasionally colorful stuff that drains the intellectual drama from the codebreaking."[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/books/review/30dizi.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Genome Human]</ref><ref>"There is Crick the mentor, Crick the atheist, Crick the free-thinker, and Crick the playful."[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=546341 Entertaining Dr Crick]</ref><ref>Crick, 86, said: "The god hypothesis is rather discredited." [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/connected/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fconnected%2F2003%2F03%2F19%2Fecfgod19.xml Do our genes reveal the hand of God?]</ref> |
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* [[George Washington Crile]] (1864–1943): [[United States of America|American]] surgeon. Crile is now formally recognized as the first surgeon to have succeeded in a direct [[blood transfusion]].<ref>{{cite web|title=George Washington Crile|url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_crile.html|publisher=The Educational Broadcasting Corporation.|accessdate=10 September 2012|year=2002|quote=Although both parents were English Lutherans, Crile, after reading Paine, Ingersoll, and Voltaire in his college years, became a lifelong atheist, devoted to the concept of intellectual freedom.}}</ref> |
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*[[James F. Crow]] (1916–2012): American geneticist and professor.<ref>{{cite web|title=James F. Crow dies|url=http://ncse.com/news/2012/01/james-f-crow-dies-007045|publisher=NCSE|accessdate=21 April 2012|date=January 5, 2012|quote=In his published work, Crow seems not to have mentioned the creationism/evolution controversy at all. But he was deeply concerned with the integrity of science education nevertheless. In a June 1–3, 2005, interview with the Oral History of Human Genetics Project, he was asked how he felt about the persistence of the antievolutionist movement despite the continued advances in understanding evolution. "I am puzzled by this," he answered, adding, "I'm especially puzzled by literate, intelligent, often scientifically trained people who are into intelligent design. ... The argument of so-called irreducible complexity that the intelligent design people make such a to-do over, I think that's a non-issue. ... That to me is a very, very old argument. I'd say the elephant trunk is complicated, too, and a lot more complicated than the bacterial flagellum. So what's new in this argument?" Reiterating "I am worried about creationism," he offered his view about science and religion: "My own views are atheistic, but I don't go around preaching atheism.}}</ref> |
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* [[Pierre Curie]] (1859–1906): French physicist, a pioneer in [[crystallography]], [[magnetism]], [[piezoelectricity]] and [[radioactivity]], and Nobel laureate. In 1903 he received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] with his wife, [[Marie Curie]], and [[Henri Becquerel]], "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBlAAQAAIAAJ&q=Who%27s+who+in+hell:+a+handbook+and+international+directory+for+humanists,+freethinkers,+naturalists,+rationalists,+and+non-theists&dq=Who%27s+who+in+hell:+a+handbook+and+international+directory+for+humanists,+freethinkers,+naturalists,+rationalists,+and+non-theists&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwji_Z-8tvbRAhWDVyYKHVfdBCsQ6AEIHDAA |title=Who's who in hell: a handbook and international directory for humanists, freethinkers, naturalists, rationalists, and non-theists|year=2000|publisher=Barricade Books|isbn=9781569801581|author=Warren Allen Smith|accessdate=4 February 2017 |page=259|quote=Curie, Pierre (1859—1906) A codiscoverer of radium, Pierre Curie was an atheist.}}</ref> |
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* [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]] (1717–1783): French [[mathematician]], [[mechanics|mechanician]], [[physicist]], [[philosopher]], and [[music theorist]]. He was also co-editor with [[Denis Diderot]] of the ''[[Encyclopédie]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750–1790|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-954820-0|author=Jonathan Israel|page=115|quote=D'Alembert, though privately an atheist and materialist, presented the respectable public face of 'la philosophie' in the French capital while remaining henceforth uninterruptedly aligned with Voltaire.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology|year=1990|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780792305835|author1=James E. Force |author2=Richard Henry Popkin |editor1=James E. Force |editor2=Richard Henry Popkin |page=167|quote=Unlike the French and English deists, and unlike the scientific atheists such as Diderot, d'Alembert, and d'Holbach,...}}</ref> |
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* Sir [[Howard Dalton]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1944–2008): British [[microbiologist]], Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK's [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]] from March 2002 to September 2007.<ref>"She advised him that he risked being called up, and suggested an unusual way to avoid the draft – by becoming a priest, one of the categories exempt from military service. Dalton discovered a little-known religious group called the Universal Life Church of California which for $25 would "ordain" anyone. He duly sent off a cheque and within days was delighted to learn that he was now a bona fide Minister of Religion. It became a running joke and his friends frequently addressed letters to the Reverend Howard Dalton; as a life-long atheist, he particularly relished the irony of his new title." 'Obituary of Professor Sir Howard Dalton, Microbiologist who became Defra's Chief Scientific Adviser just after the foot-and-mouth outbreak', ''Daily Telegraph'' January 15, 2008, Pg. 25.</ref> |
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* [[Richard Dawkins]] (1941–): British [[zoologist]], [[biologist]], creator of the concept of the [[meme]]; outspoken atheist and popularizer of science, author of ''[[The God Delusion]]'' and founder of the [http://www.richarddawkins.net/ Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science].<ref>Dawkins identifies himself as an atheist in his article "A Challenge to Atheists: Come Out of the Closet," ''Free Inquiry'', Summer 2002. Excerpt reprinted at [http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/quotes/dawkins.htm Positiveatheism.org]</ref> |
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* [[Jean Baptiste Delambre]] (1749–1822): French mathematician, astronomer, and director of the [[Paris Observatory]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Progress: a monthly magazine of advanced thought, Volume 7|year=1887|publisher=Progressive Publishing Co.|editor=George William Foote<!--|accessdate=15 June 2012-->|page=127|quote=DELAMBRE (Jean Baptiste Joseph), French astronomer, born at Amiens, 19 Sept. 1749, studied under Lalande and became, like his master, an Atheist.}}</ref> |
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* [[Wander Johannes de Haas]] (1878–1960): Dutch physicist and mathematician who is best known for the [[Shubnikov–de Haas effect]], the [[de Haas–van Alphen effect]] and the [[Einstein–de Haas effect]].<ref>Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. A Biography (2005) – Dirk van Delft The man of absolute zero – https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=nl&u=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/delf006heik01_01/delf006heik01_01_0038.php&prev=search "which prevented the atheist De Haas had nothing to do with the Catholic piety of Keesom."</ref> |
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* [[Augustus De Morgan]] (1806–1871): British mathematician and logician. He formulated [[De Morgan's laws]] and introduced the term [[mathematical induction]], making its idea rigorous.<ref>John Beloff (1997). Parapsychology: A Concise History. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 47. ISBN 9780312173760. "He seems an unlikely convert considering that his atheistic views had debarred him from a position at Oxford or Cambridge but his involvement with spiritualism was partly due to his wife, Sophia."</ref><ref>"There is a word in our language with which I shall not confuse this subject, both on account of the dishonourable use which is frequently made of it, as an imputation thrown by one sect upon another, and of the variety of significations attached to it. I shall use the world Anti-Deism to signify the opinion that there does not exist a Creator who made and sustains the Universe." Augustus De Morgan, An essay on probabilities: and on their application to life contingencies and insurance offices (1838), page 22.</ref><ref>Memoir of Augustus De Morgan. Longmans, Green, and Company. 1882. p. 393. "So you called me an atheist vagabond, fancying that Voltaire was an atheist : he was, in fact, theistic to bigotry, and anti-revolutionist to the same extent."</ref> |
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* [[Arnaud Denjoy]] (1884–1974): French mathematician, noted for his contributions to [[harmonic analysis]] and [[differential equations]].<ref>"Denjoy was an atheist, but tolerant of others' religious views; he was very interested in philosophical, psychological, and social issues." "Denjoy, Arnaud", ''Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography'' Vol. 17, p.219. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.</ref> |
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* [[David Deutsch]] (1953–): Israeli-British physicist at the [[University of Oxford]]. He pioneered the field of [[quantum computation]] by being the first person to formulate a description for a [[quantum Turing machine]], as well as specifying an algorithm designed to run on a quantum computer.<ref>"First of all, I do not believe in the supernatural, so I take it for granted that consciousness has a material explanation. I also do not believe in insoluble problems, therefore I believe that this explanation is accessible in principle to reason, and that one day we will understand consciousness just as we today understand what life is, whereas once this was a deep mystery." David Deutsch in an interview with Philosophy Now magazine, ''Philosophy Now'', December/January 2001 issue.</ref> |
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* [[Jared Diamond]] (1937–): American scientist and author whose work draws from a variety of fields. He is best known for his award-winning popular science books ''[[The Third Chimpanzee]]''; ''[[Guns, Germs, and Steel]]''; and ''[[Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed]]''.<ref>"As an atheist, Diamond is locked into the argument that environmental causes are the primary reasons for a society to fail or succeed." Jonas E Alexis, Christianity's Dangerous Idea: How the Christian Principle & Spirit Offer the Best Explanation for Life & Why Other Alternatives Fail (2010), page 199.</ref> |
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* [[Paul Dirac]] (1902–1984): British [[theoretical physicist]], one of the founders of [[quantum mechanics]], predicted the existence of [[antimatter]], and won the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1933.<ref>[[Werner Heisenberg]] recollects a friendly conversation among young participants at the 1927 [[Solvay Conference]] about Einstein's and [[Max Planck|Planck]]'s views on religion. Wolfgang Pauli, Heisenberg and Dirac took part in it. Among other things, Dirac said: "I cannot understand why we idle discussing religion. If we are honest — and as scientists honesty is our precise duty — we cannot help but admit that any religion is a pack of false statements, deprived of any real foundation. The very idea of God is a product of human imagination.[...] I do not recognize any religious myth, at least because they contradict one another.[...]" Pauli jokingly said: "Well, I'd say that also our friend Dirac has got a religion and the first commandment of this religion is: God does not exist and Paul Dirac is his prophet." {{cite book | title = Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations | publisher = Harper & Row | location = New York | isbn=0-06-131622-9}}</ref><ref name="Pauling">"... I [Pauling] am not, however, militant in my atheism. The great English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac is a militant atheist. I suppose he is interested in arguing about the existence of God. I am not. It was once quipped that there is no God and Dirac is his prophet." {{cite book |author1=Linus Pauling |author2=Daisaku Ikeda |lastauthoramp=yes| title = A Lifeling Quest for Peace: A Dialogue | year = 1992 | publisher = Jones & Bartlett | isbn = 0-86720-277-7 | page = 22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Dirac: A Scientific Biography|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521380898|pages=256–257|author=Helge Kragh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom' by Graham Farmelo|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/30/entertainment/ca-graham-farmelo30|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=9 June 2012|author=Sara Lippincott|date=August 30, 2009|quote=Dirac was contemptuous of philosophy and, as many scientists do, professed atheism. But it was a narrow sort, mainly dismissive of religious orthodoxy. In notes he wrote in 1933, he embraces another creed: "[T]his article of faith is that the human race will continue to live for ever and will develop and progress without limit . . . Living is worthwhile if one can contribute in some small way to this endless chain of progress."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Strangest Man: the Hidden Life of Paul Dirac by Graham Farmelo|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/4316309/The-Strangest-Man-the-Hidden-Life-of-Paul-Dirac-by-Graham-Farmelo-review.html|accessdate=9 June 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=23 Jan 2009|author=Helen Brown|quote=Dirac’s story ends with a whimper. As a young man he had joked that physicists were all washed up by 30 and as he aged his powers waned. The Cambridge physics department took away his parking space and an outraged Manci insisted he take up a fellowship at Florida State University. He died in 1984, aged 82. An atheist, he was buried under a gravestone chosen by Manci. It read “because God said it should be so”.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Haphazard Reality: Half a Century of Science|year=2010|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=9789089642004|author=H. B. G. Casimir|page=151|quote=Kramers was certainly not a dogmatic atheist like, for instance, Dirac in his younger years, whose attitude was summed up by Pauli in one famous sentence: "Our friend Dirac has a religion; and the main tenet of that religion is: 'There is no God and Dirac was his prophet.}}</ref> |
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* [[Christian de Duve]] (1917–2013): Belgian cytologist and biochemist. He made serendipitous discoveries of two cell organelles, peroxisome and lysosome, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with [[Albert Claude]] and [[George E. Palade]] ("for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"). In addition to peroxisome and lysosome, he invented the scientific names such as autophagy, endocytosis, and exocytosis in a single occasion.<ref>{{cite web| author=Michael Ruse |title= Introductory Essay for ''Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning''|year= 2010| url= http://www.issrlibrary.org/introductory-essays/essay/?title=Life%20Evolving:%20Molecules,%20Mind,%20and%20Meaning&ref=essays |publisher=International Society for Science & Religion |accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author= John Farrell|title= A Nobel Laureate And Proponent Of Original Sin|date= 5 August 2013| url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnfarrell/2013/05/08/a-nobel-laureate-and-proponent-of-original-sin/ |work= Forbes |accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nobel-winning cancer researcher ends his own life |date=7 May 2013 | url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-07/nobel-winner-ends-his-own-life/4673418 |work= ABC |accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| author=Martin Childs |title= Christian de Duve: Authority on cell mechanisms|date= 14 May 2013| url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/christian-de-duve-authority-on-cell-mechanisms-8614500.html |work= The Independent |accessdate=18 November 2013 |location=London}}</ref> |
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* [[Carl Djerassi]] (1923–2015): [[Austrian people|Austrian]]-born [[Bulgarian people|Bulgarian]]-[[American people|American]] [[chemist]], [[novelist]], and [[playwright]] best known for his contribution to the development of [[combined oral contraceptive pill|oral contraceptive pill]]s. He also developed [[Pyribenzamine]] (tripelennamine), his first patent and one of the first commercial [[antihistamines]]<ref>"Carl Djerassi: The Steroid King." Carl Djerassi: The Steroid King. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Oct. 2016. His parents were both Jewish, but although young Carl was bar mitzvahed, the family was not religiously observant. He characterizes himself as a "Jewish atheist."</ref> |
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* [[Richard Doll]] (1912–2005): British [[physiologist]] who became the foremost [[epidemiologist]] of the 20th century, turning the subject into a rigorous science. He was a pioneer in research linking [[smoking]] to health problems. With [[Ernst Wynder]], [[Bradford Hill]] and [[Evarts Graham]], he was credited with being the first to prove that smoking caused [[lung cancer]] and increased the risk of [[heart disease]]. He also carried out pioneering work on the relationship between radiation and [[leukemia]] as well as that between [[asbestos]] and lung cancer, and [[alcohol]] and [[breast cancer]].<ref>OXFORDSHIRE BLUE PLAQUES SCHEME http://www.oxfordshireblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/doll.html "He was by now an atheist..."</ref> |
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* [[Emil du Bois-Reymond]] (1818–1896): German physician and physiologist, the discoverer of nerve action potential, and the father of experimental [[electrophysiology]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Helmholtz: From Enlightenment to Neuroscience|year=2010|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262014489|page=74|author=Michel Meulders|editor=Laurence Garey|chapter=5: Helmholtz and the Understanding of Nature|quote=Du Bois-Reymond was a self-proclaimed atheist but more through intimate conviction than logical necessity.}}</ref> |
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* [[Eugene Dynkin]] (1924–2014): [[USSR|Soviet]] and American [[mathematician]]. He has made contributions to the fields of [[probability]] and [[algebra]], especially [[Semisimple Lie group|semisimple]] [[Lie group]]s, [[Lie algebra]]s, and [[Markov process]]es. The [[Dynkin diagram]], the [[Dynkin system]], and [[Dynkin's lemma]] are named after him.<ref>Conversation of Eugene Dynkin with Sergei Kuznetsov, Ithaca, New York, July 25, 1999 http://dynkincollection.library.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/Dynkin%20and%20Kuznetsov%20July%2025,%201999-Final%20English%20transcript_0.pdf "I realized that the existence of God is not supported by scientific evidence and became an atheist."</ref> |
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* [[Paul Ehrenfest]] (1880–1933): Austrian and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[theoretical physicist]], who made major contributions to the field of [[statistical mechanics]] and its relations with [[quantum physics|quantum mechanics]], including the theory of [[phase transition]] and the [[Ehrenfest theorem]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Einstein: The Life and Times|year=2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781448202706|author=Ronald Clark|quote=That Einstein's attitude was the result more of muddle than agnostic scruple seems clear from a letter which he wrote less than two years later when Paul Ehrenfest ruled himself out from becoming Einstein's successor by roundly declaring himself an atheist.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Einstein in Berlin|year=2004|publisher=Random House of Canada|isbn=9780553378443|author=Thomas Levenson|page=172|quote=The man he had hoped would succeed him in Prague, Paul Ehrenfest, refiased to compromise his true atheist's principles. Einstein scolded him. "Your refusal to acknowledge a religious affiliation" was just this side of "willful stupidity," he assured him, with the benefit of recent experience. Once he became a professor Ehrenfest could revert to unbelief.}}</ref> |
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*[[Thomas Eisner]] (1929–2011): German-American [[entomologist]] and [[ecologist]], known as the "father of chemical ecology".<ref>{{cite news|title=Paths of Discovery, Lighted by a Bug Man’s Insights|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/science/05angier.html?pagewanted=all|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=19 April 2012|author=Natalie Angier|date=April 4, 2011|quote=Dr. Eisner died from complications of his disease on March 25, at the age of 81. He had a notoriously mordant sense of humor: “I may not believe in God,” he once said, “but I don’t ring doorbells saying I’m a Seventh-Day Atheist,”...}}</ref> |
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* [[Albert Ellis (psychologist)|Albert Ellis]] (1913–2007): American psychologist who in 1955 developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy.<ref>Nielsen, Stevan Lars & Ellis, Albert. (1994). "A discussion with Albert Ellis: Reason, emotion and religion", ''[[Journal of Psychology and Christianity]]'', ''13''(4), Win 1994. pp. 327–341</ref> |
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*[[Paul Erdős]] (1913–1996): [[Hungary|Hungarian]] [[mathematician]]. He published more papers than any other mathematician in history, working with hundreds of collaborators. He worked on problems in [[combinatorics]], [[graph theory]], [[number theory]], [[classical analysis]], [[approximation theory]], [[set theory]], and [[probability theory]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Centenary of Mathematician Paul Erdős – Source of Bacon Number Concept|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/colm-mulcahy/paul-erdos_b_2945871.html|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=13 April 2013|author=[[Colm Mulcahy]]|date=2013-03-26|quote=In his own words, "I'm not qualified to say whether or not God exists. I kind of doubt He does. Nevertheless, I'm always saying that the SF has this transfinite Book that contains the best proofs of all mathematical theorems, proofs that are elegant and perfect...You don't have to believe in God, but you should believe in the Book." (SF was his tongue- in-cheek reference to God as "the Supreme Fascist").}}</ref> |
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* [[Richard R. Ernst]] (1933–): Swiss physical chemist. He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|title=50 Renowned Academics Speaking About God|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s47ArcQL-XQ|publisher=JPararajasingham|accessdate=14 May 2012}}</ref> |
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* [[Hugh Everett III]] (1930–1982): American physicist who first proposed the [[many-worlds interpretation]] (MWI) of [[quantum physics]], which he termed his "relative state" formulation.<ref>"Everett was a life-long atheist, but he did not let that stand in his way as St. John's was well-regarded academically and socially." Peter Byrne, ''The Many Worlds of Hugh Everett III: Multiple Universes, Mutual Assured Destruction, and the Meltdown of a Nuclear Family'' (2010), page 29.</ref> |
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* [[Hans Eysenck]] (1916–1997): German psychologist and author who is best remembered for his work on intelligence and personality, though he worked in a wide range of areas. He was the founding editor of the journal [[Personality and Individual Differences]], and authored about 80 books and more than 1600 journal articles.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521842709|author=Michael Martin|page=310|quote=Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including...Hans Jürgen Eysenck...}}</ref> |
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* [[Sandra Faber]] (1944–): American [[astronomer]] and [[astrophysicist]] at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], also working at the [[Lick Observatory]], who headed the team that discovered '[[Great Attractor|The Great Attractor]].<ref>" An atheist, Faber speaks like an evangelist as she weaves quantum physics and astronomy to describe the dawn of time. "I think that the story of the creation of the universe is the most inspiring and exciting story science can tell. I mean, who would have thought I could be telling you about events 10 to the minus 35 seconds after the big bang?" she said, seated in her cluttered, sunny UC Santa Cruz office amid photos of her two daughters and her husband. "It's just totally inspiring." " Mike Swift interviewing Faber, 'Last outer space repair of Hubble telescope pairs genius of two South Bay women', ''Contra Costa Times'' (California), May 9, 2009.</ref> |
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* [[Gustav Fechner]] (1801–1887): German experimental psychologist. An early pioneer in experimental psychology and founder of [[psychophysics]].<ref>"The study of medicine also contributed to a loss of religious faith and to becoming atheist." Michael Heidelberger, ''Nature from within: Gustav Theodor Fechner and his psychophysical worldview'', page 21.</ref> |
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* [[Leon Festinger]] (1919–1989): American [[social psychology|social psychologist]] famous for his [[cognitive dissonance|Theory of Cognitive Dissonance]].<ref>"Festinger, a professed atheist, was an original thinker and a restless, highly motivated individual with (in his words) "little tolerance for boredom". " Franz Samelson: "Festinger, Leon", ''American National Biography Online'', Feb. 2000 (accessed April 28, 2008) [http://www.anb.org/articles/14/14-00887.html].</ref> |
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* [[Richard Feynman]] (1918–1988): American [[theoretical physicist]], best known for his work in renormalizing [[Quantum electrodynamics]] (QED) and his [[path integral formulation]] of quantum mechanics . He won the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Voice of Genius: Conversations with Nobel Scientists and Other Luminaries|year=2008|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465011391|page=49|author=Denis Brian|quote=Interviewer: Do you call yourself an agnostic or an atheist? Feynman: An atheist. Agnostic for me would be trying to weasel out and sound a little nicer than I am about this.}}</ref><ref>Feynman was of [[Jewish]] birth, but described himself as "an avowed [[atheist]]" by his early youth in [http://archive.is/20121202235028/http://ffrf.org/day/?day=11&month=5 Freethought of the Day], Freedom From Religion Foundation, May 11, 2006.</ref><ref>"Having abandoned the tenets of Judaism at 13, he never wavered in his gentle atheism, nor in his determination to stay away from matters about which he had opinions but no expertise." John Morrish reviewing the collection of Feynman's letters ''Don't You Have Time to Think?'', "Particle Physics: The Route to Pop Stardom", ''Independent on Sunday'' (London), July 24, 2005, p. 21.</ref> |
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* [[Raymond Firth|Sir Raymond Firth]] [[New Zealand Order of Merit|CNZM]], [[British Academy|FBA]] (1901–2002): New Zealand [[ethnologist]], considered to have singlehandedly created a form of British [[economic anthropology]].<ref>"His Methodist upbringing soon turned into a thoroughgoing humanistic atheism. This freed him for the sympathetic study of exotic religions, and for discussions of the role of faith in the anthropologist's own perceptions. He tended to feel a sort of good-natured intolerance of the religious beliefs of his friends and colleagues." Obituary: Professor Sir Raymond Firth, ''The Times'' (London), February 26, 2002.</ref> |
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* [[James Franck]] (1882–1964): [[Germany|German]] physicist. Won the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1925.<ref>"James Franck was born in Hamburg, the son of a Jewish banker. ...As he said, science was his God and nature his religion. He did not insist that his daughters attend religious instruction classes (Religionsunterricht) in school. But he was very proud of his Jewish heritage..." David Nachmansohn, ''German-Jewish pioneers in science, 1900–1933: highlights in atomic physics, chemistry, and biochemistry'', page 62.</ref> |
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* [[Sigmund Freud]] (1856–1939): Austrian [[neurologist]] and known as Father of psychoanalysis.<ref>"[Freud and Jung] were close for several years, but Jung's ambition, and his growing commitment to religion and mysticism — most unwelcome to Freud, an aggressive atheist — finally drove them apart." ''[http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/freud.html Sigmund Freud]'', by Peter Gay, ''The TIME 100: The Most Important People of the Century''.</ref> |
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* [[Jerome Isaac Friedman]] (1930–): American physicist who won the 1990 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] along with [[Henry Kendall]] and [[Richard Taylor]], for work showing an internal structure for [[protons]] later known to be [[quarks]].<ref>"Nobel laureate Friedman: Time travel is not possible." Merinews. Web. 15 Jan. 2017. <http://www.merinews.com/article/nobel-laureate-friedman-time-travel-is-not-possible/153326.shtml>. "An atheist himself, Friedman refused to answer theological questions..."</ref> |
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* [[Erich Fromm]] (1900–1980): [[Germans|German]] [[social psychologist]], [[psychoanalyst]], [[sociologist]], [[humanism|humanistic]] [[philosopher]], and [[democratic socialist]]. He was associated with what became known as the [[Frankfurt School]] of [[critical theory]].<ref>"About the same time he stopped observing Jewish religious rituals and rejected a cause he had once embraced, Zionism. He "just didn't want to participate in any division of the human race, whether religious or political," he explained decades later (Wershba, p. 12), by which time he was a confirmed atheist." Keay Davidson: "Fromm, Erich Pinchas", ''American National Biography Online'', Feb. 2000 (accessed April 28, 2008) [http://www.anb.org/articles/12/12-01941.html].</ref> |
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* [[Christer Fuglesang]] (1957–): [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[astronaut]] and [[physicist]].<ref>[http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=2597&a=593360&previousRenderType=6 ''Atlantseglaren från Bromma vill tänja gränsen mot rymden''], ''[[Dagens Nyheter]]'', December 10, 2006.</ref> |
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* [[George Gamow]] (1904–1968): Russian-born theoretical physicist and cosmologist. An early advocate and developer of Lemaître's [[Big Bang]] theory.<ref>ANDERSON: "What, uh, one thing I’m fascinated with is, of course, George Gamow left the university in ’59 [1956], and Edward Teller had left in 1946 [1945] and went to the University of Chicago. But do you have any recollections of maybe some of the, anything between Dr. Marvin and Dr. Gamow, as far as, just before he left and went to Colorado?" NAESER: "Ah, no, I don’t know of any. I know Gamow made no, never did hide the fact that he was an atheist, but whether that came into the picture, I don’t know. But the story around the university was that Gamow and Mrs. Gamow were divorced, but they were in the same social circles some of the time, he thought it was better to get out of Washington. That’s why he went to Ohio State." ''The George Washington University and Foggy Bottom Historical Encyclopedia'', [http://encyclopedia.gwu.edu/gwencyclopedia/index.php?title=Gamow%2C_George_and_Edward_Teller Gamow, George and Edward Teller], October 23, 1996.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Big Bang Is Bunk|url=http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles_2011/BigBang_Bunk.pdf|publisher=21st Century Science Associates.|accessdate=28 May 2012|author=Grote Reber|page=44|quote=After the initial mathematical work on relativity the ory had been done, the Big Bang theory itself was invented by a Belgian priest, Georges lemaitre, im proved upon by an avowed atheist, George Gamow, and is now all but universally accepted by those who hold advanced degrees in astronomy and the physical sciences, despite its obvious absurdity.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=[[Big Bang (book)|Big Bang]]|year=2010|publisher=HarperCollins UK|isbn=9780007375509|author=[[Simon Singh]]|quote=Surprisingly, the atheist George Gamow enjoyed the Papal attention given to his field of research.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Fred Hoyle's Universe|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191578465|page=71|author=Jane Gregory|chapter=Fighting for space|quote=Gamow was, like Hoyle, an atheist, but he was familiar with organized religion: his grandfather was the Metropolitan, the senior bishop, of Odessa Cathedral.}}</ref> |
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* [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] (1772–1850): French [[chemist]] and [[physicist]]. He is known mostly for two laws related to gases.<ref>{{cite book|title=Academic Dictionary Of Philosophy|year=2005|publisher=Gyan Books|isbn=9788182052246|author=Ramesh Chopra|page=143|quote=Renowned French chemist. He was one of the greatest chemists in Europe at the time. He made innumerable discoveries in the science, and even the restored royalty made him a Peer of France, although he worked politically with the anti-clericals. He was closely associated with Arago and shared his atheism.}}</ref> |
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* [[Vitaly Ginzburg]] (1916–2009): [[USSR|Soviet]] and Russian [[theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]], [[astrophysics|astrophysicist]], [[Nobel laureate]], a member of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Soviet and Russian Academies of Sciences]] and one of the fathers of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[hydrogen bomb]].<ref>"I am an atheist, that is, I think nothing exists except and beyond nature."[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/ginzburg-autobio.html Ginzburg's autobiography at Nobelprize.org]</ref> |
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* [[Elkhonon Goldberg]] (1946–):Russian-born [[neuropsychologist]] and [[cognitive neuroscientist]] known for his work in [[Lateralization of brain function|hemispheric specialization]] and the "novelty-routinization" theory.<ref>Matlock, Mark. Raising Wise Children: Handing Down the Story of Wisdom. 2012. Print. "Elkhonon Goldberg, who refers to himself as an atheist with agnostic tendencies..."</ref> |
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* [[Camillo Golgi]] (1843–1926): [[Italians|Italian]] [[physician]], [[biologist]], [[pathologist]], [[scientist]], and Nobel laureate. Several structures and phenomena in [[anatomy]] and [[physiology]] are named for him, including the ''[[Golgi apparatus]]'', the ''[[Golgi tendon organ]]'' and the ''[[Golgi tendon reflex]]''. He is recognized as the greatest neuroscientist and biologist of his time.<ref>Paolo Mazzarello; Henry A. Buchtel; Aldo Badiani (1999). The hidden structure: a scientific biography of Camillo Golgi. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-852444-1. It was probably during this period that Golgi became agnostic (or even frankly atheistic), remaining for the rest of his life completely alien to the religious experience.</ref><ref>Rapport, Richard L. Nerve Endings: The Discovery of the Synapse. New York: W.W. Norton, 2005. Print.</ref> |
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* [[Gordon Gould]] (1920–2005): American physicist. He is widely, but not universally, credited with the invention of the [[laser]]. Gould is best known for his thirty-year fight with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to obtain patents for the laser and related technologies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gordon Gould|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/658/000104346/|publisher=NNDB.com|accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=BH6nj7rNfdsC&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=Gordon+Gould+atheist&source=bl&ots=23iHVJbEJP&sig=C0ErHjKpnSEvoqrPOlRsG2CLfc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjihvu3ja3NAhUKPz4KHdl4A4cQ6AEIUTAH#v=onepage&q=Gordon%20Gould%20atheist&f=false</ref> |
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* [[Susan Greenfield]] [[CBE]] (1950–): [[United Kingdom|British]] [[neuroscientist]], [[physiologist]], [[writer]], [[Presenter|broadcaster]], and member of the [[House of Lords]].<ref>What I don't like about Richard [Dawkins] is not so much what he knows or doesn't know as the dogmatic way in which he says things. I think that is a poor advertisement for science, because the whole thing about being a scientist is that you shouldn't be prejudiced, you should have an open mind. So, I don't believe in God but that is a belief, not some thing I know. I believe I love my husband, but I couldn't prove it to you one way or the other. How could I? I just know I do. My particular belief is that there is no Deity out there, but I can't prove it and therefore I would not have the temerity to tell other people they're wrong. The coinage of proof is not appropriate for belief and Dawkins thinks it is. But if you keep an open mind, that doesn't mean you swallow anything whole. As someone has said, 'Believing in anything is as bad as believing in nothing.' '[http://www.damaris.org/content/content.php?type=5&id=334 Brain Teaser: Susan Greenfield talks to Peter McCarthy]', ''Third Way'', November 2000.</ref> |
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*[[Herb Grosch]] (1918–2010): Canadian-American computer scientist, perhaps best known for [[Grosch's law]], which he formulated in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|last=Grosch|first=Herbert|title=Smithsonian National Museum of American History – Computer Oral History Collection, 1969–1973, 1977 – Interview with Herbert R. Grosch|url=http://invention.smithsonian.org/downloads/fa_cohc_tr_gros700715.pdf|accessdate=12 April 2012|date=July 15, 1970|quote=I made them quit essentially. When I was nine years old I decided that I was an atheist. So I told them, "Well you shouldn't go to church anymore, it's silly." Well, apparently they'd been going to church primarily for my benefit. So after I refused to go, they quit going too.}}</ref> |
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*[[David Gross]] (1941–): American theoretical physicist and string theorist who was awarded a [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his co-discovery of [[asymptotic freedom]].<ref>Krauss, Lawrence Maxwell. Hiding in the Mirror: The Quest for Alternate Realities, from Plato to String Theory (by Way of Alice in Wonderland, Einstein, and the Twilight Zone). New York: Penguin, 2006. Print.</ref><ref>http://www.hri.org/news/greek/apeen/2015/15-10-01.apeen.html "He also said that he is atheist and humanist"</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers | title=Notable Signers | publisher=American Humanist Association | work=Humanism and Its Aspirations | accessdate=October 2, 2012}}</ref> |
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*[[Alan Guth]] (1947–): American theoretical physicist and cosmologist.<ref> |
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"The question of the origin of the matter in the universe is no longer thought to be beyond the range of science — everything can be created from nothing...it is fair to say that the universe is the ultimate free lunch." Alan Guth, ''The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins'' (1998). [[q:Atheism]]</ref> |
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*[[Jacques Hadamard]] (1865–1963): [[France|French]] mathematician who made major contributions in [[number theory]], [[complex function theory]], [[differential geometry]] and [[partial differential equations]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Shaposhnikova|first=T. O.|title=Jacques Hadamard: A Universal Mathematician|year=1999|publisher=American Mathematical Soc.|isbn=978-0-8218-1923-4|pages=33–34|quote=In 1924, Hadamard recounted his meetings with Hermite: "...When Hermite loved to direct to me remarks such as: "He who strays from the paths traced by Providence crashes." These were the words of a profoundly religious man, but an atheist like me understood them very well, especially when he added at other times: "In mathematics, our role is more that of servant than master.""}}</ref> |
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* [[Jonathan Haidt]] (c.1964–): Associate professor of psychology at the [[University of Virginia]], focusing on the psychological bases of morality across different cultures, and author of ''The Happiness Hypothesis''.<ref>"Religions are technologies that are evolved over millennia to do this and many religions are very effective in doing this. I'm an atheist, I don't believe that gods actually exist, but I part company with the New Atheists because I believe that religion is an adaptation that generally works quite well to suppress selfishness, to create moral communities, to help people work together, trust each other and collaborate towards common ends." Jonathan Haidt, [http://voxday.blogspot.com/2007/11/interview-with-jonathan-haidt.html Interview with Jonathan Haidt], ''Vox Popoli'' November 19, 2007 (accessed April 14, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[J. B. S. Haldane]] (1892–1964): British polymath well known for his works in physiology, genetics and evolutionary biology. He was also a mathematician making innovative contributions to statistics and biometry education in India. Haldane was also the first to construct human gene maps for [[haemophilia]] and [[colour blindness]] on the [[X chromosome]] and he was one of the first people to conceive [[abiogenesis]].<ref>Haldane, J. B. S., ''Fact and Faith''. London: London, Watts & Co., 1934.</ref> |
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* [[Edward Thomas Hall|E. T. 'Teddy' Hall]] (1924–2001): English archaeological scientist, famous for exposing the [[Piltdown Man]] fraud and claiming that the [[Shroud of Turin]] is a medieval fake.<ref>"The three laboratories unanimously agreed that the cloth dated from between 1260 and 1390, a date consistent with its known history—but which demolished the notion of its being the burial shroud of Christ. Hall, who made no secret of his atheism, had no hesitation in enjoying the public attention that this definitive result attracted." Robert Hedges, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/76120 'Hall, Edward Thomas [Teddy] (1924–2001)'], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', online edition, Oxford University Press, January 2005 (accessed May 2, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[Sir James Hall, 4th Baronet|Sir James Hall]] (1761–1832): Scottish geologist and chemist, President of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] and leading figure in the [[Scottish Enlightenment]].<ref>" 'Unequalled stability and sweetness of disposition' are said to have been among his domestic virtues, while in politics and religion he was 'a declared democrat and avowed atheist' (''The Times'')." Jean Jones: [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11965 'Hall, Sir James, of Dunglass, fourth baronet (1761–1832)'], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edition, October 2006 (accessed May 1, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[G. Stanley Hall]] (1846–1924): Pioneering [[United States|American]] [[psychologist]] and [[educator]]. His interests focused on childhood development and evolutionary theory. Hall was the first president of the [[American Psychological Association]] and the first president of [[Clark University]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism|editor-last=Martin|editor-first=Michael|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|date=2006|page=310|isbn=978-1-1398-2739-3}}</ref> |
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* [[Edmond Halley]] (1656–1742): English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist and physicist. Best known for computing the orbit of the eponymous [[Halley's Comet]].<ref>"It can hardly have been due to any reluctance on Newton's part to becoming too closely involved with Halley, the well-known atheist." Derek Gjertsen, ''The Newton Handbook'' (1986), page 250.</ref> |
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* [[Beverly Halstead]] (1933–1991): British paleontologist and populariser of science.<ref>"He and the Bishop of Oxford staged another version of the great debate between Thomas Henry ('Darwin's bulldog') Huxley and Bishop ('Soapy Sam') Wilberforce that followed the publication of Darwin's ''Origin Of Species''. The present Bishop defended the new Darwinian orthodoxy, but Dr Halstead, an atheist, took the line that the former Bishop of Oxford had been quite right to oppose Darwin's thesis. But that too was entirely characteristic. He told me that he was a member of the Athenaeum only because it had a painting of Darwin in the lobby." Tim Radford, 'A passion for dinosaurs: Obituary of Beverly Halstead', ''The Guardian'' (London), May 2, 1991.</ref> |
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* [[Frances Hamerstrom]] (1908–1998): American author, naturalist and ornithologist known for her work with the [[greater prairie chicken]] in Wisconsin, and for her research on birds of prey.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Good Atheist: Living a Purpose-Filled Life Without God|year=2011|publisher=Ulysses Press|isbn=9781569758465|author=Dan Barker|page=176|quote=Speaking of her 55-year marriage to Frederick Hamerstrom (a nephew of Charles Darwin), Fran quipped: “You'll notice that our 'pair bond' has lasted fairly well and I think it's because we're both remarkably tolerant people. He's an agnostic and I'm an atheist, and we've put up with each other all this time!"}}</ref> |
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* [[W. D. Hamilton]] (1936–2000): British evolutionary biologist, widely recognised as one of the greatest evolutionary theorists of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2013/04/w-d-hamilton-the-eternal-child/#.VZyEq45GTgw |title=W. D. Hamilton, the eternal child – Gene Expression |publisher=Blogs.discovermagazine.com |date=2013-04-06 |accessdate=2015-12-24}}</ref> |
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* [[Gerhard Armauer Hansen]] (1841–1912): [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] physician, remembered for his identification of the bacterium [[Mycobacterium leprae]] in 1873 as the causative agent of [[leprosy]].<ref>[http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/596.html Biography of Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen] ''whonamedit.com''</ref><ref>[http://www.japi.org/march_2015/044_gerhard.pdf Gerhard Armauer Hansen (1814–1912)] Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, vol 63, March, 2015</ref> |
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* [[G. H. Hardy]] (1877–1947): a prominent [[England|English]] [[mathematician]], known for his achievements in [[number theory]] and [[mathematical analysis]].<ref>"Hardy... was a stringent atheist..." [http://www.eastbayexpress.com/2003-04-30/culture/divine-calculations/full Hit Play on Ramanujan], by Lisa Drostova, ''East Bay Express'', April 30, 2003. Retrieved October 7, 2007.</ref><ref>"The first Bombe to be delivered was named ''Agnus'' by Turing: a joke that atheist Hardy might have made..." [http://www.turing.org.uk/publications/cambridge1.html Alan Turing — a Cambridge Scientific Mind], by Andrew Hodges, Cambridge Scientific Minds (Cambridge University Press, 2002) Retrieved July 2, 2007.</ref> |
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*[[Herbert A. Hauptman]] (1917–2011): American mathematician. Along with [[Jerome Karle]], won the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1985.<ref> |
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"Outside the field of scientific research, he was known for his outspoken atheism: belief in God, he once declared, is not only incompatible with good science, but is "damaging to the wellbeing of the human race." " ''The Telegraph''. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/science-obituaries/8853793/Herbert-Hauptman.html]</ref> |
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* [[Stephen Hawking]] (1942–): British theoretical physicist, cosmologist, author, and Director of Research at the [[Centre for Theoretical Cosmology]] within the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>Boyett, Jason. [http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/guestvoices/2010/09/stephen_hawking_says_theres_no_creator_god_the_twitterverse_reacts.html "Stephen Hawking says there's no creator God; the twitterverse reacts"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', September 3, 2010, Retrieved April 25, 2011.</ref> |
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* [[Ewald Hering]] (1834–1918): [[Germany|German]] [[physiologist]] who did much research into [[color vision]], binocular perception and eye movements. He proposed [[opponent color theory]] in 1892.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ernst Mach|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ernst-mach/|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|accessdate=4 September 2012|date=May 21, 2008|quote=Hering and Mach were atheists, and disbelieved in a soul, but still accepted the idea that nature had internal direction.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=David Edwards|title=Stephen Hawking comes out: ‘I’m an atheist’ because science is ‘more convincing’ than God|url=http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2014/09/stephen-hawking-comes-out-im-an-atheist-because-science-is-more-convincing-than-god/|publisher=Raw Story|accessdate=25 September 2014|date=Sep 24, 2014}}</ref> |
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* [[Peter Higgs]] (1929–): British theoretical physicist, recipient of the [[Dirac Medal]] and Prize, known for his prediction of the existence of a new particle, the [[Higgs boson]], nicknamed the "God particle".<ref>"Officially, the particle is called the Higgs boson, but its elusive nature and fundamental role in the creation of the universe led a prominent scientist to rename it the God particle. The name has stuck, but makes Higgs wince and raises the hackles of other theorists. "I wish he hadn't done it," he says. "I have to explain to people it was a joke. I'm an atheist, but I have an uneasy feeling that playing around with names like that could be unnecessarily offensive to people who are religious." Ian Sample, 'The God of Small Things', ''The Guardian'', November 17, 2007, Weekend pages, Pg. 44.</ref> He won the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 2013. |
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* [[David Hilbert]] (1862–1943): German [[mathematician]]. He is recognized as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Hilbert discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in many areas, including [[invariant theory]] and the [[Hilbert's axioms|axiomatization of geometry]]. He also formulated the theory of [[Hilbert space]]s, one of the foundations of [[functional analysis]]. Hilbert is known as one of the founders of [[proof theory]] and [[mathematical logic]], as well as for being among the first to distinguish between mathematics and [[metamathematics]].<ref>{{cite book|title=NATIONAL SOCIALISM AND THE DEATH OF GERMAN MATHEMATICS|url=http://stanford.garron.us/class/ospber34/files/nazis_and_mathematics.pdf|author=Lucas Garron|accessdate=9 July 2012|page=8|chapter=Background & Currents|date=December 2010|quote=Hilbert was famously atheist, but mathematics at the time often bordered on philosophy}}</ref><ref>"Mathematics is a presuppositionless science. To found it I do not need God, as does Kronecker, or the assumption of a special faculty of our understanding attuned to the principle of mathematical induction, as does Poincaré, or the primal intuition of Brouwer, or, finally, as do Russell and Whitehead, axioms of infinity, reducibility, or completeness, which in fact are actual, contentual assumptions that cannot be compensated for by consistency proofs." David Hilbert, ''Die Grundlagen der Mathematik'', [http://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~odonnell/OData/Courses/22C:096/Lecture_notes/Hilbert_program.html Hilbert's program, 22C:096, University of Iowa].</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Science, Worldviews and Education|year=2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789048127795|page=129|author=Michael R. Matthews|quote=As is well known, Hilbert rejected Leopold Kronecker's God for the solution of the problem of the foundations of mathematics.}}</ref> |
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* [[Roald Hoffmann]] (1937–): American theoretical chemist who won the 1981 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]].<ref>Liberato Cardellini: "A final and more personal question: You defined yourself as “an atheist who is moved by religion”. Looking at the tenor of your life and the many goals you have achieved, one wonders where your inner force comes from." Roald Hoffmann: "The atheism and the respect for religion come form the same source. I observe that in every culture on Earth, absolutely every one, human beings have constructed religious systems. There is a need in us to try to understand,to see that there is something that unites us spiritually. So scientists who do not respect religion fail in their most basic task—observation. Human beings need the spiritual. The same observation reveals to me a multitude of religious constructions—gods of nature, spirits, the great monotheistic religions. It seems to me there can’t be a God or gods; there are just manifestations of a human-constructed spirituality." Liberato Cardellini, [http://www.roaldhoffmann.com/pn/modules/Downloads/docs/cardellini.pdf Looking for Connections: An Interview with Roald Hoffmann], page 1634.</ref> |
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* [[Lancelot Hogben]] (1895–1975): English experimental zoologist and medical statistician, now best known for his popularising books on science, mathematics and language.<ref>"A reader who has suffered me so far will have realised how much of my mental energy had been hitherto absorbed in a fruitless search for an intellectually compelling rationale to rescue some fragments from the wreckage of my family faith. The mood of liberation I experienced when I finally discarded the last remnant of theism was no less exhilarating than that of Bunyan's Pilgrim when the burden of sin fell from his back. [...] In retrospect, the final steps seem as sudden as they were painless. [...] As I looked upward [at the night sky], I realised that the sole prospect was limitless expanse of unthreatening and impersonal emptiness — but for unapproachable galaxies — of a universe without purpose of punishment or reward for a lately arrived animal species, free to make or mar its own destiny without help or hindrance from above." Lancelot Hogben, ''Lancelot Hogben: Scientific Humanist: An Unauthorised Autobiography'', edited by Adrian and Ann Hogben. Merlin Press, 1998.</ref> |
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* [[Brigid Hogan]] [[Royal Society|FRS]] (1943–): British [[developmental biologist]] noted for her contributions to [[stem cell research]] and [[transgenic]] technology and techniques. She is the George Barth Geller Professor of Research in Molecular Biology and Chair of the Department of Cell Biology at [[Duke University]], as well as the director of the Duke Stem Cell Program.<ref>American Society for Cell Biology Member Profile https://www.ascb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/brigid_hogan.pdf</ref> |
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* [[Fred Hollows]] (1929{{spaced ndash}}1993), [[New Zealanders|New Zealand]] and [[Australians|Australian]] [[ophthalmologist]]. He became known for his work in restoring eyesight for countless thousands of people in Australia and many other countries.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hildebrand|first=Joe|title=Fred Hollows remembered at ceremony in Bourke|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/a-vision-well-remembered/story-e6freuzi-1111115519873|accessdate=25 May 2013|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=11 February 2008}}</ref> |
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* [[Fred Hoyle]] (1915–2001): English [[astronomer]] noted primarily for his contribution to the theory of [[stellar nucleosynthesis]] and his often controversial stance on other cosmological and scientific matters—in particular his rejection of the "[[Big Bang]]" theory, a term originally coined by him on BBC radio.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fred Hoyle's Universe|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191578465|page=143|author=Jane Gregory|chapter=Fighting for space|quote=According to Hoyle: "I am an atheist, but as far as blowing up the world in a nuclear war goes, I tell them not to worry."}}</ref> |
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* [[Russell Alan Hulse]] (1950–): American physicist and winner of the 1993 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], shared with his thesis advisor [[Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Russell A. Hulse|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/992/000099695/|publisher=NNDB.com|accessdate=17 July 2012|quote=I consider myself a very moral person but I do not need a religion for that.}}</ref> |
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* [[Nicholas Humphrey]] (1943–): British [[evolutionary psychologist]] and primate [[ethologist]], working on consciousness and belief in the supernatural from a Darwinian perspective, and primatological research into [[Machiavellian intelligence]] theory.<ref>"He has worked with monkeys in laboratories and in the wild. He has been a media don, a campaigner against nuclear weapons and the holder of a chair in parapsychological research who was dedicated to debunking even the possibility of telepathy or survival after death. He is an atheist, and the man who suggested to Richard Dawkins the analogy of viruses of the mind for religions; yet nowadays he talks as if spirituality were the thing that makes us human." Andrew Brown interviewing Humphrey, 'A life in science: The human factor', ''The Guardian'', July 29, 2006, Review Pages, Pg. 13.</ref> |
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* [[Julian Huxley|Sir Julian Huxley]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1887–1975): English evolutionary biologist, a leading figure in the mid-twentieth century [[evolutionary synthesis]], Secretary of the [[Zoological Society of London]] (1935–1942), the first Director of [[UNESCO]], and a founding member of the [[World Wildlife Fund]].<ref>"Despite his atheism Huxley could appreciate Teilhard de Chardin's vision of evolution, and like his grandfather T. H. Huxley he believed progress could be described in biological terms." Robert Olby, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31271 'Huxley, Sir Julian Sorell (1887–1975)'], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edition, May 2007 (accessed May 2, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[John Hughlings Jackson]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1835–1911): English [[neurologist]]. He is best known for his research on [[epilepsy]]. Jackson was one of the founders of the important Brain journal, which was dedicated to the interaction between experimental and clinical neurology (still being published today). <ref>http://www.nndb.com/people/020/000204405/</ref><ref>Siegman, Aron Wolfe.,and Stanley Feldstein. Nonverbal Behavior and Communication. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1978. Print.</ref> |
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* [[François Jacob]] (1920–2013): [[France|French]] [[biologist]] who, together with [[Jacques Monod]], originated the idea that control of [[enzyme]] levels in all [[cell (biology)|cell]]s occurs through [[feedback]] on [[Transcription (genetics)|transcription]]. He shared the 1965 [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] with [[Jacques Monod]] and [[André Lwoff]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Theists and Atheists: A Typology of Non-belief|year=1980|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9789027977885|page=59|author=Thomas Steven Molnar|quote=The biologist Francois Jacob (who shared the Nobel Prize with Jacques Monod) admits that he is an atheist, but he finds, parallel to the material nature of the universe, another aspect — in man — which is not reductible to the first.}}</ref> |
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* [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]] (1900–1958): [[France|French]] [[physicist]] and [[Nobel Laureate]] in [[Chemistry]] in 1935.<ref name="Perrin, Francis p. 151">"Raised in a completely nonreligious family, Joliot never attended any church and was a thoroughgoing atheist all his life." Perrin, Francis: "Joliot, Frédéric", ''Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography'' Vol. 7 p. 151. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/people/BG.0087/ |title=Irène Joliot-Curie |publisher=Making the Modern World |date=1956-03-17 |accessdate=2012-06-03}}</ref> |
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* [[Irène Joliot-Curie]] (1897–1956): French scientist. She is the daughter of [[Marie Curie]] and [[Pierre Curie]]. She along with her husband, [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]], was awarded the [[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]] in 1935.<ref name="Joliot-Curie, Irène">"It was to her grandfather, a convinced freethinker, that Irène owed her atheism, later politically expressed as anticlericalism." [http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Irene_Joliot-Curie.aspx Joliot-Curie, Irène.] Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 17 Mar. 2012.</ref><ref name="Denis Brian 389">{{cite book|title=The Curies: A Biography of the Most Controversial Family in Science|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9780471273912|page=389|author=Denis Brian|quote=There were no prayers: Irene was deeply atheist.}}</ref> |
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* [[Steve Jones (biologist)|Steve Jones]] (1944–): British geneticist, Professor of genetics and head of the biology department at [[University College London]], and television presenter and a prize-winning author on biology, especially evolution; one of the best known contemporary popular writers on evolution.<ref>"Scientists in Britain, where the film will premiere at next month's London Film Festival, with general release in December, dismissed the intelligent design lobby's expropriation of the film. Steve Jones, professor of genetics at University College London and an atheist, said: 'I find it sad that people with intrinsically foolish viewpoints don't recognise this as a naturally beautiful film, but have to attach their absurd social agendas to it.' " David Smith, 'How the penguin's life story inspired the US religious right: Antarctic family values', ''The Observer'', September 18, 2005, News Pages, Pg. 3.</ref><ref>On the side of the atheists were Steve Jones, professor of genetics at University College London, [...] Jones, meanwhile, revealed that he would "love to believe in God", because it would offer some degree of comfort. But he said he stopped believing in God as a child as soon as he discovered that what he was learning in school biology classes conflicted with the kind of things he had been taught in Sunday school – like dinosaurs and humans walking the earth at the same time." [https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2009/may/13/charles-darwin-god-evolution-religion-belief If Darwin has really killed God, when was the funeral?]', ''Guardian Unlimited'', 13 May 2009 (accessed 26 May 2009).</ref> |
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* [[Paul Kammerer]] (1880–1926): Austrian biologist who studied and advocated the now abandoned [[Lamarckism|Lamarckian theory of inheritance]] – the notion that organisms may pass to their offspring characteristics they have acquired in their lifetime.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Law of Serialitity|url=http://www.life-cycles-destiny.com/for/the-law-of-seriality-kammerer.htm|accessdate=18 July 2012|quote=The paradox is that he thought of himself as a hard-boiled philosophical materialist. He was also what one may call a devoted atheist; a freemason; a member of the Austrian Socialist Party; and a regular contributor to the Monisticshe Monatshelfe, the monthly published by the German league of Monists.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Paul Kammerer|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/265/000057094/|publisher=NNDB.com|accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref> |
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* [[Samuel Karlin]] (1924–2007): American mathematician. He did extensive work in [[Population genetics|mathematical population genetics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sam Karlin, mathematician who improved DNA analysis, dies|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2008/january16/karlin-011608.html|publisher=Stanford Report|accessdate=21 April 2012|date=January 16, 2008|quote=Karlin was born in Yonova, Poland, in 1924. His family immigrated to Chicago when he was a small child and struggled financially through the Great Depression. He was raised in a strict Orthodox Jewish household but broke with religion in his early teens and remained an atheist for the rest of his life.}}</ref> |
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* [[Stuart Kauffman]] (1939–): American theoretical biologist and [[complex systems]] researcher concerning the origin of life on Earth. He is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from [[self-organization]] and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian natural selection, as well as for applying models of [[Boolean network]]s to simplified genetic circuits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/beyond-belief-enlightenment-2-0/stuart-kauffman |title=TSN: Stuart Kauffman |publisher=Thesciencenetwork.org |accessdate=2012-06-03}}</ref> |
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* [[Grete Kellenberger-Gujer]] (1919–2011): Swiss molecular biologist known for her discoveries on [[genetic recombination]] and [[restriction modification system]] of [[DNA]]. She was a pioneer in the genetic analysis of [[bacteriophage]]s and contributed to the early development of [[molecular biology]].<ref>Citi, Sandra; Berg, Douglas E. "Grete Kellenberger-Gujer: Molecular biology research pioneer". Bacteriophage. 6 (2): 1–12. doi:10.1080/21597081.2016.1173168. "Grete became an atheist and relinquished her affiliation to the Church"</ref> |
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*[[Ancel Keys]] (1904–2004): American scientist who studied the influence of diet on health. He examined the [[epidemiology]] of [[cardiovascular disease]] (CVD) and was responsible for two famous diets: [[K-rations]] and the [[Mediterranean diet]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Starvation Experiment: Ancel Keys and the Men Who Starved for Science|year=2008|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-5161-0|author=Todd Tucker|page=146|quote=Max's advocates made up a diverse cast of characters, from the Jewish Peace Fellowship leader Rabbi Isador Hoffman to the atheist Ancel Keys, who wrote the committee that Max “proved to be a highly reliable and conscientious man who comported himself well under the most rigorous and demanding circumstances."}}</ref> |
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* [[Alfred Kinsey]] (1894–1956): American biologist, sexologist and professor of entomology and zoology.<ref>"Kinsey was also shown to be an atheist who loathed religion and its constraints on sex." [http://www.washingtontimes.com/culture/20040907-113843-7598r.htm 'Kinsey' critics ready], Cheryl Wetzstein, ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved February 2, 2007.</ref> |
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* [[Melanie Klein]] (1882–1960): Austrian-born British psychoanalyst who devised novel therapeutic techniques for children that influenced child psychology and contemporary psychoanalysis. She was a leading innovator in theorizing [[object relations theory]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521842709|author=Michael Martin|page=310|quote=Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including...Melanie Klein...}}</ref> |
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* [[Alfred Dillwyn Knox]] (1884–1943): British [[classics]] scholar and [[papyrologist]] at [[King's College, Cambridge]], and a [[cryptologist]]. As a member of the [[World War I]] [[Room 40]] codebreaking unit, he helped decrypt the [[Zimmermann Telegram]], which brought the United States into the war. At the end of World War I, he joined the [[Government Code and Cypher School]] (GCCS) and on 25 July 1939, as Chief Cryptographer, participated in the Polish-French-British [[Warsaw]] meeting that disclosed [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma#Polish disclosures|Polish achievements, since December 1932, in the continuous breaking of German Enigma ciphers]], thus kick-starting the British [[World War II]] [[Ultra]] operations at [[Bletchley Park]].<ref>"Dillwyn [Knox, son of an Evangelical bishop] was from his student years an unwavering atheist." [[Alan Hollinghurst]], "The Victory of Penelope Fitzgerald" (a review of [[Hermione Lee]], ''[[Penelope Fitzgerald]]'' [a niece of Alfred Dillwyn Knox]'': A Life'', Knopf, 488 pp.), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXI, no. 19 (December 4, 2014), p. 8. (The article comprises pp. 8, 10, 12.)</ref> |
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* [[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi]] (1907–1966): [[Indian people|Indian]] [[mathematician]], statistician, historian and [[polymath]] who contributed to genetics by introducing Kosambi's map function.<ref>Padgaonkar, D. (2013). Kosambi’s uplifting idea Of India."Both were pious — his mother a Hindu, his father a Buddhist — while he himself remained an atheist."</ref> |
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* [[Lawrence Krauss]] (1954–): Professor of physics at [[Arizona State University]] and popularizer of science. Krauss speaks regularly at atheist conferences, like [[Beyond Belief (symposium)|Beyond Belief]] and [[Atheist Alliance International]].<ref>"...I had the opportunity to participate in several exciting panel discussions at the World Science Festival in New York City. But the most dramatic encounter took place at the panel strangely titled 'Science, Faith and Religion.'... I ended up being one of two panelists labeled 'atheists.'..." [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124597314928257169.html God and Science Don't Mix: A scientist can be a believer. But professionally, at least, he can't act like one.], Lawrence M. Krauss, ''The Wall Street Journal'', page A15, 26 June 2009 (retrieved 22 May 2010). On the 21 June 2012 ''[[Colbert Report]]'', the author of ''[[A Universe from Nothing: Why There is Something Rather than Nothing]]'' told Colbert: "There is no evidence for any deity.... You don't need him.... There's no need for God." The evolutions of the [[universe]] occur "without any supernatural shenanigans."</ref><ref>"Lack of understanding is not evidence for God. It is evidence of lack of understanding, and a call to use reason to try and change that." [[Lawrence M. Krauss]], "In Reason We Trust" notice of the [[Freedom from Religion Foundation]], ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 315, no. 5 (November 2016), p. 19.</ref> |
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* [[Herbert Kroemer]] (1928–): German-American professor of electrical and computer engineering at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]. In 2000, he along with [[Zhores I. Alferov]], was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics".<ref>{{cite web|last=Kroemer|first=Herbert|title=Herbert Kroemer – Science Video Interview|url=http://vega.org.uk/video/programme/32|quote=Interviewer: "You have no belief in a afterlife?" Kroemer: "That's correct." Interviewer: "...You don't see the evidence of a designer?" Kroemer: "No, I don't." Interviewer: "Could you say more about it?" Kroemer: "I think it's just wishful thinking."}}</ref> |
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* [[Harold Kroto]] (1939–2016): 1996 [[Nobel Laureate]] in [[Chemistry]].<ref>Harold Kroto claims to have four "religions": humanism, atheism, amnesty-internationalism and humourism.[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/kroto-autobio.html]</ref> |
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* [[Ray Kurzweil]] (1948–): American author, scientist, inventor and futurist. He is the author of several books on health, [[artificial intelligence]] (AI), [[transhumanism]], the [[technological singularity]], and [[futurism]].<ref>"In his mythic book The Singularity Is Near, Ray Kurzweil, serial inventor, technology enthusiast, and unabashed atheist, announces: "Evolution moves toward greater complexity, greater elegance, greater knowledge, greater intelligence, greater beauty, greater creativity, and greater levels of subtle attributes such as love. In every monotheistic tradition God is likewise described as all of these qualities, only without any limitation.... So evolution moves inexorably toward this conception of God, although never quite reaching this ideal."" – Kevin Kelly, ''What Technology Wants'' (2010).</ref> |
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* [[Jacques Lacan]] (1901–1981): French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist who made prominent contributions to [[psychoanalysis]] and philosophy, and has been called "the most controversial psycho-analyst since [[Freud]]".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521842709|author=Michael Martin|page=310|quote=Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including...Jacques Lacan...}}</ref> |
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* [[Joseph Louis Lagrange]] (1736–1813): Italian mathematician and astronomer that made significant contributions to the fields of [[mathematical analysis|analysis]], [[number theory]], and both [[classical mechanics|classical]] and [[celestial mechanics]].<ref>"Napoleon replies: "How comes it, then, that Laplace was an atheist? At the Institute neither he nor Monge, nor Berthollet, nor Lagrange believed in God. But they did not like to say so." Baron Gaspard Gourgaud, Talks of Napoleon at St. Helena with General Baron Gourgaud (1904), page 274.</ref> |
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* [[Jérôme Lalande]] (1732–1807): French astronomer and writer.<ref>"He studied at the Jesuit College in Lyon and at this stage he nearly decided to join the Jesuit Order. In fact it was his parents who encouraged him to continue his education by going to Paris to study law, which he did. It is somewhat ironical that Lalande, who would later become renowned as an atheist, should have come so close to becoming a Jesuit." J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, [http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Biographies/Lalande.html Joseph-Jérôme Lefrançais de Lalande].</ref> |
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* [[Lev Landau]] (1908–1968): Russian physicist. He received the 1962 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his development of a mathematical theory of [[superfluidity]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Science and Christianity: Conflict Or Coherence?|year=2003|publisher=The Apollos Trust|isbn=9780974297507|author=Henry F. Schaefer|page=9|quote=I present here two examples of notable atheists. The first is Lev Landau, the most brilliant Soviet physicist of the twentieth century.}}</ref><ref>"Listed as an atheist in NNDB.com." [http://www.nndb.com/people/793/000099496/ Lev Landau], ''NNDB.com''</ref> |
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* [[Alexander Langmuir]] (1910–1993): [[United States|American]] [[epidemiology|epidemiologist]]. He is renowned for creating the [[Epidemic Intelligence Service]].<ref>Pendergrast, Mark. Inside the Outbreaks: The Elite Medical Detectives of the Epidemic Intelligence Service. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010. Print. "She knew that her father was an atheist who did not believe in an afterlife..."</ref> |
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* [[Christopher Langton]] (1948 or 1949–): American computer scientist and one of the founders of the field of [[artificial life]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chris Langton|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/787/000080547/|publisher=NNDB.com|accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref> |
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* [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] (1749–1827): [[France|French]] [[mathematician]] and [[astronomer]] whose work was pivotal to the development of [[astronomy|mathematical astronomy]], [[mathematics]], [[physics]] and [[statistics]], and anticipated the discovery of [[galaxies]] other than the [[Milky Way]] and the existence of [[black hole]]s. Laplace formulated [[Laplace's equation]], and pioneered the [[Laplace transform]] which appears in many branches of [[mathematical physics]], a field that he took a leading role in forming. He restated and developed the [[nebular hypothesis]] of the [[origin of the Solar System]]. Laplace is remembered as one of the greatest scientists of all time. Sometimes referred to as the ''French [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]'' or ''Newton of France'', he has been described as possessing a phenomenal natural mathematical faculty superior to that of any of his contemporaries.<ref>[[Napoleon]] said to [[Laplace]]: "You have written this huge book on the system of the world without once mentioning the author of the universe [God]." Laplace replied: "Sire, I had no need of that hypothesis." Quoted in Augustus De Morgan, ''A Budget of Paradoxes'', London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1872. As found in http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Quotations/Laplace.html, accessed 13 February 2006.</ref><ref>"The Catholic newspaper ''La Quotidienne'' [The Daily] announced that Laplace had died in the arms of two ''curés'' (priests), implying that he had a proper Catholic end, but this is not credible. To the end, he remained a skeptic, wedded to his deterministic creed and to an uncompromised ethos derived from his vast scientific experience." Roger Hahn, ''Pierre Simon Laplace, 1749–1827: a determined scientist'', page 204.</ref><ref>"Laplace Theorizes That the Solar System Originated from a Cloud of Gas." Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery. Encyclopedia.com, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/laplace-theorizes-solar-system-originated-cloud-gas>. "The two greatest astronomers of Revolutionary and Napoleonic France were Laplace and his rival, Joseph Jérôme Le Français de Lalande (1732–1807), director of the Paris Observatory. Both were atheists. "</ref> |
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* [[Paul Lauterbur]] (1929–2007): American chemist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 with [[Peter Mansfield]] for his work which made the development of [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) possible.<ref>Dawson, M. Joan. Paul Lauterbur and the Invention of MRI. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2013. Print. "Paul became an atheist, revering intellectual honesty and the quest for truth."</ref> |
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* [[Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]] (1845–1922): French physician who won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1907 for his discoveries of [[parasitic]] [[protozoans]] as causative agents of [[infectious diseases]] such as [[malaria]] and [[trypanosomiasis]].<ref>http://www.nndb.com/people/110/000125732/</ref><ref>Freethought Almanac – June 18: Alphonse Laveran 1845 "he himself “did not believe in spirits.” Both Laveran and... were Atheists."</ref> |
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* [[Richard Leakey]] (1944–): Kenyan [[paleoanthropologist]], [[conservationist]], and [[politician]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Leakey|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Leakey|author2=Virginia Morell|others=design by Kathryn Parise|title=[[Wildlife Wars: My Fight to Save Africa's Natural Treasures]]|page=257|date=September 2001|isbn=0-312-20626-7}}</ref> |
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* [[Félix Le Dantec]] (1869-1917): French biologist and [[philosopher of science]], noted for his work on bacteria.<ref>"Although an atheist, Le Dantec was always open to religious discussion. [...] Among his philosophical works are L'athéisme (Paris, 1907); " 'Le Dantec, Félix', Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, p. 124.</ref> |
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* [[Leon M. Lederman]] (1922–): American physicist who, along with [[Melvin Schwartz]] and [[Jack Steinberger]], received the [[Nobel Prize for Physics]] in 1988 for their joint research on [[neutrinos]].<ref>{{cite web|title=It’s the Atheist Particle, actually|url=http://postnoon.com/2012/07/10/its-the-atheist-particle-actually/58312|publisher=Postnoon News|accessdate=10 July 2012|author=Babu Gogineni|date=July 10, 2012|quote=Leon Lederman is himself an atheist and he regrets the term, and Peter Higgs who is an atheist too, has expressed his displeasure, but the damage has been done!}}</ref> |
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* [[Jean-Marie Lehn]] (1939–): French chemist. He received the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, together with [[Donald Cram]] and [[Charles Pedersen]].<ref>"It is a scene I won’t forget in a hurry: Jean-Marie Lehn, French winner of the Nobel prize in chemistry, defending his atheism at a packed public conference at the new Alexandria Library in Egypt." Ehsan Masood, ''ProspectMagazine.co.uk'', [http://understandingscience.ucc.ie/pages/sci_johndesmondbernal.htm Islam’s reformers], 22nd July 2006.</ref> |
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* [[John Leslie (physicist)|Sir John Leslie]] (1766–1832): Scottish mathematician and physicist best remembered for his research into [[heat]]; he was the first person to artificially produce ice, and gave the first modern account of [[capillary action]].<ref>"In these years Leslie was an unsuccessful candidate for the chairs of natural philosophy at the universities of St Andrews and Glasgow respectively. He failed at the former because he was then an extreme whig and an atheist who deplored the Erastianism of many of the Scottish clergy." Jack Morrell, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/16498 'Leslie, Sir John (1766–1832)'], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 (accessed May 2, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[Rodolfo Llinás]] (1934–): Colombian American neuroscientist who has studied the electrophysiology of single neurons in the [[cerebellum]], the [[thalamus]], the [[cerebral cortex]], the [[entorhinal cortex]], the [[hippocampus]], the [[vestibular system]], the [[inferior olive]] and the [[spinal cord]]. He has studied synaptic transmitter release in the [[squid giant synapse]]. He has studied human brain function using [[magnetoencephalography]] (MEG) on the basis of which he introduced the concept of [[Thalamocortical dysrhythmia]]. He is currently the Thomas and Suzanne Murphy Professor of Neuroscience and Chairman Emmeritus of the department of Physiology & Neuroscience at the [[NYU School of Medicine]].<ref>P. (2016). Rodolfo R. Llinas – Can Science Talk God? Retrieved August 26, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpJ-FpshcsE</ref> |
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* [[Nikolai Lobachevsky]] (1792–1856): Russian [[mathematician]]. Known for his works on [[hyperbolic geometry]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/N_Lobachevsky_and_His_Contribution_to_Sc.html?id=U90fAAAAIAAJ |title=N. Lobachevsky and His Contribution to Science|year=1957|publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing House|page=29|author=Venjamin Fedorovič Kagan|accessdate=4 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bardi|first=Jason|title=The Fifth Postulate: How Unraveling a Two Thousand Year Old Mystery Unraveled the Universe|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-46736-7|page=186}}</ref> |
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* [[Jacques Loeb]] (1859–1924): German-born American [[physiologist]] and [[biologist]]. <ref>Rasmussen, Charles, and Rick Tilman. Jacques Loeb: His Science and Social Activism and Their Philosophical Foundations, Volume 229. N.p.: American Philosophical Society, 1998. Print. "An avowed atheist and materialist, he espoused secular humanism..."</ref><ref>Stout, Harry S., and D. G. Hart. New Directions in American Religious History. New York: Oxford UP, 1997. Print. Loeb was a forthright atheist..."</ref> |
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* [[Heinz London]] (1907–1970): German-British Physicist. Together with his brother [[Fritz London]] he was a pioneer in the field of [[superconductivity]].<ref>Gavroglou, Kōstas. Fritz London: a scientific biography. Cambridge: Cambridge U Press, 1995. Print "He was baptized also, but he never made anything out of it, being an atheist".</ref> |
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* [[H. Christopher Longuet-Higgins]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1923–2004): English [[theoretical chemistry|theoretical chemist]] and a [[Cognitive science|cognitive scientist]].<ref>"By that time Longuet-Higgins had become a convinced atheist, although he still respected many of the features of the Church of England." John Murrell, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/93593 'Higgins, (Hugh) Christopher Longuet- (1923–2004)'], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', online edition, Oxford University Press, January 2008 (accessed May 1, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[Paul MacCready]] (1925–2007): American [[aeronautical engineer]]. He was the founder of [[AeroVironment]] and the designer of the [[human-powered aircraft]] that won the [[Kremer prize]].<ref>"Paul MacCready, the inventor, defines it thus: "A secular humanist does not believe in God, and doesn't steal."" Paul Kurtz, [http://www.theharbinger.org/articles/plural/kurtz.html Is Secular Humanism a Religion?].</ref> |
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* [[Ernst Mach]] (1838–1916): Austrian physicist and philosopher. Known for his contributions to physics such as the [[Mach number]] and the study of shock waves.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ernst Mach, Physicist and Philosopher|year=1975|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-277-0016-2|author=R. S. Cohen|author2=Raymond J. Seeger|page=158|quote=And Mach, in personal conviction, was a socialist and an atheist.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Between Soul and Precision: Ernst Mach's Biological Empiricism and the Social Democratic Philosophy of Science|year=2007|publisher=ProQuest|isbn=9780549129738|author=Gregory Scott Charak|page=94|quote=Both make explicit claims against the pseudo-problems generated by materialism, and although Mach the atheist would have no gripe with “irreligion” per se, as a pacifist and a socialist he was indeed an ardent proponent of “peace.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Matter And Spirit In The Universe: Scientific And Religious Preludes To Modern Cosmology|year=2004|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=9781860944697|author=Helge Kragh|page=55|quote=The Austrian positivist physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach was nominally a Catholic, but in reality he was an atheist and strongly opposed to Christian doctrines.}}</ref> |
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* [[João Magueijo]] (1967–): [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Physical cosmology|cosmologist]] and professor in [[Theoretical Physics]] at [[Imperial College London]] who is a pioneer of the [[varying speed of light]] (VSL) [[theory]].<ref>http://upmagazine-tap.com/en/pt_artigos/joao-magueijo-2/</ref> |
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* [[Paolo Mantegazza]] (1831–1910): Italian neurologist, physiologist and anthropologist, noted for his experimental investigation of [[coca]] leaves into its effects on the human psyche.<ref>Paolo Mantegazza, ''Ricordi politici di un fantaccino del Parlamento'', Bemporad, 1896, p. 72.</ref> |
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* [[Andrey Markov]] (1856–1922): Russian mathematician. He is best known for his work on [[stochastic processes]].<ref>"Of course, Markov, an atheist and eventual excommunicate of the Church quarreled endlessly with his equally outspoken counterpart Nekrasov. The disputes between Markov and Nekrasov were not limited to mathematics and religion, they quarreled over political and philosophical issues as well." Gely P. Basharin, Amy N. Langville, Valeriy A. Naumov, [https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/meyn/www/spm_files/Markov-Work-and-life.pdf The Life and Work of A. A. Markov], page 6.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Naming Infinity: A True Story of Religious Mysticism and Mathematical Creativity|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03293-4|author1=Loren R. Graham |author2=Jean-Michel Kantor |page=69|quote=Markov (1856–1922), on the other hand, was an atheist and a strong critic of the Orthodox Church and the tsarist government (Nekrasov exaggeratedly called him a Marxist).}}</ref> |
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* [[Abraham Maslow]] (1908–1970): American psychologist. He was a professor of psychology at [[Brandeis University]], Brooklyn College, New School for Social Research and [[Columbia University]] who created [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521842709|author=Michael Martin|page=310|quote=Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including G. Stanley Hall, John B. Watson, Carl R. Rogers...Abraham Maslow...Maslow was a second-generation atheist, and his father was a militant freethinker.}}</ref> |
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* [[Samarendra Maulik]] (1881–1950): Indian [[entomologist]] specialising in the [[Coleoptera]], who worked at the [[Natural History Museum, London|British Museum (Natural History)]] and a Professor of Zoology at the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>"He attempted to adopt a scientific attitude in his approach to all problems. His views were liberal, and he was an atheist." Leslie Bairstow, 'Dr. S. Maulik', ''Nature'' 166, 422–423 (09 Sep 1950).</ref> |
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* [[Pierre Louis Maupertuis]] (1698–1759): French mathematician, philosopher and man of letters. He is often credited with having invented the [[principle of least action]]; a version is known as [[Maupertuis' principle]] – an integral equation that determines the path followed by a physical system.<ref>{{cite book|title=Labyrinth of Digressions: Tristram Shandy as Perceived and Influenced by Sterne's Early Imitators|year=2007|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=9789042022911|author=René Bösch|page=265|quote=Maupertuis was an atheist friend of La Mettrie.}}</ref> |
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* [[Hiram Stevens Maxim]] (1840–1916): American-born British inventor. He was the inventor of the Maxim Gun, the first portable, fully automatic machine gun and an elaborate mousetrap.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKfXAAAAMAAJ&q=A+rationalist+encyclopaedia:+a+book+of+reference+on+religion,+philosophy,+ethics,+and+science&dq=A+rationalist+encyclopaedia:+a+book+of+reference+on+religion,+philosophy,+ethics,+and+science&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzoLCct_bRAhUD7CYKHQ1WB_AQ6AEIGjAA |title=A rationalist encyclopaedia: a book of reference on religion, philosophy, ethics, and science|year=1950|publisher=Watts|page=384|author=Joseph McCabe|edition=2|accessdate=4 February 2017|quote=He was a member of the firm of Vickers' Sons and Maxim. Maxim was an aggressive Atheist (personal knowledge) and the compiler (with the present writer) of the collection of strong criticisms of religion...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Freethinker, Volume 92|year=1972|publisher=G.W. Foote|page=45<!--|accessdate=20 May 2013-->|quote=Now Maxim really way a militant atheist!}}</ref> |
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* [[John Maynard Smith]] (1920–2004): British evolutionary biologist and [[geneticist]], instrumental in the application of [[game theory]] to evolution, and noted theorizer on the [[evolution of sex]] and [[signalling theory]].<ref>From a ''Humanist News'' interview in Autumn 2001: Interviewer: What is your attitude to religion now? JMS: Ever since reading ([[J. B. S. Haldane]]'s book) ''Possible Worlds'' I have been an atheist, and a semi-conscious atheist before that. I think there are two views you can have about religion. You can be tolerant of it and say, I don't believe in this but I don't mind if other people do, or you can say, I not only don't believe in it but I think it is dangerous and damaging for other people to believe in it and they should be persuaded that they are mistaken. I fluctuate between the two. I am tolerant because religious institutions facilitate some very important work that would not get done otherwise, but then I look around and see what an incredible amount of damage religion is doing. [http://www.humanism.org.uk/site/cms/contentViewArticle.asp?article=1738]</ref> |
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* [[Ernst Mayr]] (1904–2005): a renowned taxonomist, tropical explorer, [[ornithologist]], historian of science, and naturalist. He was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary [[biologists]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/may2005/mayr-m03.shtml |title=An appreciation of biologist Ernst Mayr (1904–2005) |publisher=Wsws.org |date=2005-05-03 |accessdate=2012-06-03}}</ref> |
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* [[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]] (1927–2011): American [[computer scientist]] and [[cognitive scientist]] who received the [[Turing Award]] in 1971 for his major contributions to the field of [[Artificial Intelligence]] (AI). He was responsible for the coining of the term "Artificial Intelligence" in his 1955 proposal for the 1956 [[Dartmouth Conference]] and was the inventor of the [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] programming language.<ref>"Responding to Richard Dawkins's pestering his fellow atheists to "come out", I mention that I am indeed an atheist. To count oneself as an atheist one need not claim to have a proof that no gods exist. One need merely think that the evidence on the god question is in about the same state as the evidence on the werewolf question." [http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/personal.html]</ref> |
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* [[Peter Medawar|Sir Peter Medawar]] (1915–1987): [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize-winning]] British scientist best known for his work on how the [[immune system]] rejects or accepts [[tissue transplant]]s.<ref>"... I believe that a reasonable case can be made for saying, not that we believe in God because He exists but rather that He exists because we believe in Him. [...] Considered as an element of the world, God has the same degree and kind of objective reality as do other products of mind. [...] I regret my disbelief in God and religious answers generally, for I believe it would give satisfaction and comfort to many in need of it if it possible to discover and propound good scientific and philosophic reasons to believe in God. [...] To abdicate from the rule of reason and substitute for it an authentication of belief by the intentness and degree of conviction with which we hold it can be perilous and destructive. [...] I am a rationalist—something of a period piece nowadays, I admit [...]" Peter Medawar, 'The Question of the Existence of God' in his book ''The Limits of Science'' (Harper and Row 1984).</ref> |
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* [[Jeffrey S. Medkeff|Jeff Medkeff]] (1968–2008): American astronomer, prominent science writer and educator, and designer of robotic telescopes.<ref>"I met Jeff at The Amazing Meeting 5.5 in Fort Lauderdale in January. We became friends and I read his blog within hours of each posting. He was a programmer, an astronomer, a pro-bono science educator, a hard-nosed skeptic and an atheist. This random blow against a friendly and generous guy is a typical example of the non-plannedness of things." Martin Rundkvist, [http://scienceblogs.com/aardvarchaeology/2008/08/jeff_medkeff_19682008.php Jeff Medkeff 1968–2008], ''Aardvarchaeology'' blog, August 4, 2008 (accessed August 5, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[Simon van der Meer]] (1925-2011), Dutch particle accelerator [[physicist]] who shared the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1984 with [[Carlo Rubbia]] for contributions to the [[CERN]] project which led to the discovery of the W and Z particles, two of the most fundamental constituents of matter.<ref>"The Dutch Nobel prize-winner, Simon van der Meer expressed this as follows: "As a physicist, you have to have a split personality to be still able to believe in a god."" Alfred Driessen, Antoine Suarez, ''Mathematical undecidability, quantum nonlocality, and the question of the existence of God'' (1997).</ref> |
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*[[Élie Metchnikoff]] (1845–1916): Russian [[biologist]], [[zoologist]] and [[protozoologist]]. He is best known for his research into the [[immune system]]. Mechnikov received the [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] in 1908, shared with [[Paul Ehrlich]].<ref>"There is no clear record that he was professionally restricted in Russia because of his lineage, but he sympathized with the problem his Jewish colleagues suffered owing to Russian anti-Semitism; his personal religious commitment was to atheism, although he received strict Christian religious training at home." Alfred I. Tauber, Leon Chernyak, ''Metchnikoff and the origins of immunology: from metaphor to theory'', page 5.</ref> |
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* [[Jonathan Miller]] [[CBE]] (1934–): British [[physician]], [[actor]], [[Theatre director|theatre]] and [[opera]] [[Music director|director]], and [[television presenter]]. Wrote and presented the 2004 television series, ''[[Atheism: A Rough History of Disbelief]]'', exploring the roots of his own atheism and investigating the history of atheism in the world.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/atheism.shtml ''A Rough History of Disbelief''] Official BBC site describing the series</ref><ref name="colin_mcginn">On the filming of [[The Atheism Tapes]] with [[Sir Jonathan Miller]]: "We had been friends for a number of years, and had discussed a great many topics, but we had never, except glancingly, ever spoken about religion. We knew about our shared atheism, but the subject didn't seem to warrant much attention; in the Miller-McGinn world it was a non-existent topic. [...] It is often forgotten that atheism of the kind shared by Jonathan and me (and Dawkins and Hitchens et al.) has an ethical motive." [http://www.colinmcginnblog.com/index.php?entry=entry080204-085440 Atheism Tapes], Colin McGinn, on his blog. (Accessed April 1, 2008)</ref> |
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*[[Marvin Minsky]] (1927–2016): American cognitive scientist and computer scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) in MIT.<ref>{{cite book|title=Portraits of Great American Scientists|year=2001|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=9781573929325|page=74|author1=Leon M. Lederman |author2=Judith A. Scheppler |chapter=Marvin Minsky: Mind Maker|quote=Another area where he "goes against the flow" is in his spiritual beliefs. As far as religion is concerned, he's a confirmed atheist. "I think it [religion] is a contagious mental disease. . . . The brain has a need to believe it knows a reason for things.}}</ref><ref>"When we reflect on anything for long enough, we're likely to end up with what we sometimes call "basic" questions – ones we can see no way at all to answer. For we have no perfect way to answer even this question: How can one tell when a question has been properly answered? |
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What caused the universe, and why? What is the purpose of life? How can you tell which beliefs are true? How can you tell what is good? |
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These questions seem different on the surface, but all of them share one quality that makes them impossible to answer: all of them are circular! You can never find a final cause, since you must always ask one question more: "What caused that cause?" You can never find any ultimate goal, since you're always obliged to ask, "Then what purpose does that serve?" Whenever you find out why something is good-or is true-you still have to ask what makes that reason good and true. No matter what you discover, at every step, these kinds of questions will always remain, because you have to challenge every answer with, "Why should I accept that answer?" Such circularities can only waste our time by forcing us to repeat, over and over and over again, "What good is Good?" and, "What god made God?" " Marvin Minsky. ''The Society of Mind''.</ref> |
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* [[Peter D. Mitchell]] (1920–1992): 1978–[[Nobel Laureate|Nobel-laureate]] British biochemist. His mother was an atheist and he himself became an atheist at the age of 15.<ref>Nobel Biography [http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1978/mitchell-bio.html].</ref> |
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* [[Jacob Moleschott]] (1822–1893): Dutch physiologist and writer on dietetics.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840–1940|year=1995|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-5183-818-3|author=Harmke Kamminga|page=31|quote=Moleschott's atheism is much more prominent, for example, and he declares absurd Liebig's opinion that insights into the laws of nature inevitably lead us to the notion of a Being knowable only through revelation.}}</ref> |
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*[[Gaspard Monge]] (1746–1818): French mathematician. Monge is the inventor of [[descriptive geometry]].<ref name="autogenerated274"/><ref>"Yet, sailing to Egypt, he had lain on deck, asking his scientists whether the planets were inhabited, how old the Earth was, and whether it would perish by fire or by flood. Many, like his friend [[Gaspard Monge]], the first man to liquefy a gas, were atheists." Vincent Cronin, |
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[http://books.google.ca/books?id=9yG7727N0GYC&q=Gaspard+Monge+atheist&dq=Gaspard+Monge+atheist&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5Z9rT4K2JMju0gGeutDEBg&ved=0CF4Q6AEwBw The View from Planet Earth: Man looks at the Cosmos], page 164.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Memoirs of Napoleon, His Court and Family, Volume 2|year=1881|publisher=D. Appleton|page=276|author=Laure Junot Abrantès}}</ref> |
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* [[Jacques Monod]] (1910–1976): French [[biologist]] who won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1965 for discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.<ref>"In his final chapter de Duve turns to the meaning of life, and considers the ideas of two contrasting Frenchmen: a priest, Teilhard de Chardin, and an existentialist and atheist, Jacques Monod." [http://www.booksincanada.com/article_view.asp?id=326 Peaks, Dust, & Dappled Spots], by Richard Lubbock, Books in Canada: The Canadian Review of Books. Retrieved July 2, 2007.</ref> |
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* [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]] (1909–2012): [[Italy|Italian]] [[Neurology|neurologist]] who, together with colleague [[Stanley Cohen (biochemist)|Stanley Cohen]], received the 1986 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for their discovery of [[nerve growth factor]] (NGF).<ref>{{cite web|title=Homage to Rita Levi Montalcini|url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/anomal/31-12-2012/123358-rita_montalcini-0/|accessdate=20 July 2013|author=Costantino Ceoldo|date=2012-12-31|quote=Born and raised in a Sephardic Jewish family in which culture and love of learning were categorical imperatives, she abandoned religion and embraced atheism.}}</ref> |
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* [[Joseph-Michel Montgolfier]] (1740–1810): French chemist and paper-manufacturer. In 1783, he made the first ascent in a balloon (inflated with warm air).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J_WNYvPgYgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+biographical+dictionary+of+freethinkers+of+all+ages+and+nations&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtkKXqt_bRAhWKwiYKHdoeAqAQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=A%20biographical%20dictionary%20of%20freethinkers%20of%20all%20ages%20and%20nations&f=false |title=A biographical dictionary of freethinkers of all ages and nations|year=1889|publisher=Progressive publishing company|page=232|author=Joseph Mazzini Wheeler|accessdate=4 February 2017 |quote=Montgolfier (Michel Joseph), aeronaut. b. Aug. 1740. He was the first to ascend in an air balloon, 5 June 1783. A friend of Delambre and La Lalande, he was on the testimony of this last an atheist. Died 26 June 1810.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Who's who in hell: a handbook and international directory for humanists, freethinkers, naturalists, rationalists, and non-theists|year=2000|publisher=Barricade Books|isbn=9781569801581|page=762|author=Warren Allen Smith|quote=Also that year, a Montgolfier balloon sailed over Paris in the first manned free balloon flight. Montgolfier served the Revolution with zeal and was much honored. Lalande, who knew him well, wrote that Montgolfier was an atheist.}}</ref> |
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*[[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] (1866–1945): American [[evolutionary biologist]], [[geneticist]] and [[embryologist]]. He won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1933 for discoveries relating the role the [[chromosome]] plays in [[heredity]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRFkFGsIyjoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Strange+Angel:+The+Otherworldly+Life+of+Rocket+Scientist+John+Whiteside+Parsons&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj04rSVuPbRAhWGQyYKHXJzAbQQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Strange%20Angel%3A%20The%20Otherworldly%20Life%20of%20Rocket%20Scientist%20John%20Whiteside%20Parsons&f=false |title=Strange Angel: The Otherworldly Life of Rocket Scientist John Whiteside Parsons|year=2006|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=9780156031790|author=George Pendle|accessdate=4 February 2017 |page=69|quote=The Nobel Prize-winning geneticist and stringent atheist Thomas Hunt Morgan was developing the chromosome theory of heredity by examining his swarm of mutated Drosophila (fruit flies) through a jeweler's loupe.}}</ref><ref>"Morgan's passion for experimentation was symptomatic of his general scepticism and his distaste for speculation. He believed only what could be proven. He was said to be an atheist, and I have always believed that he was. Everything I knew about him—his scepticism, his honesty—was consistent with disbelief in the supernatural." Norman H. Horowitz, [http://www.genetics.org/content/149/4/1629.short T. H. Morgan at Caltech: A Reminiscence], Genetics, Vol. 149, 1629–1632, August 1998, Copyright © 1998.</ref><ref>http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/3677/1/Goodstein.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.genetics.org/content/149/4/1629.short</ref> |
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* [[Desmond Morris]] (1928–): English [[zoologist]] and [[ethologist]], famous for describing human behaviour from a zoological perspective in his books [[The Naked Ape]] and [[The Human Zoo (book)|The Human Zoo]].<ref>"[Religion] is not an easy subject to deal with, but as zoologists we must do our best to observe what actually happens rather than listen to what is supposed to be happening. If we do this, we are forced to the conclusion that, in a behavioural sense, religious activities consist of the coming together of large groups of people to perform repeated and prolonged submissive displays to appease a dominant individual. The dominant individual takes many forms in different cultures, but always has the common factor of immense power. [...] If these submissive actions are successful, the dominant individual is appeased. [...] The dominant individual is usually, but not always, referred to as a god. Since none of these gods exist in a tangible form, why have they been invented? To find the answer to this we have to go right back to our ancestral origins." Desmond Morris, ''The Naked Ape'', p.178-179, Jonathan Cape, 1967.</ref><ref>"Man's evolution as a neotenous ape has put him in a similar position to the dog's. He becomes sexually mature and yet he still needs a parent — a super-parent, one as impressive to him as a man must be to a dog. The answer was to invent a god — either a female super-parent in the shape of a Mother Goddess, or a male god in the shape of God the Father, or perhaps even a whole family of gods. Like real parents they would both protect, punish and be obeyed. [...] These — the houses of the gods — the temples, the churches and the cathedrals — are buildings apparently made for giants, and a space visitor would be surprised to find on closer examination that these giants are never at home. Their followers repeatedly visit them and bow down before them, but they themselves are invisible. Only their bell-like cries can be heard across the land. Man is indeed an imaginative species." Desmond Morris, ''The Pocket Guide to Manwatching'', p.234-236 Triad Paperbacks, 1982.</ref> |
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* [[Luboš Motl]] (1973–): Theoretical physics and string theorist. He said he is a [[Christian atheist]].<ref>Lubos Motl, http://motls.blogspot.com/2006/09/oriana-fallaci-force-of-reason.html</ref> |
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* [[Fritz Müller]] (1821–1897): German biologist who emigrated to Brazil, where he studied the natural history of the Amazon rainforest and was an early advocate of [[Evolution|evolutionary theory]].<ref>"[Müller] was an atheist..." [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/Mim/mullerrev.html Review of Müller's biography], by James Mallet, ''Quarterly Review of Biology'' 79:196 (2004). Retrieved July 2, 2007.</ref> |
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* [[Hermann Joseph Muller]] (1890–1967): American [[geneticist]] and educator, best known for his work on the physiological and genetic effects of [[radiation]] (X-ray mutagenesis). He won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1946.<ref>"Muller, who through Unitarianism had become an enthusiastic pantheist, was converted both to atheism and to socialism." [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4606(196811)14%3C348%3AHJM1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P Hermann Joseph Muller. 1890–1967], G. Pontecorvo, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 14, Nov., 1968 (Nov., 1968), pp. 348–389 (Quote from p. 353) Retrieved July 14, 2007.</ref> |
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* [[PZ Myers]] (1957–): American biology professor at the [[University of Minnesota]] and a blogger via his [[blog]], ''[[Pharyngula (blog)|Pharyngula]]''.<ref>"I was brought up a Lutheran, but I became an atheist"—PZ Myers (February 14, 2007), [http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/02/its_the_arrogance_stupid.php It's the arrogance, stupid], ''[[Pharyngula (blog)|Pharyngula]]''. Retrieved February 22, 2007.</ref> |
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* [[John Forbes Nash, Jr.]] (1928–2015): American mathematician whose works in [[game theory]], [[differential geometry]], and [[partial differential equations]]. He shared the 1994 [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] with game theorists [[Reinhard Selten]] and [[John Harsanyi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Beautiful Mind|year=2011|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781439126493|author=Sylvia Nasar|page=143|chapter=Chapter 17: Bad Boys|quote=In this circle, Nash learned to make a virtue of necessity, styling himself self-consciously as a "free thinker." He announced that he was an atheist.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Beautiful Mind: A Biography of John Forbes Nash, Jr., Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, 1994|year=1999|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780684853703|author=Sylvia Nasar|quote=Nash, by then an atheist, balked at a Catholic ceremony. He would have been happy to get married in city hall.}}</ref> |
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* [[Yuval Ne'eman]] (1925–2006): Israeli theoretical physicist, military scientist, and politician. One of his greatest achievements in physics was his 1961 discovery of the classification of [[hadrons]] through the [[SU(3)]][[flavour symmetry]], now named the ''[[Eightfold Way (physics)|Eightfold Way]]'', which was also proposed independently by [[Murray Gell-Mann]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in memory of Issai Schur|year=2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780817642082|page=xxi|author=Yuval Ne'eman|authorlink=Issai Schur Died Here: Some Background Comments, In Memoriam|quote=Unfortunately I am a 100% skeptic (an "Epicurus" in Yiddish), an atheist although not in an aggressive connotation.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Bible and Colonialism: A Moral Critique|year=1997|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-85075-815-0|author=Michael P. Prior|page=164|quote=Although an atheist, Neeman believes that traditions are important for a revolutionary movement, and he strongly defends the spiritual heritage of the Jewish people, preaches a retum to biblical sources, and is in constant dialogue with the ultra-nationalist-religious groupings.}}</ref> |
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* [[Ted Nelson]]: (1937–): American [[Innovator|pioneer]] of information technology, philosopher, and [[sociologist]] who coined the terms ''[[hypertext]]'' and ''[[hypermedia]]'' in 1963 and published them in 1965.<ref>"Nelson's hatred of conventional structure made him difficult to educate. Bored and disgusted by school, he once plotted to stab his seventh-grade teacher with a sharpened screwdriver, but lost his nerve at the last minute and walked out of the classroom, never to return. On his long walk home, he came up with the four maxims that have guided his life: most people are fools, most authority is malignant, God does not exist, and everything is wrong." Warren Allen Smith, Celebrities in Hell, pages 88–89.</ref> |
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* [[Alfred Nobel]] (1833–1896): Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist who is known for inventing [[dynamite]] and holding 355 patents. He was a benefactor of the [[Nobel Prize]].<ref>https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/biographical/articles/russia/</ref><ref>Michael Evlanoff; Marjorie Fluor (1969). Alfred Nobel, the loneliest millionaire. W. Ritchie Press. p. 88. "He declared himself an agnostic in his youth, an atheist later, but at the same time, bestowed generous sums to the church..."</ref><ref>Cobb, Cathy, and Harold Goldwhite. Creations of Fire: Chemistry's Lively History from Alchemy to the Atomic Age. New York: Plenum, 1995. Print. "But Nobel, both atheist and a socialist..."</ref> |
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* [[Paul Nurse]] (1949–): English [[geneticist]], President of the Royal Society and Chief Executive and Director of the Francis Crick Institute. He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Leland Hartwell and Tim Hunt for their discoveries of protein molecules that control the division (duplication) of cells in the cell cycle.<ref>"I gradually slipped away from religion over several years and became an atheist or to be more philosophically correct, a sceptical agnostic." [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2001/nurse-autobio.html Nurse's autobiography at Nobelprize.org]</ref> |
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* [[Mark Oliphant]] (1901–2000): Australian physicist and humanitarian. He played a fundamental role in the first experimental demonstration of [[nuclear fusion]] and also the development of the [[atomic bomb]].<ref>"It was nice to be honoured but I like ‘Mark’ not ‘Sir Mark’. When one’s young, one’s brash and all-knowing; when one’s old, one realises how little one knows. You asked me earlier if I believed in God and the hereafter. I would tend to say no but when one dies one could well be surprised." Mark Oliphant from an interview in 1996., [http://www.mickjoffe.com/Sir_Mark_Oliphant Sir Mark Oliphant – Reluctant Builder of the Atom Bomb].</ref> |
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* [[Alexander Oparin]] (1894–1980): Soviet biochemist.<ref>{{cite book|title=Science and its times: understanding the social significance of scientific discovery|year=2000|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-7876-3939-6|author=Neil Schlager|edition=illustrated|author2=Josh Lauer|page=112|quote=Alexander Oparin (1894–1980), an atheist, suggested that natural chemical reactions produced biological molecules that came together to form the first living thing.}}</ref> |
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* [[Frank Oppenheimer]] (1912–1985): [[United States of America|American]] [[particle physicist]], professor of physics at the [[University of Colorado]], and the founder of the [[Exploratorium]] in [[San Francisco]]. A younger brother of renowned physicist [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], Frank Oppenheimer conducted research on aspects of nuclear physics during the time of the [[Manhattan Project]], and made contributions to [[uranium enrichment]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Something Incredibly Wonderful Happens: Frank Oppenheimer and His Astonishing Exploratorium|year=2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226113470|pages=104–105|author=K. C. Cole|quote=For the locals, it was as if aliens had landed. "The normal folks were wearing tight jeans and cowboy hats, and here was a rancher who didn't wear a hat," said Pete Richards, who lived on one of the neighboring ranches at the time. “He was skinnier than a rail, he was really hyper. Both he and Jackie swore like sailors. And they were atheists!”.}}</ref> |
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* [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] (1904–1967): American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]; along with [[Enrico Fermi]], he is often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in the [[Manhattan Project]]. Oppenheimer's achievements in physics include the [[Born–Oppenheimer approximation]] for molecular [[wavefunction]]s, work on the theory of [[electron]]s and [[positron]]s, the [[Oppenheimer–Phillips process]] in [[nuclear fusion]], and the first prediction of [[quantum tunneling]]. With his students he made important contributions to the modern theory of [[neutron star]]s and [[black hole]]s, as well as to [[quantum mechanics]], [[quantum field theory]], and the interactions of [[cosmic ray]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dronamraju|first=Krishna|title=Emerging Consequences of Biotechnology: Biodiversity Loss and IPR Issues|year=2008|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-277-500-9|page=413|quote=Most of them are either atheists like Albert Einstein and Robert Oppenheimer, or agnostics like JBS Haldane.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Axelrod|first=Alan|title=Risk: Adversaries and Allies: Mastering Strategic Relationships|year=2009|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4027-5411-1|page=127|quote=He was a Jew and Groves was at least conventionally anti-Semitic; but perhaps worse, Oppenheimer practiced no religion at all and was almost certainly an atheist, whereas Groves was the sincerely believing son of an army chaplain.}}</ref> |
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* [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] (1853–1932): Baltic German chemist. He received the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1909 for his work on [[catalysis]], [[chemical equilibria]] and reaction velocities. He, along with [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]] and [[Svante Arrhenius]], are usually credited with being the modern founders of the field of [[physical chemistry]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Work in a Modern Society: The German Historical Experience in Comparative Perspective|year=2010|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-575-0|author=Jürgen Kocka|editor=Jürgen Kocka|page=45|quote=Even Wilhelm Ostwald, who was the most radical atheist among these scholars, uses the instrument of the 'Monistic Sunday Sermons' to spread his ideas on rationality.}}</ref> |
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*[[Robert L. Park]] (1931–): [[Physicist]] at [[University of Maryland]] and author of ''Voodoo Science'' and ''Superstition''.<ref>[[Park, Robert L.]] ''Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science'', 2008, [[Princeton University]] Press, page viii</ref> |
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* [[Linus Pauling]] (1901–1994): American chemist, [[Nobel Laureate]] in [[Chemistry]] (1954) and [[Peace]] (1962)<ref name="Pauling"/><ref>Originally a Lutheran, Pauling declared his atheism in 1992, two years before his death.</ref> |
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* [[John Allen Paulos]] (1945–): Professor of [[mathematics]] at [[Temple University]] in [[Philadelphia]] and writer, author of ''Irreligion: A Mathematician Explains Why the Arguments for God Just Don't Add Up'' (2007)<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0809059193 Amazon listing] of ''Irreligion: A Mathematician Explains Why the Arguments for God Just Don't Add Up''.</ref> |
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* [[Ivan Pavlov]] (1849–1936): [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize–winning]] Russian [[physiologist]], [[psychologist]], and [[physician]], widely known for first describing the phenomenon of [[classical conditioning]].<ref>Pavlov's follower E.M. Kreps asked him whether he was religious. Kreps writes that Pavlov smiled and replied: "Listen, good fellow, in regard to [claims of] my religiosity, my belief in God, my church attendance, there is no truth in it; it is sheer fantasy. I was a seminarian, and like the majority of seminarians, I became an unbeliever, an atheist in my school years." Quoted in George Windholz, "Pavlov's Religious Orientation", ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion'', vol. 25, no. 3 (Sept. 1986), pp. 320–27.</ref> |
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* [[Ruby Payne-Scott]] (1912–1981): Australian pioneer in radiophysics and radio astronomy, and was the first female radio astronomer.<ref>{{cite book|title=Under the Radar: The First Woman in Radio Astronomy: Ruby Payne-Scott|year=2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783642031410|page=253|author1=W. M. Goss |author2=W. William Miller Goss |author3=Richard X. McGee |chapter=Last Years}}</ref> |
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* [[Judea Pearl]] (1936–): Israeli American computer scientist and philosopher, best known for championing the probabilistic approach to artificial intelligence and the development of [[Bayesian networks]]. He won the [[Turing Award]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatertalent.com/speaker-news/judea-pearl-history-has-given-us-both-a-tragedy-and-an-opportunity/|title=Tragedy and Opportunity: The parents of slain journalist Danny Pearl have devoted their lives to improving Muslim-Jewish relations.|accessdate=12 July 2013|author=Mathew Philips|quote=I turned secular at the age of 11, by divine revelation. [Laughs.] I was standing on the roof of the house my father built, looking down on the street and suddenly it became very clear to me that there is no God.}}</ref> |
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* [[Karl Pearson]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1857–1936): Influential English mathematician and [[biostatistician]]. He has been credited with establishing the discipline of [[mathematical statistics]]. He founded the world's first university statistics department at [[University College London]] in 1911, and contributed significantly to the field of biometrics, [[meteorology]], theories of [[social Darwinism]] and [[eugenics]].<ref>McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch. The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes' Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy: Yale UP, 2011. Print. "Karl Pearson...was a zealous atheist..."</ref><ref>Porter, Theodore M. Karl Pearson: The Scientific Life in a Statistical Age. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2004. Print.</ref> |
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* [[Sir Roger Penrose]] (1931–): English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College. He is renowned for his work in mathematical physics, in particular his contributions to general relativity and cosmology. He is also a recreational mathematician and philosopher<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.samharris.org/site/book_letter_to_christian_nation/ |
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|last=Harris |
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|first=Sam |
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|authorlink=Sam Harris (author) |
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|title=Letter to A Christian Nation |
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|work=SamHarrisOrg |
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|accessdate=5 June 2010}} Quoting Penrose's blurb for Harris's book ''[[Letter to a Christian Nation]]''. and refers to himself as an [[atheist]].</ref><ref>{{cite news |
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|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9032000/9032626.stm |
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|title=Big Bang follows Big Bang follows Big Bang |
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|accessdate=1 Dec 2010 |
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| work=BBC News |
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|date=25 September 2010}}</ref> |
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* [[Francis Perrin]] (1901–1992): French physicist, co-establisher of the possibility of nuclear chain reactions and nuclear energy production.<ref>"After retirement, he remained politically active, defending Andrei Sakharov, and was President of the French Atheists' Union." D S Bell, 'Obituary: Francis Perrin', ''The Independent'' (London), July 18, 1992, Pg. 44.</ref> |
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* [[Jean Baptiste Perrin]] (1870–1942): French physicist. He won the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1926.<ref>{{cite book|title=New Trends in Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Applications to Chemical and Life Sciences|year=2001|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-67779-6|author1=Bernard Valeur |author2=Jean-Claude Brochon |page=17|quote=Jean and Francis Perrin held similar political and philosophical ideas. Both were socialists and atheists.}}</ref> |
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* [[Markus Persson]] (born 1979): Swedish video game programmer and designer. He is the founder of [[Mojang]], the company behind [[Minecraft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailydot.com/society/reddit-atheists-doctors-without-borders-charity/|title=Reddit atheists upvote fundraising for Doctors Without Borders|publisher=[[The Daily Dot]]|first=Kevin|last=Morris|date=5 December 2011|accessdate=14 March 2012}}</ref> |
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* [[Max Perutz]] (1914–2002): Austrian-born British molecular biologist, who shared the 1962 [[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]] with [[John Kendrew]], for their studies of the structures of [[hemoglobin]] and globular proteins.<ref>"Dr Perutz, said: "It is one thing for scientists to oppose creationism which is demonstrably false but quite another to make pronouncements which offend people's religious faith – that is a form of tactlessness which merely brings science into disrepute. My view of religion and ethics is simple: even if we do not believe in God, we should try to live as though we did."" Kam Patel, [http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=154140§ioncode=26 Perutz rubbishes Popper and Kuhn], 25 November 1994.</ref> |
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* [[Robert Phelps]] (1926–2013): American mathematician who was known for his contributions to [[mathematical analysis|analysis]], particularly to [[functional analysis]] and [[measure theory]]. He was a professor of mathematics at the [[University of Washington]] from 1962 until his death.<ref>http://experimentalmath.info/blog/2013/02/in-memoriam-robert-r-phelps/ "Bob Phelps was a convinced atheist and, rare for an American, almost militant in his views."</ref> |
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* [[Massimo Pigliucci]] (1964–): Professor of Ecology and Evolution at the [[Stony Brook University]], outspoken critic of creationism, and advocate of science education.<ref>"...I'm an atheist..." [http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.com/2006/10/enough-blasting-dennett-and-dawkins.html Enough blasting Dennett and Dawkins, all right?], from ''Rationally Speaking'', the blog of Massimo Pigliucci, October 30, 2006 (Accessed April 15, 2008)</ref> |
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* [[Steven Pinker]] (1954–): [[Canada|Canadian]]-born American psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist and popular science author.<ref>"I never outgrew my conversion to atheism at 13, but at various times was a serious cultural Jew." {{cite news | last = The Guardian Profile | title=Steven Pinker: the mind reader | date=November 6, 1999 | publisher=[[The Guardian|Guardian News and Media Limited]] | url=https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,3926387,00.html | accessdate = 2006-12-10 | location=London}}</ref> |
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* [[Norman Pirie]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1907–1997): British [[biochemist]] and [[virologist]] co-discoverer in 1936 of viral crystallization, an important milestone in understanding [[DNA]] and [[RNA]].<ref>"During sixty years from 1937 he also wrote over forty articles on the origins, distribution, and nature of life, taking the stance of a 'dogmatic atheist'." David F. Smith, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/65890 'Pirie, Norman Wingate [Bill] (1907–1997)'], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edition, October 2005 (accessed May 2, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[Ronald Plasterk]] (1957–): Dutch prize-winning molecular geneticist and columnist, and [[Ministry of Education, Culture and Science|Minister of Education, Culture and Science]] in the [[fourth Balkenende cabinet]] for the [[Dutch Labour Party|Labour Party]].<ref>"Ronald Plasterk (1957) is a convinced atheist. But he says expressly that he does not strive for atheism. "My own view cannot be gospel which I will defend at any cost. I respect belief, as long as people do not force it." (In Dutch: "Ronald Plasterk (1957) is een overtuigd atheïst. Maar hij zegt er nadrukkelijk bij dat hij niet streeft naar atheïsme. «Mijn eigen opvatting mag geen heilsleer zijn die ik ten koste van alles ga verdedigen. Ik respecteer geloof, zolang mensen het maar niet opdringen.» ") Interview with Ronald Plasterk, [http://www.groene.nl/index.php?show=article&article_id=C0A801020a6062AD3EoGy13D7340&source= «Er is geen verband tussen altruïsme en God»] ("There is no connection between altruism and God"), ''De Groene Amsterdammer'', December 22, 2001 (accessed August 6, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[Henri Poincaré]] (1854–1912): French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as The Last Universalist, since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime.<ref>Joseph McCabe (1945). A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers. Haldeman-Julius Publications. Retrieved 10 April 2012. "In his last words (published as Last Thoughts, 1913) he entirely rejects Christianity and believes in God only in the sense that he is the moral ideal. In effect he was an atheist."</ref><ref>Poincaré, Henri (January 1, 1913). Dernières Pensées. p. 138. Retrieved 10 April 2012. "Les dogmes des religions révélées ne sont pas les seuls à craindre. L'empreinte que le catholicisme a imprimée sur l'âme occidentale a été si profonde que bien des esprits à peine affranchis ont eu la nostalgie de la servitude et se sont efforcés de reconstituer des Eglises ; c'est ainsi que certaines écoles positivistes ne sont qu'un catholicisme sans Dieu. Auguste Comte lui- même rêvait de discipliner les âmes et certains de ses disciples, exagérant la pensée du maître, deviendraient bien vite des ennemis de la science s'ils étaient les plus forts."</ref><ref>[https://arxiv.org/abs/1207.0759 Galina Weinstein, ''A Biography of Henri Poincaré – 2012 Centenary of the Death of Poincaré'', arXiv:1207.0759, physics.hist-ph, 2012]</ref> |
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* [[Carolyn Porco]] (1953): American [[Planetary science|planetary scientist]] known for her work in the exploration of the outer [[solar system]], beginning with her imaging work on the [[Voyager program|Voyager]] missions to [[Jupiter]], [[Saturn]], [[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]] in the 1980s. She leads the imaging science team on the [[Cassini–Huygens|Cassini]] mission currently in orbit around Saturn.<ref>Somma, Ryan. Enlightenment Living, Essays on Living a Virtuous Scientific Life. : ideonexus, 2012. Print.</ref> |
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* [[Derek J. de Solla Price]] (1922–1983): British-American historian of science.<ref>"...my father [Derek] was a British Atheist... from a rather well known Sephardic Jewish family..." {{cite web | url = http://www.markandvinny.com/Mark.html | title = Are you Jewish? | last = de Solla Price | first = Mark | date = 2007-12-09 | accessdate = 2008-08-01 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080430221804/http://www.markandvinny.com/Mark.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-04-30}}</ref> |
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* [[Will Provine]] (1942–2015): American [[History of science|historian of science]] and of [[evolutionary biology]] and [[population genetics]]. He was the Andrew H. and James S. Tisch Distinguished University Professor at [[Cornell University]] and was a professor in the [[Cornell University Department of History|Departments of History, Science and Technology Studies, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology]].<ref name="Provine-Johnson Apr 1994 Debate">{{cite journal |
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|url=http://www.arn.org/docs/orpages/or161/161main.htm |
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|title=Darwinism: Science or Naturalistic Philosophy?, A Debate Between William B. Provine and Phillip E. Johnson at Stanford University, April 30, 1994 |
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|first1=William B. |last1=Provine |first2=Phillip E. |last2=Johnson |
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|journal=Origins Research |
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|volume=16 |number=1 |date=June 2, 1995 |
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|publisher=Access Research Network}} Video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7dG9U1vQ_U.</ref> |
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* [[Isidor Isaac Rabi]] (1898–1988): American physicist and [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize–winning]] scientist who discovered [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] in 1944 and was also one of the first scientists in the US to work on the [[cavity magnetron]], which is used in [[microwave radar]] and [[microwave ovens]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rigden|first=John S.|authorlink=John S. Rigden|date=1987|title=Rabi, Scientist and Citizen|location=New York|series=Sloan Foundation Series|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=0-465-06792-1|oclc=14931559|ref=harv|page=23}}</ref> |
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* [[Frank P. Ramsey]] (1903–1930): British [[mathematician]] who also made significant contributions in [[philosophy]] and [[economics]].<ref>"His tolerance and good humour enabled him to disagree strongly without giving or taking offence, for example with his brother Michael Ramsey whose ordination (he went on to become archbishop of Canterbury) Ramsey, as a militant atheist, naturally regretted." D. H. Mellor, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37882 'Ramsey, Frank Plumpton (1903–1930)'], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, October 2005 (accessed May 2, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[Lisa Randall]] (1962–): American theoretical physicist and a student of particle physics and cosmology. She works on several of the competing models of [[string theory]] in the quest to explain the fabric of the universe. Her best known contribution to the field is the [[Randall–Sundrum model]], first published in 1999 with [[Raman Sundrum]].<ref>Corey S. Powell (Saturday, July 29, 2006). "The Discover Interview: Lisa Randall". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 17 April 2013. Interviewer: So does your science leave space for untestable faith? Do you believe in God? Randall: There's room there, and it could go either way. Faith just doesn't have anything to do with what I'm doing as a scientist. It's nice if you can believe in God, because then you see more of a purpose in things. Even if you don't, though, it doesn't mean that there's no purpose. It doesn't mean that there's no goodness. I think that there's a virtue in being good in and of itself. I think that one can work with the world we have. So I probably don't believe in God. I think it's a problem that people are considered immoral if they're not religious. That's just not true. This might earn me some enemies, but in some ways they may be even more moral. If you do something for a religious reason, you do it because you'll be rewarded in an afterlife or in this world. That's not quite as good as something you do for purely generous reasons."</ref> |
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* [[Marcus J. Ranum]] (1962–): American computer and network security researcher and industry leader. He is credited with a number of innovations in firewalls.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ranum|first=Marcus|title=Ranum's supports Dawkins's "out campaign" for atheists.|url=http://www.ranum.com/stock_content/anarchy.html|accessdate=12 April 2012|quote=Generally, I do not get a lot of satisfaction out of being identified with causes or logos. But – a couple of years ago, when Richard Dawkins started his "out campaign" for atheists, I thought that showing my support was not a bad idea.}}</ref> |
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* [[Grote Reber]] (1911–2002): American astronomer. A pioneer of radio astronomy.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Nicholas Shakespeare|title=Tasmania: Alarmed by bumps in the starlit night|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/activityandadventure/3235691/Tasmania-Alarmed-by-bumps-in-the-starlit-night.html|publisher=The Telegraph|date=21 Oct 2008|quote=Reber was a diehard atheist, and whatever he understood of those bumps in the night is not certain.}}</ref> |
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* [[Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow]] (1942–): British cosmologist and astrophysicist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Martin J. Rees Wins 2011 Templeton Prize|url=http://www.templeton.org/templeton_report/20110420/index.html|publisher=Templeton Report|accessdate=4 August 2013|author=Rod Dreher|date=April 20, 2011|quote=As it turns out, Lord Rees is an atheist, though one who said in a recent interview that he is “not allergic to religion,” and that he enjoys participating in aesthetic and cultural activities of the Anglican church, in which he was raised.}}</ref> |
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* [[Wilhelm Reich]] (1897–1957): Austrian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, known as one of the most radical figures in the history of psychiatry.<ref>{{cite book|title=Architects of the Culture of Death|year=2004|publisher=Ignatius Press|isbn=9781586170165|author1=Donald De Marco |author2=Donald DeMarco |author3=Benjamin Wiker |page=223|quote=Wilhelm declared himself a "confirmed atheist" at the age of eight.}}</ref> |
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*[[Robert Coleman Richardson]] (1937–2013): American experimental physicist who along with [[David Lee (physicist)|David Lee]], as senior researchers, and then graduate student [[Douglas Osheroff]], shared the 1996 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for their 1972 discovery of the property of [[superfluid]]ity in helium-3 atoms in the [[Cornell University]] Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics.<ref>J. (2011). 50 Renowned Academics Speaking About God (Part 1). Retrieved September 04, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s47ArcQL-XQ "But, I do not believe in an anthropomorphic god..."</ref> |
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* [[Charles Francis Richter]] (1900–1985): American seismologist and physicist who is most famous as the creator of the [[Richter magnitude scale]], which, until the development of the [[moment magnitude scale]] in 1979, quantified the size of [[earthquakes]].<ref>Hough, Susan Elizabeth. Richter's Scale: Measure of an Earthquake, Measure of a Man. N.p.: Princeton U Press , 2007. Print. "The fact that Richter was devout only about his atheism..." pg. 152</ref> |
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* [[Oscar Riddle]] (1877–1968): American biologist. He is known for his research into the [[pituitary gland]] and for isolating the hormone [[prolactin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Oscar Riddle|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/133/000172614/|publisher=NNDB.com|accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref> |
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* [[Richard J. Roberts]] (1943–): [[United Kingdom|British]] [[biochemist]] and [[molecular biology|molecular biologist]]. He won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1993 for the discovery of [[intron]]s in [[eukaryote|eukaryotic]] [[DNA]] and the mechanism of gene-splicing.<ref>"The Nobel Laureate Dr Richard Roberts will give a public lecture entitled ''A Bright Journey from Science to Atheism''..." [http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/science/2006/0420/1142365537016.html A bright journey to atheism, or a road that ignores all the signs?], ''The Irish Times'', April 20, 2006. Retrieved July 24, 2007.</ref><ref>"...Rich Roberts... delivered a public lecture on his Bright journey from Science to Atheism in April 2006." [http://nireland.humanists.net/events.html Events listing] on the website of Humani, The Humanist Association of Northern Ireland, Retrieved July 24, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.belfast.humanists.net/roberts.htm Roberts versus God: No Contest], review of Roberts' talk ''A Bright Journey from Science to Atheism'', written by Les Reid, and published on the [http://www.belfast.humanists.net Belfast Humanist Group] website. Retrieved July 24, 2007.</ref> |
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* [[Carl Rogers]] (1902–1987): American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. Rogers is widely considered to be one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research and was honored for his pioneering research with the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions by the [[American Psychological Association]] in 1956.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521842709|author=Michael Martin|page=310|quote=Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including G. Stanley Hall, John B. Watson, Carl R. Rogers...}}</ref> |
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* [[Jason Rohrer]] (1977–): American computer programmer, writer, musician, and game designer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chain World Videogame Was Supposed to be a Religion—Not a Holy War|url=http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/07/mf_chainworld/|accessdate=23 July 2013|author=Jason Fagone|date=July 15, 2011|quote=Challenge organizer Zimmerman decided that this year’s theme would be Bigger Than Jesus: games as religion. (“My first thought was, oh my God, it couldn’t have been a more inappropriate topic for me to tackle,” Rohrer says. “I’m an atheist.”)}}</ref> |
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* [[Steven Rose]] (1938–): British Professor of [[Biology]] and [[Neurobiology]] at the [[Open University]] and [[University of London]], and author of several popular science books.<ref>"Have you ever broken one of the ten commandments? As an atheist from an early age, I can't readily remember them. But I expect I have." Lifeline: Steven Rose, ''Lancet'' Vol. 355 Issue 9213 p. 1472, April 22, 2000.</ref> |
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* [[Marshall Rosenbluth]] (1927–2003): American physicist, nicknamed "the Pope of Plasma Physics". He created the Metropolis algorithm in statistical mechanics, derived the Rosenbluth formula in high-energy physics, and laid the foundations for instability theory in plasma physics.<ref>I was Rosenbluth's last student, and collaborated with him on numerous research projects during and after my graduation. Near the end of his life, we more frequently discussed personal and political issues. On more than one occasion, he freely admitted to me that he was an atheist. Statement by J. Candy, 22 January 2009.</ref> |
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* [[Bertrand Russell]] (1872–1970): British [[philosopher]], [[logician]], [[mathematician]], [[historian]], writer, [[social critic]] and political activist. He is considered one of the founders of [[analytic philosophy]] along with his predecessor [[Gottlob Frege]], colleague [[G. E. Moore]], and his protégé [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. He is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians. With [[A. N. Whitehead]] he wrote [[Principia Mathematica]], an attempt to create a logical basis for [[mathematics]]. His philosophical essay "[[On Denoting]]" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy". His work has had a considerable influence on [[logic]], mathematics, [[set theory]], [[linguistics]], [[artificial intelligence]], [[cognitive science]], [[computer science]] (see [[type theory]] and [[type system]]), and [[philosophy]], especially the [[philosophy of language]], [[epistemology]], and [[metaphysics]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/russell8.htm |title = Am I An Atheist or an Agnostic? |last = Russell |first = Bertrand |year = 1947 |work = Encyclopedia of Things |accessdate= 6 July 2005 }}: "I never know whether I should say "Agnostic" or whether I should say "Atheist"... As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one prove (sic) that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think I ought to say that I am an Atheist..."</ref> |
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* [[Oliver Sacks]] (1933–2015): United States-based British neurologist, who has written popular books about his patients, the most famous of which is ''[[Awakenings]]''.<ref>[[Charlie Rose]], interviewing Oliver Sacks, asked him whether he believed in God. Sacks replied, "I can't imagine what it meant.... No, I guess not." Originally aired on ''[[Charlie Rose (TV series)|Charlie Rose]]'', 23 Feb. 1995; re-aired, in commemoration of Sacks' death, on 11 Sept. 2015.</ref><ref>"All of which makes the [[Jewish Quarterly-Wingate Literary Prize|Wingate Prize]] a matter of bemusement. "Yes, tell me," he says, frowning. "What is it, and why are they giving it to an old Jewish atheist who has unkind things to say about Zionism?" "Oliver Burkeman interviewing Sacks, 'Inside Story: Sacks appeal', ''The Guardian'', May 10, 2002, Features Pages, Pg. 4.</ref> |
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* [[Carl Sagan]] (1934–1996): American astronomer and astrochemist, a highly successful popularizer of astronomy, astrophysics, and other natural sciences, and pioneer of [[Astrobiology|exobiology]] and promoter of the [[SETI]]. Although Sagan has been identified as an atheist according to some definitions,<ref name="achenbach">{{cite news |
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|quote=By most definitions he would be called an atheist, but he hated the term. 'An atheist has to know a lot more than I know. An atheist is someone who knows there is no god. By some definitions atheism is very stupid.' |
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|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/18/AR2006041801870.html |
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|author=Achenbach, Joel |
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|title=Worlds Away |
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|work=Washington Post |
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|date=2006-04-23}} |
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</ref><ref>"...he was a confirmed atheist. 'I would lose my integrity if I accepted a belief system that did not stand up to sceptical scrutiny,' he said recently." Ian Katz, 'Sagan, Man Who Brought Cosmos to Earth, Dies', ''The Guardian'', December 21, 1996, Pg. 3.</ref><ref>"In the end, Sagan... died an uncompromising atheist." Robin Mckie, 'Beauty is... in the measurements', The Observer, August 24, 1997, Review Pages, Pg. 14.</ref> he rejected the label, stating "An atheist has to know a lot more than I know."<ref name="achenbach"/> He was an agnostic who,<ref>{{Cite journal |
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|author=Head, Tom |
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|title=Conversations with Carl |
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|journal=Skeptic |
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|volume=13 |
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|number=1 |
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|pages=32–38}} Excerpted in {{Cite book |
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|editor=Head, Tom |
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|year=2006 |
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|title=Conversations with Carl Sagan |
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|publisher=University of Mississippi Press |
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|ISBN=1-57806-736-7}}</ref> while maintaining that the idea of a creator of the universe was difficult to disprove,<ref>{{cite book |
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|title=[[The Demon Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark]] |
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|page=278 |
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|last=Sagan |
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|first=Carl |
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|year=1996 |
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|publisher=Ballantine Books |
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|location=New York |
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|isbn=0-345-40946-9}}</ref> nevertheless disbelieved in God's existence, pending sufficient evidence.<ref>"They rose (if prayers do rise) to the heaven Sagan had never seen in all his years of searching the sky, and were heard (if prayers are heard) by the God Sagan never called on... But he died in what amounted, for him, to a state of grace: resisting the one temptation to which almost everyone submits in the end, the temptation to believe... For most of the last decade of his life he engaged in a wide-ranging dialogue with religious leaders on the question...: does God exist? He argued the negative, although his formal position was agnostic, awaiting proof... 'You're so smart, why do you believe in God?' [Sagan] once exclaimed to [Rev. Joan Brown Campbell, general secretary of the National Council of Churches]... 'You're so smart, why don't you believe in God?' she answered... His friends prayed harder, but Sagan never wavered in his agnosticism. ¶ 'There was no deathbed conversion,' Druyan says. 'No appeals to God, no hope for an afterlife, no pretending that he and I, who had been inseparable for 20 years, were not saying goodbye forever.' ¶ Didn't he want to believe? she was asked. ¶ 'Carl never wanted to believe,' she replies fiercely. 'He wanted to know.'" "Unbeliever's Quest", by Jerry Adler, ''Newsweek'' (United States Edition), March 31, 1997, Pg. 64</ref> |
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*[[Meghnad Saha]] (1893–1956): Indian [[astrophysicist]] noted for his development in 1920 of the [[Thermal ionization|thermal ionization equation]], has remained fundamental in all work on [[Stellar atmosphere]]s. This equation has been widely applied to the interpretation of [[Astronomical spectroscopy|stellar spectra]], which are characteristic of the chemical composition of the light source. The [[Saha equation]] links the composition and appearance of the [[spectrum]] with the temperature of the light source and can thus be used to determine either the temperature of the star or the [[Natural abundance|relative abundance]] of the [[chemical elements]] investigated.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Meghnad_Saha_scientist_with_a_vision.html?id=S1G4AAAAIAAJ |title=Meghnad Saha, scientist with a vision|year=1984|publisher=National Book Trust, India|author1=Santimay Chatterjee |author2=Enakshi Chatterjee |accessdate=4 February 2017|page=5|quote=Even though he later came to be known as an atheist, Saha was well-versed in all religious texts— though his interest in them was purely academic.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nucleus and Nation: Scientists, International Networks, and Power in India|year=2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226019758|author=Robert S. Anderson|page=602|quote=a self-described atheist, saha loved swimming in the river and his devout wife loved the sanctity of the spot. swimming and walking were among the few things they could do together.}}</ref> |
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*[[Andrei Sakharov]] (1921–1989): [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Nuclear physics|nuclear]] [[physicist]], [[dissident]] and [[human rights]] activist. He gained renown as the designer of the Soviet Union's [[Third Idea]], a code name for Soviet development of [[Teller–Ulam design|thermonuclear weapons]]. Sakharov was an advocate of [[civil liberties]] and civil reforms in the Soviet Union. He was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1975. The [[Sakharov Prize]], which is awarded annually by the [[European Parliament]] for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms, is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite book|title=The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195156201|author1=Gennady Gorelik |author2=Antonina W. Bouis |page=356|quote=Apparently Sakharov did not need to delve any deeper into it for a long time, remaining a totally nonmilitant atheist with an open heart.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195156201|author1=Gennadiĭ Efimovich Gorelik |author2=Antonina W. Bouis |page=158|quote=Sakharov was not invited to this seminar. Like most of the physicists of his generation, he was an atheist.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence, Homicide, and War|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199738403|editor1=Todd K. Shackelford |editor2=Viviana A. Weekes-Shackelford |page=465|quote=The Soviet dissident most responsible for defeating communism, Andrei Sakharov, was an atheist.}}</ref> |
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* [[Robert Sapolsky]] (1957–): American professor of [[biology]], [[neurology]]. and [[neurobiology]] at [[Stanford University]].<ref>Dan Barker: "When we invited Robert Sapolsky to speak at one of out national conventions to receive our 'Emperor Has No Clothes Award', Robert wrote to me, 'Sure! Get the local Holiday Inn to put up a sign that says Welcome, Hell-bound Atheists!' [...] So, welcome you hell-bound atheist to Freethought Radio, Robert." Sapolsky: "Well, delighted to be among my kindred souls." [...] Annie Laurie Gaylor: So how long have you been a kindred non-soul, what made you an atheist Robert?" Sapolsky: "Oh, I was about fourteen or so... I was brought up very very religiously, orthodox Jewish background and major-league rituals and that sort of thing [...] and something happened when I was fourteen, and no doubt what it was really about was my gonads or who knows what, but over the course of a couple of weeks there was some sort of introspective whatever, where I suddenly decided this was all gibberish. And, among other things, also deciding there's no free will, but not in a remotely religious context, and deciding all of this was nonsense, and within a two week period all of that belief stuff simply evaporated." [http://media.libsyn.com/media/ffrf/FTradio_41_020307.mp3 Freethought Radio podcast (mp3)], February 3, 2007 (accessed April 22, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[Wallace L. W. Sargent]] (1935–2012): American astronomer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wallace Sargent|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/405/000172886/|publisher=NNDB.com|accessdate=17 July 2012}}</ref> |
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* [[Mahendralal Sarkar]] (1833–1904): Indian physician and academic.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Radical humanist, Volume 37|year=1973|publisher=Radical Humanist|editor=Manabendra Nath Roy<!--|accessdate=10 July 2012-->|page=18|quote=It cannot be said that Dr. Sarkar was a confirmed atheist.}}</ref> |
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* [[Marcus du Sautoy]] (1965–): mathematician and holder of the [[Charles Simonyi]] Chair for the Public Understanding of Science.<ref> |
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{{cite news |
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|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/audio/2008/oct/28/marcus-du-sautoy-richard-dawkins |
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|title=Science Extra: Marcus du Sautoy steps into Dawkins' boots |
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|last=du Sautoy |
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|first=Marcus |
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|date=2008-10-28 |
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|publisher=The Guardian |
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|location=London}} |
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</ref> |
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* [[Hans Joachim Schellnhuber]] (1950–): German theoretical physicist and founding director of the [[Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research]] (PIK) and chair of the [[Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveränderungen|German Advisory Council on Global Change]] (WBGU).<ref>http://www.churchmilitant.com/news/article/breaking-schellnhuber-appointed-to-pontifical-academy-of-sciences</ref><ref>http://www.investors.com/politics/editorials/pope-francis-science-advisor-is-an-atheist/</ref> |
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* [[Joseph Schlessinger]] (1945–): Yugoslav-born Israeli-American [[biochemist]] and [[biophysicist]] whose work has led to an understanding of the mechanism of transmembrane signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases and how the resulting signals control cell growth and differentiation.<ref>http://www.jutarnji.hr/joseph-schlessinger--borio-sam-se-za-izrael--izumio-sutent--sad-mogu-natrag-u-svoju-hrvatsku/309456/</ref> |
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*[[Erwin Schrödinger]] (1887–1961): Austrian-Irish physicist and theoretical biologist. A pioneer of quantum mechanics and winner of the 1933 [[Nobel Prize for Physics]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Life of Erwin Schrödinger|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521469340|pages=289–290|author=Walter J. Moore|quote=In one respect, however, he is not a romantic: he does not idealize the person of the beloved, his highest praise is to consider her his equal. "When you feel your own equal in the body of a beautiful woman, just as ready to forget the world for you as you for her – oh my good Lord – who can describe what happiness then. You can live it, now and again – you cannot speak of it." Of course, he does speak of it, and almost always with religious imagery. Yet at this time he also wrote, "By the way, I never realized that to be nonbelieving, to be an atheist, was a thing to be proud of. It went without saying as it were." And in another place at about this same time: "Our creed is indeed a queer creed. You others, Christians (and similar people), consider our ethics much inferior, indeed abominable. There is that little difference. We adhere to ours in practice, you don't." Whatever problems they may have had in their love affair, the pangs of conscience were not among them. Sheila was as much an unbeliever as Erwin, but in a less complex, more realistic way. She was never entirely convinced by his vedantic theology.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Spooky Physics|publisher=MSAC Philosophy Group|isbn=9781565430808|author=Andrea Diem-Lane|page=42|quote=In terms of religion, Schrodinger fits in the atheist camp. He even lost a marriage proposal to his love, Felicie Krauss, not only due to his social status but his lack of religious affiliation. He was known as a freethinker who did not believe in god. But interestingly Schrodinger had a deep connection to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Eastern philosophy in general. Erwin studied numerous books on Eastern thought as well as the Hindu scriptures. He was enthralled with Vedanta thought and connected ideas of oneness and unity of mind with his research on quantum physics, specifically wave mechanics.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title= A Life of Erwin Schrödinger|first= Walter|last= Moore|year= 1994 | publisher = Cambridge University Press|quote=Schopenhauer often called himself an atheist, as did Schrodinger, and if Buddhism and Vedanta can be truly described as atheistic religions, both the philosopher and his scientific disciple were indeed atheists. They both rejected the idea of a "personal God," and Schopenhauer thought that "pantheism is only a euphemism for atheism."|isbn=978-0-521-46934-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Walter|title=Schrödinger: Life and Thought|year=1989|isbn=0-521-43767-9|quote=He rejected traditional religious beliefs (Jewish, Christian, and Islamic) not on the basis of any reasoned argument, nor even with an expression of emotional antipathy, for he loved to use religious expressions and metaphors, but simply by saying that they are naive.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Schrödinger: Life and Thought|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521437677|author=Walter J. Moore|page=4|quote=He claimed to be an atheist, but he always used religious symbolism and believed his scientific work was an approach to the godhead.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Erwin Schrodinger|url=http://www.norskfysikk.no/nfs/old/epsbiografer/SCHROD~1.PDF|accessdate=22 June 2012|quote=He claimed to be an atheist, but he used religious symbolism and believed that his scientific work was 'an approach to God'.}}</ref> |
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* [[Laurent Schwartz]] (1915–2002): French mathematician, awarded the [[Fields medal]] for his work on [[Distribution (mathematics)|distributions]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Mathematician Grappling With His Century|year=2001|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783764360528|author=Laurent Schwartz|page=193|quote=My parents were atheists, I was an atheist, I never really felt Jewish.}}</ref> |
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* [[Dennis W. Sciama]] (1926–1999): British physicist who played a major role in developing British physics after the Second World War. His most significant work was in general relativity, with and without quantum theory, and black holes. He helped revitalize the classical relativistic alternative to general relativity known as [[Einstein-Cartan gravity]]. He is considered one of the fathers of modern cosmology.<ref>http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiogmem/56/401.full.pdf</ref> |
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* [[Nadrian Seeman]] (1945–): American [[Nanotechnology|nanotechnologist]] and [[crystallography|crystallographer]] known for inventing the field of [[DNA nanotechnology]].<ref>http://www.kavliprize.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2016. "At about the time I got to high school, I lost whatever faith I might have had, and I've been an atheist ever since."</ref> |
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* [[Claude Elwood Shannon|Claude Shannon]] (1916–2001): American electrical engineer and mathematician, has been called "the father of information theory", and was the founder of practical digital circuit design theory.<ref>"Shannon described himself as an atheist and was outwardly apolitical." William Poundstone, ''Fortune's Formula'', Hill and Wang: New York (2005), page 18.</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=f4PNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA329&lpg=PA329&dq=Claude+Shannon+atheist&source=bl&ots=eo6GuJmy1E&sig=dI1BQPk_2o0a72DKjt7ustli6w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRh8ic04DNAhVFOSYKHbJgA5I4ChDoAQgiMAE#v=onepage&q=Claude%20Shannon%20atheist&f=false</ref> |
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* [[Dan Shechtman]] (1941): Israeli physicist and the Philip Tobias Professor of Materials Science at the Technion – [[Israel Institute of Technology]], an Associate of the US Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory, and Professor of Materials Science at [[Iowa State University]]. He was awarded the 2011 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for the discovery of [[quasicrystals]].<ref>Jha, Alok. “Dan Shechtman: 'Linus Pauling said I was talking nonsense'.” Rational heroes, Guardian News and Media, 5 Jan. 2013, www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jan/06/dan-shechtman-nobel-prize-chemistry-interview. "Do you believe in a god? No."</ref> |
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* [[Edwin Shneidman]] (1918–2009): American [[Suicide|suicidologist]] and [[Thanatology|thanatologist]].<ref>"The other day Vernette said he [Shneidman] was blessed. True enough, he thought, but not quite right, not ''blessed''. On a napkin on the TV tray he scribbled down the Greek prefix, ''eu'', for good, and then through association and sound, fell upon ''doria''... this would be the word for his good fortune. ''Eudoria''... gratitude without an object, no one to credit, no one to thank. No Jesus, no Yahweh, Muhammad, Vishnu or Buddha. Because he believes life isn't contingent upon god or upon prayers. There is no heaven, no hell. Happiness lies in te here and now and the satisfaction of living a good life without religion or myth to guide you." [http://www.latimes.com/news/la-me-dying28-2009feb28,0,1937087.story?page=2 Waiting for death, alone and unafraid], Thomas Curwen, ''Los Angeles Times'', 28 February 2009 (Accessed 18 May 2009)</ref> |
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* [[William Shockley]] (1910–1989): American physicist and inventor. Along with [[John Bardeen]] and [[Walter Houser Brattain]], Shockley co-invented the [[transistor]], for which all three were awarded the 1956 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230551923|author=Joel N. Shurkin|page=133|quote=He considered himself an atheist and never went to church.}}</ref> |
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* [[William James Sidis]] (1898–1944): American mathematician, cosmologist, inventor, linguist, historian and child prodigy.<ref name="Doug Renselle">{{cite web|title=A Review of Amy Wallace's The Prodigy|url=http://www.quantonics.com/The_Prodigy_Review.html|publisher=Quantonics, Inc.|accessdate=20 June 2012|author=Doug Renselle|quote=Rabid atheist by age six. (His father, Boris, was too, but intensely studied great religious works.)}}</ref> |
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* [[Boris Sidis]] (1867–1923): Russian American psychologist, physician, psychiatrist, and philosopher of education. Sidis founded the New York State Psychopathic Institute and the [[Journal of Abnormal Psychology]]. He was the father of child prodigy William James Sidis.<ref name="Doug Renselle"/> |
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* [[Herbert A. Simon]] (1916–2001): American Nobel laureate, was a political scientist, economist, sociologist, psychologist, computer scientist, and Richard King Mellon Professor—most notably at Carnegie Mellon University—whose research ranged across the fields of cognitive psychology, cognitive science, computer science, public administration, economics, management, philosophy of science, sociology, and political science, unified by studies of decision-making. .<ref>{{cite book|title=Herbert A. Simon: The Bounds of Reason in Modern America|year=2005|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=9780801880254|page=22|author=Hunter Crowther-Heyck|quote=His secular, scientific values came well before he was old enough to make such calculating career decisions. For example, while still in middle school, Simon wrote a letter to the editor of the Milwaukee Journal defending the civil liberties of atheists, and by high school he was "certain" that he was "religiously an atheist," a conviction that never wavered.}}</ref> |
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* [[Clive Sinclair|Sir Clive Sinclair]] (1940-): English entrepreneur and inventor, most commonly known for his work in [[consumer electronics]] in the late 1970s and early 1980s and the invention of the world's first 'slim-line' electronic pocket calculator .<ref>"Oh God no," says Sir Clive Sinclair. "I was once asked [to be a godparent] and I said I can't, I'm an atheist. Actually I think I did have a couple, once, but I can't say I looked after them. Sort of lost them, or forgot about them." [[Rosie Millard]], 'Godparenthood that rests on fame, not faith', ''[[The Independent]]'' (London), February 28, 1998, Page 15.</ref> |
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* [[B. F. Skinner]] (1904–1990): American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher. Skinner developed a philosophy of science that he called [[radical behaviorism]], and founded a school of experimental research psychology—the [[experimental analysis of behavior]]. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at [[Harvard University]] from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.<ref>"Within a year I had gone to Miss Graves to tell her that I no longer believed in God. 'I know,' she said, 'I have been through that myself.' But her strategy misfired: I never went through it." B.F. Skinner, pp. 387–413, E.G. Boring and G. Lindzey's ''A History of Psychology in Autobiography'' (Vol. 5), New York: Appleton Century-Crofts, 1967.</ref> |
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* [[Stephen Smale]] (1930–): American mathematician.<ref>{{cite book|title=Steven Smale: The Mathematician Who Broke the Dimension Barrier|year=2007|publisher=American Mathematical Soc.|isbn=9780821826966|author=Steve Batterson|page=11|quote=Jack and Norm were religious individuals, whereas Steve was an atheist who had never been inside a church.}}</ref> |
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* [[Michael Smith (chemist)|Michael Smith]] (1932–2000): British-born Canadian [[biochemist]] and [[Nobel Laureate]] in [[Chemistry]] in 1993.<ref>Smith, Michael. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/smith-autobio.html Michael Smith: Autobiography]. [[Nobel Prize]].org. Retrieved February 3, 2007.</ref> |
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* [[John Maynard Smith]] (1920–2004): British theoretical evolutionary biologist and geneticist. Maynard Smith was instrumental in the application of game theory to evolution and theorised on other problems such as the evolution of sex and signalling theory.<ref>British Humanist Society, "John Maynard Smith talking to Humanist News in Autumn 2001," from the obituary "John Maynard Smith (1920–2004)," Humanism.org.uk (2004). Retrieved July 31, 2011.</ref> |
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* [[Oliver Smithies]] (1925–2017): British-born American [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize–winning]] geneticist and [[physical biochemist]]. He is known for introducing starch as a medium for [[gel electrophoresis]] in 1955 and for the discovery, simultaneously with [[Mario Capecchi]] and [[Martin Evans]], of the technique of [[homologous recombination]] of transgenic [[DNA]] with genomic DNA, a much more reliable method of altering animal genomes than previously used, and the technique behind [[gene targeting]] and [[knockout mice]].<ref name=UCLA_oral_history>{{cite web|url=http://ohhgp.pendari.com/files/980906a2_90b3_46a3_812a_90f4df5713b0.pdf |title=Oliver Smithies Interview: Session 1 |date=October 27, 2005 |work=UCLA Oral History of Human Genetics |quote="But that tells you about my religious affiliation, which is not very strong, and I must say I’m not even an agnostic. I’m just an atheist in real life."}}</ref> |
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* [[Lee Smolin]] (1955–): American theoretical physicist, a researcher at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, and an adjunct professor of physics at the [[University of Waterloo]].<ref>"Another aspect of this is that a scientific cosmology can contain no residue of the idea that the world was constructed by some being who is not a part of it. As the creatures who makes things, it is our most natural impulse to ask: When we come upon something beautifully or intricately structured, who made it? We must learn to give up this impulse if we are to do scientific cosmology. As there can, by definition, be nothing outside the universe, a scientific cosmology must be based on a conception that the universe made itself." Lee Smolin, [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/mysteries/html/uns_smolin-1.html What is the Future of Cosmology?], ''pbs.org''.</ref> |
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*[[George Smoot]] (1945–): American [[astrophysics|astrophysicist]] and [[cosmology|cosmologist]] who won the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 2006 for his work on the [[Cosmic Background Explorer]] with [[John C. Mather]] that led to the measurement "of the [[black body]] form and [[anisotropy]] of the [[cosmic microwave background radiation]].<ref>Lutzer, Erwin W. 7 reasons why you can trust the Bible. Chicago, IL: Moody Publishers, 2015. Print. "George Smoot, a committed atheist.."</ref> |
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* [[Alan Sokal]] (1955–): American professor of physics at [[New York University]] and professor of mathematics at [[University College London]]. To the general public he is best known for his criticism of [[postmodernism]], resulting in the [[Sokal affair]] in 1996.<ref>"Biblical scholar Jacques Berlinerblau points out, in an interesting recent book, ''The Secular Bible: Why Nonbelievers Must Take Religion Seriously'' (2005), that most contemporary atheists and agnostics — myself included, I must confess — are astoundingly ignorant of the details of the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and the Qur'an (not to mention the Bhagavad Gita and the Tripitaka, one could add). ... When all is said and done, I see no reason to amend my judgment that the existence of the Jewish, Christian, Islamic or Hindu gods is about as plausible, given the currently available evidence, as the existence of Zeus or Thor." — Alan Sokal, ''Beyond the Hoax: Science, Philosophy and Culture'' (2008).</ref> |
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* [[Robert Spitzer (psychiatrist)|Robert Spitzer]] (1932–2015): American psychiatrist, Professor of Psychiatry at [[Columbia University]], a major architect of the modern classification of mental disorders.<ref>"Dr Spitzer has said repeatedly that as an "atheist Jew" his only interest in the issue is scientific truth, adding that an orthodoxy which forbids acknowledgement of the possibility of change is as flawed as that which labels homosexuality an act of will and morally wrong." Charles Laurence, 'Going straight', Sunday Telegraph, October 12, 2003, Pg. 19.</ref> |
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* [[Richard Stallman]] (1953–): American [[software freedom]] [[activist]], [[Hacker (programmer subculture)|hacker]], and [[software developer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stallman.org/extra/personal.html |title=Stallman's former personal ad |publisher=Stallman.org |accessdate=2012-06-03}}</ref> |
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* [[Jack Steinberger]] (1921–): [[Germany|German]]-American-[[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[physicist]] and [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Laureate]] in 1988, co-discoverer of the [[muon neutrino]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists|year=2006|publisher=Imperial College Press|isbn=9781860948855|page=749|author=Istva ́n Hargittai, Magdolna Hargittai|quote=Jack Steinberger: "I'm now a bit anti-Jewish since my last visit to the synagogue, but my atheism does not necessarily reject religion."}}</ref> |
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* [[Hugo Steinhaus]] (1887–1972): Polish mathematician and educator.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mathematical Apocrypha: Stories and Anecdotes of Mathematicians and the Mathematical|date=2002|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|isbn=9780883855393|page=202|author=Steven G. Krantz|quote=...Steinhaus answered that, "God is always present." It should be noted that Steinhaus was an outspoken atheist.}}</ref> |
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* [[Victor J. Stenger]] (1935–2014): American physicist, emeritus professor of [[Physics]] and [[Astronomy]] at the [[University of Hawaii]] and adjunct professor of [[Philosophy]] at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]]. Author of the book ''[[God: The Failed Hypothesis]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/1591024811 |title=God: The Failed Hypothesis: How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist (9781591024811): Victor J. Stenger: Books |publisher=Amazon.com |accessdate=2012-06-03}}</ref><ref>[http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Godless/Summary.htm ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424091429/http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Godless/Summary.htm |date=April 24, 2008 }}</ref> |
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* [[Jack Suchet]] (1908–2001): South African born British [[obstetrician]], [[gynaecologist]] and [[venereologist]], who carried out research on the use of penicillin in the treatment of venereal disease with [[Sir Alexander Fleming]].<ref>"Suchet's father Jack, an atheist and eminent surgeon, emigrated from South Africa to England in the 1930s and never spoke about his family's past." '[http://ukpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5isRTqFBwJEAhATqBTveUSAtYBXzw Suchet traces Russian Jewish roots]', The Press Association, 9 September 2008 (accessed 9 September 2008).{{dead link|date=November 2012|bot=Legobot}}</ref> |
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* [[Eleazar Sukenik]] (1889–1953): Israeli archaeologist and professor of Hebrew University in Jerusalem, undertaking excavations in Jerusalem, and recognising the importance of the Dead Sea Scrolls to Israel.<ref>"I read a few sentences. It was written in beautiful Biblical Hebrew. The language was like that of the Psalms.' One of these was the Isaiah scroll, which I saw recently in the Rockefeller Museum in East Jerusalem: sections of goat-skin parchment, sewn together, 27 feet long. I felt in the presence of something numinous, although I have been a convinced atheist since boyhood. But this document is a testament to the inexplicable persistence of the human mind, in the face of all the evidence, in believing that we are on earth for a divine purpose." Eleazar Sukenik, quoted in Justin Cartwright, 'The indestructible power of belief', ''The Guardian'', May 27, 2000, Saturday Pages, Pg. 3.</ref> |
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* [[John Sulston]] (1942–): British biologist. He is a joint winner of the 2002 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Sulston|first=John|title=Another 50 Renowned Academics Speaking About God|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Gt4WSK_NlQ&feature=fvwrel|accessdate=8 April 2012|quote=I believe atheism makes coherent sense.}}</ref> |
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* [[Leonard Susskind]] (1940–): American [[theoretical physicist]]; a founding father of [[superstring theory]] and professor of [[theoretical physics]] at [[Stanford University]].<ref>In a review of Susskind's book ''The Cosmic Landscape: String Theory and the Illusion of Intelligent Design'', Michael Duff writes that Susskind is "a card-carrying atheist." [http://physicsweb.org/articles/review/18/12/3 Life in a landscape of possibilities], December 2005. Retrieved May 30, 2007.</ref> |
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* [[Dick Swaab]] (1944–): [[Dutch people|Dutch]] physician and neurobiologist who is a famous [[brain]] researcher. He is a professor of [[neurobiology]] at the [[University of Amsterdam]] and was until 2005 Director of the Netherlands Institute for Brain Research of the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.positief-atheisme.nl/god_bestaat_niet_1.htm|publisher=Positief Atheïsme|title= God bestaat niet|date=2005-06-07|accessdate=2008-05-22|language=Dutch |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080511223956/http://www.positief-atheisme.nl/god_bestaat_niet_1.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-05-11}}“Blasphemy is also a pleasant way of living.”</ref> |
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* [[Aaron Swartz]] (1986–2012): American computer programmer, writer, political organizer and [[Hacktivism|Internet activist]]. Swartz was involved in the development of the [[web feed]] format [[RSS]], the organization [[Creative Commons]], the website framework web.py and the social news site [[Reddit]], in which he was an equal partner after its merger with his Infogami company.<ref>{{cite web|title='Repairing the world' was Aaron Swartz’s calling|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/repairing-the-world-was-aaron-swartz-s-calling.premium-1.509494|publisher=Haaretz|accessdate=23 March 2013|author=Dina Kraft|date=Mar 14, 2013|quote=And although the young technologist and activist grew up to call himself an atheist, the values he grew up with appeared foundational.}}</ref> |
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* [[Raymond Tallis]] (1946–): Leading British [[gerontologist]], philosopher, poet, novelist and cultural critic.<ref>"He is a passionate atheist who hates materialistic interpretations of our minds." Interview: Raymond Tallis, [http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1762901,00.html The ardent atheist], ''Guardian Review'', April 29, 2006 (accessed April 14, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[Igor Tamm]] (1895–1971): Soviet physicist who received the 1958 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], jointly with [[Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov]] and [[Ilya Frank]], for their 1934 discovery of [[Cherenkov radiation]].<ref>{{cite book|title=About Science, Myself and Others|year=2005|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780750309929|author=Vitaliĭ Lazarevich Ginzburg|page=253|quote=Nowadays, when we are facing manifestations of religious and. more often, pseudoreligious feelings, it is appropriate to mention that Igor Evgenevich was a convinced and unreserved atheist.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2811465 |title=Reminiscences about I.E. Tamm|year=1987|publisher=Nauka|page=82|author=Евгений Львович Фейнберг|accessdate=4 February 2017|quote=Tamm's circumspect humorous reply: "Generally speaking, I am an atheist but may I give the answer next time?"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Physicists: Epoch and Personalities|year=2011|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789812834164|edition=2|author1=Evgeniĭ Lʹvovich Feĭnberg |author2=A. V. Leonidov |page=86}}</ref> |
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*[[Arthur Tansley]] (1871–1955): English [[botanist]] who was a pioneer in the science of [[ecology]].<ref>"They became correspondents and, surprisingly since Tansley was an avowed atheist, friends." – Peter G. Ayres, ''Shaping Ecology: The Life of Arthur Tansley'', page 139.</ref> |
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*[[Alfred Tarski]] (1901–1983): [[Poles|Polish]] [[logic]]ian, [[mathematician]] and [[philosophy|philosopher]], a prolific author best known for his work on [[model theory]], [[metamathematics]], and [[algebraic logic]].<ref>"Most of the Socialist Party members were also in favor of assimilation, and Tarski's political allegiance was socialist at the time. So, along with its being a practical move, becoming more Polish than Jewish was an ideological statement and was approved by many, though not all, of his colleagues. As to why Tarski, a professed atheist, converted, that just came with the territory and was part of the package: if you were going to be Polish then you had to say you were Catholic." Anita Burdman Feferman, Solomon Feferman, ''Alfred Tarski: Life and Logic'' (2004), page 39.</ref> |
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*[[Kip Thorne]] (1940–): American theoretical physicist, known for his contributions in [[gravitational physics]] and [[astrophysics]] and also for the popular science book, [[Black Holes and Time Warps]]: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Rory Carroll|title=Kip Thorne: physicist studying time travel tapped for Hollywood film|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jun/21/kip-thorne-time-travel-scientist-film|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|accessdate=30 October 2014|date=21 June 2013|quote=Thorne grew up in an academic, Mormon family in Utah but is now an atheist. "There are large numbers of my finest colleagues who are quite devout and believe in God, ranging from an abstract humanist God to a very concrete Catholic or Mormon God. There is no fundamental incompatibility between science and religion. I happen to not believe in God."}}</ref> |
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*[[Nikolaas Tinbergen]] (1907–1988): Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] with [[Karl von Frisch]] and [[Konrad Lorenz]] for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns in animals.<ref>{{cite book|title=Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose|year=2010|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-06848-1|pages=21–22|author=Deirdre Barrett|quote=Tinbergen had never been a religious man. Wartime atrocities, however, had highlighted the absence of a deity for him while both sides invoked one aligned with themselves, and this turned him into a militant atheist.}}</ref> |
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* [[Gherman Titov]] (1935–2000): [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[astronaut|cosmonaut]] and the second human to orbit the Earth.<ref>"Some say God is living there [in space]. I was looking around very attentively, but I did not see anyone there. I did not detect either angels or gods. ... I don't believe in God. I believe in man-his strength, his possibilities, his reason." Gherman Titov, comments made at World Fair, Seattle, Washington, May 6, 1962, reported in ''The Seattle Daily Times'', May 7, 1962, p. 2.</ref> |
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* [[Linus Torvalds]] (1969–): [[Finland|Finnish]] [[software engineer]], creator of the [[Linux kernel]].<ref>"[I am] completely a-religious—atheist. I find that people seem to think religion brings morals and appreciation of nature. I actually think it detracts from both." [http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/3655/print Interview: Linus Torvalds] in ''Linux Journal'' November 1, 1999. Retrieved January 18, 2007.</ref> |
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* [[Alan Turing]] (1912–1954): [[England|English]] [[mathematician]], [[logician]], and [[List of cryptographers#World War I and World War II wartime cryptographers|cryptologist]]; often considered to be the father of modern [[computer science]]. The [[Turing Award]], often recognized as the "[[Nobel Prize]] of computing", is named after him.<ref>"This loss shattered Turing's religious faith and led him into atheism..." [http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html ''Time 100'' profile of Alan Turing], p. 2</ref><ref>"He was an atheist..." [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/330480.stm Alan Turing: Father of the computer], BBC News, April 28, 1999. Retrieved June 11, 2007.</ref> |
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* [[Matthew Turner]] (died ca. 1789): chemist, surgeon, teacher and radical theologian, author of the first published work of avowed atheism in Britain (1782).<ref>"In religion he was raised as a theist, but in 1782, in an Answer to Dr. Priestley, on the Existence of God, a response to Priestley's Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever, he described himself as a freethinker (p. 5). This work, first published under the pseudonym William Hammon, was subsequently republished by Richard Carlile in 1826. In the pamphlet Turner declared that he was an atheist, though he did admit that the 'vis naturae', gravity, and matter's elasticity and repulsive powers demonstrated that the universe was permeated by 'a principle of intelligence and design' (ibid., 17). Despite the 'perpetual industry' of nature, he denied that this intelligence entailed that philosophers needed to posit the existence of a deity extraneous to the material world." E. I. Carlyle, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27855 'Turner, Matthew (d. 1789?)'], rev. Kevin C. Knox, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 (accessed May 2, 2008).</ref><ref>Text of [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14120 Answer to Dr. Priestley's Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever] at Project Guttenberg.</ref> |
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* [[Harold Urey]] (1893–1981): American [[physical chemist]] whose pioneering work on [[isotope]]s earned him the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1934. He played a significant role in the development of the [[Nuclear weapon|atom bomb]], but may be most prominent for his contribution to theories on the [[Miller–Urey experiment|development of organic life from non-living matter]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Creation-evolution Controversy (implications, Methodology and Survey of Evidence): Toward a Rational Solution|year=1976|publisher=Wysong Institute|isbn=9780918112026|author=R. L. Wysong|page=75|chapter=5: Origin of Proteins|quote=Recently, at a seminar, Harold Urey, the noted scientist who won a Nobel prize for his experiments on the origin of life.... ...Dr. Urey, a somewhat outspoken confirmed atheist and evolutionist, answered:...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Harold C. Urey|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/873/000092597/|publisher=NNDB.com|accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref> |
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* [[Nikolai Vavilov]] (1887–1943): Russian and Soviet botanist and geneticist best known for having identified the centres of origin of cultivated plants. He devoted his life to the study and improvement of wheat, corn, and other cereal crops that sustain the global population.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Murder of Nikolai Vavilov: The Story of Stalin's Persecution of One of the Great Scientists of the Twentieth Century|year=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-6498-3|author=Peter Pringle|page=137|quote=Despite his strict upbringing in the Orthodox Church, Vavilov had been an atheist from an early age. If he worshipped anything, it was science.}}</ref> |
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* [[J. Craig Venter]] (1946–): American [[biologist]] and [[entrepreneur]], one of the first researchers to sequence the [[human genome]], and in 2010 the first to create a cell with a synthetic genome.<ref>[[Steve Kroft]] asked Venter on [[CBS]]' ''[[Sixty Minutes]]'', 21 November 2010: "Do you believe in God?" Venter replied, "No. The universe is far more wonderful."</ref> |
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* [[Vladimir Vernadsky]] (1863–1945): Ukrainian and Soviet [[mineralogist]] and [[geochemist]] who is considered one of the founders of [[geochemistry]], [[biogeochemistry]], and of [[radiogeology]]. His ideas of [[noosphere]] were an important contribution to Russian cosmism.<ref>{{cite book|title=What Is Life?|year=2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22021-8|author=Lynn Margulis|author2=Dorion Sagan|page=170|quote=Both the French paleontologist-priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and the Russian atheist Vladimir Vernadsky agreed that Earth is developing a global mind.}}</ref> |
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* [[Karl Vogt]] (1817–1895): German scientist, philosopher and politician who emigrated to [[Switzerland]]. Vogt published a number of notable works on [[zoology]], [[geology]] and [[physiology]].<ref>Spencer, Nick. Atheists: the Origin of the Species. London: Bloomsbury, 2014. Print.</ref> |
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* [[Jimmy Wales]] (born 1966): American internet entrepreneur and co-founder and promoter of [[Wikipedia]] and [[Wikia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jimmy Wales|url=http://bigthink.com/videos/what-do-you-believe-25|work=What do you believe?|publisher=[[Big Think]] Media|accessdate=November 27, 2011|date=August 10, 2007|quote=I'm a complete non-believer.}}</ref> |
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* [[William Grey Walter|W. Grey Walter]] (1910–1977): American [[neurophysiologist]] famous for his work on [[Neural oscillation|brain waves]], and [[robotician]].<ref>"A firm atheist, he was interested in, though unconvinced by, the paranormal, and also did research on hypnosis." Ray Cooper, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38104 'Walter, (William) Grey (1910–1977)'], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, May 2007 (accessed May 2, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[Kevin Warwick]] (1954–): British engineer and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research) at [[Coventry University]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. He is known for his studies on [[direct neural interface|direct interfaces]] between computer systems and the human [[nervous system]], and has also done research concerning robotics.<ref>http://sola-scriptura.ca/2012/07/kevin-warwick-becoming-a-cyborg-by-david-herbert/ " Dr. Warwick is a true transhumanist. As an atheist..."</ref> |
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* [[John B. Watson]] (1878–1958): [[United States|American]] [[psychology|psychologist]] who established the [[List of psychological schools|psychological school]] of [[behaviorism]].<ref name="Buckley, Kerry W. 1989">Buckley, Kerry W. ''Mechanical Man: John Broadus Watson and the Beginnings of Behaviorism.'' Guilford Press, 1989.</ref><ref>Gregory A. Kimble, Michael Wertheimer, Charlotte White. [https://books.google.com.br/books?id=Yb_eAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175&dq=john+b+watson+atheist&source=bl&ots=nwppjQ82jb&sig=0lxPd6QqDR6yVF2_DVNUlGMnNr4&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBmoVChMIl5Sk9K6VxwIVxReQCh3Hqws_#v=onepage&q=john%20b%20watson%20atheist&f=false Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology]. Psychology Press, 2013, p. 175. "Watson's outspoken atheism repelled many in Greensville."</ref><ref>Michael Martin. [https://books.google.com.br/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA310&lpg=PA310&dq=Among+celebrity+atheists+with+much+biographical+data,+we+find+leading&source=bl&ots=KiseBdqX5V&sig=kBsqxoChteFR9E0LeXmvhkPkaYA&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIzcver-v8xgIVAZOQCh1F4Q4m#v=onepage&q=Among%20celebrity%20atheists%20with%20much%20biographical%20data%2C%20we%20find%20leading&f=false The Cambridge Companion to Atheism]. Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 310. "Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including (...) John B. Watson (...)"</ref> |
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* [[James D. Watson]] (1928–): [[Molecular biologist]], [[physiologist]], [[zoologist]], [[geneticist]], [[Nobel laureate|Nobel-laureate]], and co-discover of the structure of [[DNA]].<ref>Watson is identified as an atheist by his acquaintance, Rabbi Marc Gellman. ''[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12498143/site/newsweek/ Trying to Understand Angry Atheists: Why do nonbelievers seem to be threatened by the idea of God?]'', by Rabbi Marc Gellman, ''Newsweek'', April 28, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vindy.com/local_news/279051929445300.php |title=Nobel Prize-winning scientist wows some, worries others |publisher=The Vindicator |author=JoAnne Viviano |date=October 19, 2007 |accessdate=2007-10-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628114544/http://www.vindy.com/local_news/279051929445300.php |archivedate=June 28, 2006 }}</ref> |
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* [[Joseph Weber]] (1919–2000): American physicist, who gave the earliest public lecture on the principles behind the [[laser]] and the [[maser]], and developed the first [[gravitational wave]] detectors ([[Weber bar]]s).<ref>"We typically never squabbled very much. If we disagreed, it was about scientific issues. He didn't believe the observational evidence for the cosmological constant, and I think it's highly probable. He was raised as an Orthodox Jew and we both attended Temple Beth Emet in Anaheim. He was actually an atheist, who wanted to maintain Jewish traditions. It was another thing we didn't have to disagree about. We both agreed that modern cosmology provided a better picture of the early universe than does the book of Genesis." Virginia Trimble, Weber's wife, quoted in ''Physics and Society'', Vol. 30 No. 4, p.24-25.</ref> |
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* [[Steven Weinberg]] (1933–): American [[theoretical physicist]]. He won the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1979 for the unification of [[electromagnetism]] and the [[weak force]] into the [[electroweak force]].<ref>Azpurua: "Would it be accurate to say that you are an atheist?" Weinberg: "Yes. I don't believe in God, but I don't make a religion out of not believing in God. I don't organize my life around that." [http://www.newsweek.com/id/128877/page/1 In Search of the God Particle], by Ana Elena Azpurua, ''Newsweek'' Web Exclusive, March 24, 2008, p. 3 (Accessed March 25, 2008)</ref><ref>In a review of Susskind's book The Cosmic Landscape: String Theory and the Illusion of Intelligent Design, string theorist [[Michael Duff (physicist)|Michael Duff]] identifies Steven Weinberg as an "arch-atheist".[http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/18/12/8]</ref><ref>In the book ''[[The God Delusion]]'', Richard Dawkins identifies Steven Weinberg as an atheist.[http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusion richarddawkins.net].</ref> |
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* [[Eric F. Wieschaus]] (1947–): American [[developmental biologist]] who was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] with [[Edward B. Lewis]] and [[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]] as co-recipients, for their work revealing the genetic control of embryonic development.<ref>http://dailyprincetonian.com/news/2007/04/nobel-winning-professor-tells-story-of-his-own-life-in-religion-science/ "Though Nobel prize winning molecular biology professor Eric Wieschaus is an atheist"</ref> |
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* [[Victor Weisskopf]] (1908–2002): Austrian-American [[theoretical physicist]], co-founder and board member of the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]].<ref>"...Victor Weisskopf, who describes himself as an atheist Viennese Jew...." Quoting from page 14 of The Prism of Science, by Edna Ullmann-Margalit, Springer, 1986.</ref> |
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*[[Frank Whittle]] (1907–1996): English [[aerospace engineer]], inventor, aviator and Royal Air Force officer. He is credited with independently inventing the [[turbojet]] engine (some years earlier than Germany's Dr. [[Hans von Ohain]]) and is regarded by many as the father of [[jet propulsion]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Jet: Frank Whittle and the Invention of the Jet Engine|year=2010|publisher=Eloy Gutierrez|isbn=9781907472008|author=John Golley|page=34|quote=Although he had occasionally cut Church Parade, he had once held very strong religious beliefs, but these had eroded to such an extent that he had come to regard himself as an atheist. "By degrees", he said "I was forced to the conclusion that my beliefs were inconsistent with scientific teaching. Once the seeds of doubt were sown the whole structure of my former religious beliefs rapidly collapsed, and I swung to the other extreme".}}</ref> |
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* [[Eugene Wigner]] (1902–1995): [[Hungary|Hungarian]] American [[theoretical physicist]] and [[mathematician]]. He received a share of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"; the other half of the award was shared between [[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]] and [[J. Hans D. Jensen]]. Wigner is important for having laid the foundation for the theory of [[symmetry in physics|symmetries]] in [[quantum mechanics]] as well as for his research into the structure of the [[atomic nucleus]]. It was Eugene Wigner who first identified [[Xe-135]] "poisoning" in nuclear reactors, and for this reason it is sometimes referred to as ''Wigner poisoning''. Wigner is also important for his work in pure mathematics, having authored a number of [[mathematical theorem|theorem]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner As Told to Andrew Szanton|year=1992|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780306443268|author1=Eugene Paul Wigner |author2=Andrew Szanton |editor=Andrew Szanton|pages=60–61|quote=Neither did I want to be a clergyman. I liked a good sermon. But religion tells people how to behave and that I could never do. Clergymen also had to assume and advocate the presence of God, and proofs of God's existence seemed to me quite unsatisfactory. People claimed that He had made our earth. Well, how had He made it? With an earth-making machine? Someone once asked Saint Augustine, "What did the Lord do before he created the world?" And Saint Augustine is said to have answered, "He created Hell for people who ask such questions." A retort perhaps made in jest, but I knew of none better. I saw that I could not know anything of God directly, that His presence was a matter of belief, I did not have that belief, and preaching without belief is repulsive. So I could not be a clergyman, however many people might gain salvation. And my parents never pressed the point.}}</ref> |
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*[[Ian Wilmut]] (1944–): English [[embryologist]] and is currently Director of the Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the [[University of Edinburgh]]. He is best known as the leader of the research group that in 1996 first cloned a mammal from an adult somatic cell, a Finnish Dorset lamb named [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Who's Afraid of Human Cloning?|year=1998|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-8782-4|author=Gregory E. Pence|page=9|quote=Ian Wilmut is a regular guy. ...Although not a believer in God himself, he believes in ethics.}}</ref> |
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* [[David Sloan Wilson]] (1949–): American [[evolutionary biologist]], son of [[Sloan Wilson]], proponent of [[multilevel selection]] theory and author of several popular books on evolution.<ref name="David Sloan Wilson">{{cite news |first=Natalie |last=Angier |title=The Origin of Religions, From a Distinctly Darwinian View |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/24/science/social/24CONV.html |work=New York Times |page=F5 |date=2002-12-24 |accessdate=2007-06-11 |quote=...I don't believe in God. I tell people I'm an atheist, but a nice atheist. |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071016083127/http://nytimes.com/2002/12/24/science/social/24CONV.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-10-16}}</ref> |
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* [[Lewis Wolpert]] [[CBE]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] British [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature|FRSL]] (1929–): [[Developmental biology|developmental biologist]], [[author]], and [[Presenter|broadcaster]].<ref>"I grew up in a Jewish family but I gave it all up at 16 when I prayed to God for something I really wanted and it didn't happen. I have been an atheist ever since. I believe in proof and I know of no evidence for the existence of God, but I am in no way hostile to religion provided it does not interfere in the lives of others or come into conflict with science." [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/easter-special-i-believe-474291.html Easter special: I believe...], ''Independent on Sunday'', April 16, 2006 (accessed April 18, 2008).</ref> |
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* [[Steve Wozniak]] (1950–): co-founder of [[Apple Computer]] and inventor of the Apple I and Apple II.<ref name="Steve Wozniak">{{cite web |first=Steven |last=Wozniak |title= Letters – General Questions Answered |url=http://www.woz.org/letters/general/72.html |work=woz.org |accessdate=2007-09-26 |quote=... I am also atheist or agnostic (I don't even know the difference). I've never been to church and prefer to think for myself. I do believe that religions stand for good things, and that if you make irrational sacrifices for a religion, then everyone can tell that your religion is important to you and can trust that your most important inner faiths are strong.}}</ref> |
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* [[Elizur Wright]] (1804–1885): American [[mathematician]] and [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]], sometimes described as the "father of life insurance" for his pioneering work on [[Life table|actuarial tables]].<ref>{{cite book|title=American Artisans: Crafting Social Identity, 1750–1850|year=1995|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=9780801850295|page=115|editor1=Howard B. Rock |editor2=Paul A. Gilje |editor3=Robert Asher |quote=Wright was the son of a Connecticut farmer and teacher who moved his family to the Ohio frontier in 1810 to start a farm and open an academy. He was a quirky man who rejected evangelicalism for atheism, and Garrisonianism for the Liberty party, and then the Free Soilers.}}</ref><ref>In ''Abolitionist, Actuary, Atheist: Elizur Wright and the Reform Impulse'', Wright's biographer Lawrence B. Goodheart describes him as "an evangelical atheist, an impassioned actuary, a liberal who advocated state regulation, an individualist who championed social cooperation, and a very private public crusader" (''op. cit.'', page x)</ref> |
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* [[Will Wright (game designer)|Will Wright]] (1960–): American computer game designer and co-founder of the game development company [[Maxis]].<ref>"When Wright was nine his father died of leukaemia and he moved with his mother and younger sister to Baton Rouge, Louisiana. There he enrolled in the Episcopal High School and duly became an atheist." Ajesh Partalay interviewing Wright, '[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/14/games Master of the Universe]', ''The Observer'', 14 September 2008 (accessed 15 September 2008).</ref> |
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* [[Wilhelm Wundt]] (1832–1920): German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern [[psychology]]. Wundt, who noted psychology as a [[science]] apart from [[philosophy]] and [[biology]], was the first person to ever call himself a [[psychologist]].<ref>Wilhelm Wundt. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2017.<http://www.nndb.com/people/531/000053372/>.</ref> |
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* [[Eliezer Yudkowsky]] (1979–): American artificial intelligence researcher concerned with the singularity and an advocate of friendly artificial intelligence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/show/533670|title=Quote by Eliezer Yudkowsky|publisher=goodreads.com|accessdate=17 July 2012|author=Eliezer Yudkowsky|quote=[...] intelligent people only have a certain amount of time (measured in subjective time spent thinking about religion) to become atheists. After a certain point, if you're smart, have spent time thinking about and defending your religion, and still haven't escaped the grip of Dark Side Epistemology, the inside of your mind ends up as an Escher painting.}}</ref> |
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* [[Oscar Zariski]] (1899–1986): American mathematician and one of the most influential algebraic geometers of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Unreal Life of Oscar Zariski|year=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780387094298|author=Carol Parikh|page=5|quote=And yet it did, even though since moving into the boarding house he had become an atheist and most of his friends, including his best friend, were Russians.}}</ref> |
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* [[Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich]] (1914–1987): [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[physicist]] born in [[Belarus]]. He played an important role in the development of Soviet [[nuclear weapon|nuclear and thermonuclear weapons]], and made important contributions to the fields of [[adsorption]] and [[catalysis]], [[shock wave]]s, [[nuclear physics]], [[particle physics]], [[astrophysics]], [[physical cosmology]], and [[general relativity]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Zeldovich: Reminiscences|year=2004|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780415287906|author=Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich|editor=R.A. Sunyaev|page=69|quote=I think that you know me well enough: I am an absolute atheist, and all days of the week are completely the same to me.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Andrei Sakharov: Facets of a Life|year=1991|publisher=Atlantica Séguier Frontières|isbn=9782863320969|page=599|quote=Speaking about religion, Yakov Borisovich could say unambiguously, "I'm an absolute atheist".}}</ref> |
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* [[Emile Zuckerkandl]] (1922–2013): Austrian-born biologist who is considered one of the founders of the field of [[molecular evolution]], who co-introduced the concept of the "[[molecular clock]]", which enabled the [[neutral theory of molecular evolution]].<ref>{{cite web|title='Darwin Would Put God Out of Business'|url=http://www.beliefnet.com/News/Science-Religion/2006/08/Darwin-Would-Put-God-Out-Of-Business.aspx?p=2|publisher=Beliefnet, Inc.|accessdate=21 May 2013|author=David Klinghoffer|quote=The author is Emile Zuckerkandl of Stanford University. Prof. Zuckerkandl ferociously attacks ID and any belief in a designer, God, or other "superghost".}}</ref> |
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* [[Konrad Zuse]] (1910–1995): German civil engineer and computer pioneer. His greatest achievement was the world's first functional program-controlled Turing-complete computer, the [[Z3 (computer)|Z3]], which became operational in May 1941.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Man Who Invented the Computer: The Biography of John Atanasoff, Digital Pioneer|year=2010|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=9780385527132|author=Jane Smiley|quote=Like Alan Turing, Zuse was educated in a system that focused on a child's emotional and philosophical life as well as his intellectual life, and at the end of school, like Turing, Zuse found himself to be something of an outsider—to the disappointment of his very conventional parents, he no longer believed in God or religion.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Computer, My Life|year=1993|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-56453-9|pages=12–13|author=Konrad Zuse|quote=The only problem was that the progressive spirit at our school did not always correspond to my parents' ideas. This was particularly true for religious instruction, which now and again seemed even to us pupils to be rather too enlightened. After the 'Abitur' my parents wanted to go to communion with me; it was a terrible disappointment to them when I wouldn't go. They had lived under the illusion that I was a good student when it came to religion, too, which wasn't the case. ...I remember a poem presented by a student, which made a great impression on me. The essence of the poem read, "Basically, you are always alone." I have forgotten the name of the poet, but have often experienced the truth of these words in later life."}}</ref> |
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*[[Fritz Zwicky]] (1898–1974): Swiss astronomer and astrophysicist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supernovae, an alpine climb and space travel.|url=http://www.dynamical-systems.org/zwicky/Zwicky-e.html|accessdate=21 June 2013|author=Oliver Knill|date=14 July 1998|quote=Zwicky has dealt critically with religion during his whole life. (Source: "Everybody a genius"). In a diary entry of 1971, he writes "To base the unexplainabilty and the immense wonder of nature onto an other miracle God is unnecessary and not acceptable for any serious thinker".}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Swiss-American Historical Society|title=Newsletter, Volumes 42–43|date=2006|publisher=The Society|page=17|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=2IAOAQAAMAAJ&q=%22miracle+(God)+is+unnecessary+and+not+acceptable+for+any+serious+thinker.%22&dq=%22miracle+(God)+is+unnecessary+and+not+acceptable+for+any+serious+thinker.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qCyNU7y5H4aq8AHh0oCABA&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA|quote=Zwicky has dealt critically with religion during his whole life. A 1971 diary entry states: "To base the inexplainabilty and the immense wonder of nature upon another miracle, God, is unnecessary and not acceptable for any serious thinker." According to one story, Zwicky once discussed the beginning of the universe with a priest. The priest, quoting Scriptures, stated that the universe had started with "and there is light." Zwicky replied that he would buy this, if instead God had said "and there is electronmagnetism".}}</ref> |
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==বাতিল করা হবে== |
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==তথ্যসূত্র== |
==তথ্যসূত্র== |
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১৩:৩৪, ৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৭ তারিখে সংশোধিত সংস্করণ
বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তির জগতে যারা নাস্তিক, তাদের নিয়েই এই তালিকাটি তৈরী হয়েছে। এ তালিকায় অন্তর্ভুক্ত যেসব ব্যক্তিরা এখন জীবিত বা মৃত, তারা নিজেদের জনসম্মুখে নাস্তিক বলে আখ্যায়িত করেছেন। তাদের নাস্তিকতাবাদী ভাবনা তাদের কার্যক্রম এবং ব্যক্তিগত জীবনে বেশ ভালোভাবেই প্রতিফলিত হয়েছে। শুধুমাত্র 'ঈশ্বরে বিশ্বাস করি না' এ ধরনের একটি বিবৃতির ফলেই তালিকাতে কাওকে অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা হয় নি। অন্যান্য তথ্য-প্রমাণ এবং উৎসের ভিত্তিতেই এই তালিকাটি প্রস্তুত করা হয়েছে।
বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তিতে
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ক্রমানুসারে তালিকা
অ থেকে ও
- Ernst Abbe (1840–1905): German physicist, optometrist, entrepreneur, and social reformer. Together with Otto Schott and Carl Zeiss, he laid the foundation of modern optics. Abbe developed numerous optical instruments. He was a co-owner of Carl Zeiss AG, a German manufacturer of research microscopes, astronomical telescopes, planetariums and other optical systems.[১]
- আলেক্সাণ্ডার ওপারিন (১৮৯৪-১৯৮০): সোভিয়েত বায়োকেমিস্ট। [২]
- আইভান পাভলভজ (১৮৪৯-১৯৩৬): Nobel জয়ী শারীরতত্ত্ববিদ, মনস্ততত্ত্ববিদ। তিনি ব্যাপকভাবে পরিচিত classical conditioning কে প্রথমবারের মত বর্ণনা করার জন্য।[৩]
- আলফ্রেড নোবেল (১৮৩৩-১৮৯৬): সুইডিশ রসায়নবিদ, প্রকৌশলি,ব্যবসায়ী এবং ডিনামাইট আবিষ্কারক।তার ৩৫৫ টা পেটেন্ট আছে। তিনি নোবেল প্রাইজ এর প্রচলন করেন। [৪][৫][৬]
- আর্নড ডেনজয় (১৮৮৪-১৯৭৪): ফরাসি গণিতবিদ। তিনি harmonic analysis এবং differential equations এ অবদানের জন্য স্মরণীয় হয়ে আছেন।[৭]
- আলবার্ট এলিস (১৯১৩২০০৭): আমেরিকান মনস্তাত্বিকবিদ যিনি ১৯৫৫ সালে 'রেশনাল ইমোটিভ বিহেভিয়ার থেরাপি'র উন্নয়ন সাধন করেন। [৮]
- আইরিন জুলিও কুরী (১৮৯৭-১৯৫৬): ফরাসি বিজ্ঞানি।মেরী কুরী এবং পিয়েরে কুরী র কন্যা এবং ফ্রেড্রিক জুলিও কুরীর পত্নী। স্বামী স্ত্রী উভয়েই কৃত্তিম রেডিওএক্টিভিটি আবিষ্কারের জন্য ১৯৩৫ সালে রসায়ন বিভাগ থেকে নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন।[৯][১০]
- আলফ্রেড কিসনি (1894–1956): আমেরিকান জীববিজ্ঞানী, যৌনবিজ্ঞানী, এবং কীটপতঙ্গ ও প্রাণিবিজ্ঞানের অধ্যাপক।[১১]
- আর্নেষ্ট মায়ার (1904–2005): তিনি একজন প্রকৃতিবিদ, বিজ্ঞানী,শ্রেণিবিন্যাসবিদ, বিজ্ঞানের ইতিহাস বেত্তা ornithologist। তিনি 20 শতকের অন্যতম বিবর্তনীয় জীববিজ্ঞানী হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত।.[১২]
- আর্নেষ্ট মাচ (১৮৩৮-১৯১৬): অস্ট্রিয়ান পদার্থবিদ এবং দার্শনিক। পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে তার অবদান বিশেষ করে Mach number, শক ওয়েভের উপর গবেষণার জন্য তিনি সুপরিচিত। [১৩][১৪][১৫]
- আন্দ্রে মার্কভ (১৮৫৬-১৯২২): রাশিয়ান গণিতবিদ, তিনি stochastic processes এর উপর কাজের জন্য তিনি সুপরিচিত।[১৬][১৭]
- ইয়ুভাল নেইম্যান (১৯২৫-২০০৬): ইসরাইলি তাত্ত্বিক পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী, রাজনীতিবিদ। তার শ্রেষ্ঠতম কাজ হল ১৯৬১ সালে হ্যাড্রনের শ্রেণিবিভাগ আবিষ্কার করা[১৮][১৯]
- উইলিয়াম অস্টওয়াল্ড (১৮৫৩-১৯৩২): বাটলিক জার্মান রসায়নবিদ। তিনি ১৯০৯ সালে প্রভাবক, রাসায়নিক সাম্যাবস্থা এবং বিক্রিয়ার গতির উপর তার কাজের জন্য তিনি রসায়নে নোবেল পান।ভ্যাণ্ট হফ, আরহেনিয়াস এবং অস্টওয়াল্ড কে নব্যphysical chemistryর প্রতিষ্ঠাতা বলা হয়।[২০]
- উইলিয়াম বেটসন (১৮৬১–১৯২৬): ব্রিটিশ জেনেটিসিস্ট। তিনি ছিলেন প্রথম ব্যক্তি যিনি জেনেটিক্স ব্যবহার করে heredity এবং biological inheritance কে ব্যাখ্যা করেন। জর্জ ম্যাণ্ডেলের বংশগতিতত্ত্বকে জনপ্রিয় করার ক্ষেত্রে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা রাখেন।[২১]
- এইচ. ক্রিস্টোফার লনগাট হিগিন্স FRS (1923–2004): ইংরেজ তাত্ত্বিক রসায়নবিদ এবং একজন বোধ বিজ্ঞানী.[২২]
- এরিচ ফ্রম (১৯০০-১৯৮০): জার্মান সামাজিক মনস্ততত্ববিদ, মনোবিশ্লেষক, সমাজবিজ্ঞানী, মানবতাবাদী দার্শনিক, এবং গণতান্ত্রিক সমাজকর্মী।[২৩]
- এডওয়ার্ড থমাস হাল(১৯২৪-২০০১): ইংরেজ প্রত্নতত্ববিদ বিজ্ঞানী, তিনি বিখ্যাত পিল্টডাউন মানব জালিয়াতিকে প্রকাশ করে দেওয়ার জন্য, তিনি দাবী করেন Shroud of Turin ও এক ধরনের মিথ্যাচার।[২৪]
- এডমণ্ড হ্যালী (১৬৫৬-১৭৪২): ইংরেজ নভোচারী, ভূপদার্থবিদ, গণিতজ্ঞ, আবহবিদ এবং পদার্থবিদ। তিনি পরিচিত হ্যালির ধূমকেতুর কক্ষপথ নিখুতভাবে পরিমাপ করার জন্যে।[২৫]
- এওয়াল্ড হেরিং (১৮৩৪-১৯১৮): জার্মান শারীরতত্ববিদ। তিনি color vision, এবং চক্ষু সঞ্চালনের উপর গবেষণার জন্য স্মরণীয়। তিনি ১৮৯২ সালে opponent color theory প্রস্তাব করেন। [২৬][২৭]
- এলেন গুথ (১৯৪৭–): আমেরিকান তাত্ত্বিক পদার্থবিদ এবং মহাবিশ্বতত্ববিদ।[২৮]
- এলি মেটছিনিকফ (১৮৪৫-১৯১৬): রাশিয়ান জীববিজ্ঞানী, প্রাণিবিজ্ঞানী এবং প্রোটোজোয়া বিশেষজ্ঞ। তিনি জীবের প্রতিরক্ষা ব্যবস্থার উপর কাজের জন্য বেশি পরিচিত। ১৯০৮ সালে পল এহরলিচের সাথে যুগপৎভাবে চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পান। [২৯]
- এমিল ড্যু বোইস-রেইসমোণ্ড (১৮১৮-১৮৯৬): জার্মান পদার্থবিদ এবং শারীরতত্ববিদ।[৩০]
- স্যার এডওয়ার্ড বাটার্সবাই বেইল, রয়াল সোসাইটির ফিলো (১৮৮১–১৯৮৫): ব্রিটিশ ভূতাত্ত্বিক, British Geological Survey এর পরিচালক ছিলেন।[৩১]
ক থেকে ঝ
- কার্ল পিয়ারসন FRS (১৮৫৭-১৯৩৬): ইংরেজ গণিতবিদ এবং biostatistician। mathematical statistics এর মূলনীতিগুলো তিনি প্রতিষ্ঠিত করেছেন। তিনি ১৯১১ সালে University College London পরিসং্খ্যান বিভাগ চালু করে, বিশ্বে প্রথম পরিসং্খ্যান কে বিষয়ভিত্তিক হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত করেন। তিনি biometrics, meteorology, সামাজিক বিবর্তনবাদ এবং eugenics এ স্বতন্ত্রভাবে অবদান রাখেন। [৩২][৩৩]
- ক্যামিলো গলজি (১৮৪৩-১৯২৬): ইটালিয়ান চিকিৎসক, জীববিজ্ঞানী, বিজ্ঞানী, এবং নোবেল বিজয়ী। এনাটমি এবং শারীরতত্ববিদ্যার অনেক কিছুই তার নামে নামকরণ করা হয়েছে। যেমন: Golgi apparatus, Golgi tendon organ এবং Golgi tendon reflex.। তাকে তার সময়ে সেরা জীবিবিজ্ঞানী এবং নিউরোসায়েন্টিস্ট হিসেবে মানা হত।[৩৪][৩৫]
- ক্রিষ্টার ফাগলস্যাঙ (১৯৫৭–): সুইডিশ নভোচারী এবং পদার্থবিদ.[৩৬]
- ক্রিস্টোফার লাংটন (1948 মতান্তরে 1949-): মেরিকান কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞানী এবং কৃত্তিম জীবনের যে ক্ষেত্র তার অন্যতম প্রতিষ্ঠাতা। [৩৭]
- ক্যালভিন ব্রিজ (১৮৮৯-১৯৩৮)আমেরিকান জেনেটিসিস্ট, তিনি মাছির জেনেটিক্সের উপর গবেষণার জন্য বিখ্যাত। [৩৮]
- ক্রিষ্টান ডি ডুভে (১৯১৭-২০১৩): বেলজিয়ান cytologist(কোষ বিষয়ক বিশারদ) এবং বায়োকেমিস্ট। তিনি ভাগ্যক্রমে দুইটা কোষাণু পারওক্সিজোম এবংলাইসোজোম আবিষ্কার করেন, যার ফলে ১৯৭৪ সালে Albert Claude এবং George E. Palade এর সাথে যুগপৎভাবে নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। [৩৯][৪০][৪১][৪২]
- গৌস্তভ ফেচনার (১৮০১-১৮৮৭): জার্মান মনস্তত্ববিদ। মনস্তত্ত্বকে ব্যবহারিক রুপ দেওয়ার ক্ষেত্রে, যারা অগ্রজ তিনি তাদের মধ্যে অন্যতম। তিনি psychophysics ও উদ্ভাবন করেন।[৪৩]
- গ্যাসপার্ড মঙ্গে (১৭৪৬-১৮১৮): ফরাসি গণিতবিদ, মঙ্গে descriptive geometry এর আবিষ্কারক।[৪৪][৪৫][৪৬]
- জন এলেন পাওলস (১৯৪৫–): ফিলাডেলফিয়ার টেম্পল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের গণিতের অধ্যাপক। তিনি Irreligion: A Mathematician Explains Why the Arguments for God Just Don't Add Up (২০০৭ সালে প্রকাশিত) নামক বই এর লেখক।[৪৭]
- জিন ব্যাপটিসটি পেরিম (১৮৭০-): ফরাসি পদার্থবিদ। তিনি ১৯২৬ সালে পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পান।[৪৮]
- জুডিয়া পিয়ার্ল (১৯৩৬–): ইসরায়েলি আমেরিকান কম্পিউটার প্রোকৌশলি এবং দার্শনিক, তিনি Bayesian networks এর উন্নয়নের জন্য ব্যাপকভাবে পরিচিত। তিনি ২০১১ সালে Turing Award পান।.[৪৯]
- জ্যাকুয়াস মোনোড (১৯১০-১৯৭৬): ফরাসি জীববিজ্ঞানী, তিনি ১৯৬৫ সালে 'এনজাইম বা ভাইরাসের উপর জিনগত প্রভাব আছে' তা আবিষ্কারের জন্য চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পান। [৫০]
- জোনাথান মিলার CBE (১৯৩৪–): ব্রিটিশ পদার্থবিদ, অভিনেতা, থিয়েটার পরিচালক, অপেরা সংগীত পরিচালক এবং টেলিভিশন উপস্থাপক। তিনি ২০০৪ সালে টেলিভিশনে একটি ধারাবাহিক লিখেন, যার নাম "Atheism: A Rough History of Disbelief, তিনি তার নিজের নাস্তিকতাবাদের শিকড় উন্মোচন করেন এবং গোটা বিশ্বে নাস্তিকতার ইতিহাসের অনুসন্ধান করেন।[৫১][৫২]
- জোসেফ মাকেল মনটগোলফির (১৯৪০-১৮১০): ফরাসি রসায়নবিদ। [৫৩][৫৪]
- জ্যাকব মলেস্কট (১৮২২-১৮৯৩): ডাচ শারীরতত্ত্ববিদ এবং খাদ্যনির্বাচন বিদ্যার উপর লেখালেখি করতেন। [৫৫]
- John Forbes Nash, Jr. (১৯২৮-২০১৫): আমেরিকান গণিতবিদ, যিনি game theory, differential geometry, এবং partial differential equations এর উপর কাজ করেছেন। তিনি ১৯৯৪ সালে Reinhard Selten রবং জন হার্সানির সাথে অর্থনীতিতে নোবেল পান।[৫৬][৫৭]
- জেরি কয়েন (১৯৪৯–): বিবর্তন এবং বাস্তুসংস্থানবিদ্যার অধ্যাপক। তিনি বিবর্তন নিয়ে বই লিখার জন্য এবং ইন্টেলিজেন্ট ডিজাইন নিয়ে বিতর্কের জন্য বিখ্যাত।[৫৮]
- স্যার জুলিয়ান হাক্সলি FRS (1887–1975): ইংরেজ বিবর্তনীয় জীববিজ্ঞানী।[৫৯]
- জর্ম ল্যালেণ্ডে (1732–1807): ফরাসি নভোচারী এবং লেখক[৬০]
- জিন ম্যারি লেন (১৯৩৯–): ফরাসি রসায়নবিদ, তিনি ১৯৮৭ সালে Donald Cram এবং Charles Pedersen এর সাথে একত্রে রসায়নে নোবেল পান।[৬১]
- স্যার জন লেসাইল (১৭৬৬-১৮৩২): স্কটিশ গণিতবিদ এবং পদার্থবিদ। তিনি তাপমাত্রার উপর গবেষণার জন্য স্মরণীয়। তিনিই প্রথম ব্যক্তি যিনি কৃত্তিম ভাবে বরফ তৈরী করেন। [৬২]
- জন মায়নার্ড স্মিথ(১৯২০-২০০৪): ব্রিটিশ বিবর্তনীয় জীববিজ্ঞানী এবং জীনবিজ্ঞানী।[৬৩]
- জন ম্যাককারথি (১৯২৭-২০১১): আমেরিকান কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞানী এবং বোধ বিজ্ঞানী।তিনি কৃত্রিম বুদ্ধিমত্তার (AI) উপর অবদানের জন্য 1971 সালে Turing Award পান। তিনি Dartmouth Conference এ 1956 সালে আর্টিফিসিয়াল ইনটেলিজেন্স নামটি প্রস্তাব করেন। তিনি Lisp প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষার ও আবিষ্কারক।[৬৪]
- জেফ.মেডকেফ (১৯৬৮-২০০৮): আমেরিকান নভোচারী, বিখ্যাত বিজ্ঞান লেখক এবং শিক্ষাবিদ। তিনই রোবোটিক টেলিস্কোপের নকশা করেছেন।[৬৫]
- জি.এম.হার্ডি (১৮৭৭-১৯৪৭): একজন বিখ্যাত ইংরেজ গণিতজ্ঞ। তিনি number theory এবং mathematical analysis এর জন্য বিখ্যাত।[৬৬][৬৭]
- জোরস আলফেরভ (1930–): বেলারুশিয়ান, সোভিয়েত এবং রাশিয়ান পদার্থবিদ। তনি হেটারোট্রানসিস্টরের উদ্ভাবক। পদার্থবিজ্ঞান বিভাগ থেকে ২০০০ খ্রিষ্টাব্দে নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন।[৬৮][৬৯]
- জিম আল খলিল OBE (1962–): ইরাকি বংশোদ্ভুত জিম আল খলিল একজন তাত্ত্বিক পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী, লেখক এবং। তিনি বর্তমানে সারে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের তাত্ত্বিক পদার্থবিজ্ঞানের অধ্যাপক।[৭০]
- জিন লি রণ্ড আলেমবার্ট (১৭১৭-১৭৮৩): ফরাসি এ ব্যক্তি একাধারে গণিতবিদ, mechanician, পদার্থবিদ, দার্শনিক, এবং সংগীত বিশেষজ্ঞ। তিনি Denis Diderot এর সাথে Encyclopédie এর সহ-সম্পাদক ছিলেন। [৭১][৭২]
- জর্জ ওয়াশিংটন ক্রাইল (১৮৬৪-১৯৪৩): আমেরিকান সার্জন। ক্রাইল হচ্ছেন প্রথম সার্জন যিনি সফলভাবে সরাসরি blood transfusion(রক্ত আদানপ্রদান) করতে সক্ষম হন।[৭৩]
- জেমস এফ ক্রো (১৯১৬-২০১২): আমেরিকান জেনেটিসিস্ট এবং অধ্যাপক।[৭৪]
- জেরি কয়েন (১৯৪৯–): বিবর্তন এবং বাস্তুসংস্থানবিদ্যার অধ্যাপক। তিনি বিবর্তন নিয়ে বই লিখার জন্য এবং ইন্টেলিজেন্ট ডিজাইন নিয়ে বিতর্কের জন্য বিখ্যাত।[৭৫]
- জেমস ফ্র্যাঙ্ক (১৮৮২-১৯৬৪): জার্মান পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী। ১৯২৫ সালে পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পান।[৭৬]
- জ্যামস চ্যাডউইক (১৮৯১-১৯৭৪): ইংরেজ পদার্থবিদ। neutron আবিষ্কারের জন্য ১৯৩৫ সালে পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পান। [৭৭]
- জন ডেসমণ্ড বার্নাল (১৯০১-১৯৭১): ব্রিটিশ বায়োফিজিস্ট। molecular biology তে X-ray crystallographyব্যবহারের তিনি পথপ্রদর্শক। [৭৮]
- জর্জ ওয়াশিংটন ক্রাইল (১৮৬৪-১৯৪৩): আমেরিকান সার্জন। ক্রাইল হচ্ছেন প্রথম সার্জন যিনি সফলভাবে সরাসরি blood transfusion(রক্ত আদানপ্রদান) করতে সক্ষম হন।[৭৯]
- জর্জ গ্যামো (১৯০৪-১৯৬৮): রাশিয়ান তাত্ত্বিক পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী।[৮০][৮১][৮২][৮৩]
ট থেকে ন
- থমাস এইসনার (১৯২৯-২০১১): জার্মান-আমেরিকান entomologist এবং বাস্তুসংস্থানবিদ, তাকে কেমিক্যাল ইকোলজির জনক বলা হয়।[৮৪]
- থমাস হান্ট মরগান (১৮৬৬-১৯৪৫): আমেরিকান বিবর্তনীয় জীববিজ্ঞানী, জেনেটিসিস্ট এবং ভ্রুণতত্ত্ববিদ। তিনি ১৯৩৩ সালে ক্রোমোজোমের বংশগতিতে ভুমিকা আছে তা আবিষ্কারের পর চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পান।[৮৫][৮৬][৮৭][৮৮]
- ডেসমণ্ড মরিস (১৯২৮–): ইংরেজ প্রাণিবিজ্ঞানী এবং বাস্তুসংস্থানবিদ,। তিনি তার বই The Naked Ape এবং The Human Zoo তে মানুষের আচরণ প্রাণিবিজ্ঞানের দৃষ্টিকোণ থেকে বিশ্লেষণ করেন।[৮৯][৯০]
- নরম্যান পিরে FRS (১৯০৭-১৯৯৭): ব্রিটিশ British বায়োকেমিস্ট এবং ভাইরোলোজিস্ট। ১৯৩৬ সালে ভাইরসের ক্রিষ্টাল আবিষ্কারের সহ আবিষ্কারক, যা ডিএনএ এবং আরএনএ বুঝার জন্য এক মাইলফলক ছিল।[৯১]
- নিকোলাস হামফ্রি (1943–): ব্রিটিশ বিবর্তনীয় শারীরতত্ববিদ। ডারউইনিয়ান ধারণাই যে সঠিক, আধ্যাত্মিক ধারণাসমুহ নয়, এবিষয়কে জনপ্রিয় করতে তিনি কাজ করেন।[৯২]
- নীলস বোর (১৮৮৫-১৯৬২): ড্যানিস পদার্থবিদ। কোয়ান্টাম মেকানিক্স প্রতিষ্ঠাতাদের মধ্যে ইনি একজন। পদার্থের গঠন ব্যাখ্যা করার জন্যও তিনি বিশ্ব জুড়ে সুপিরিচিত।১৯২২ সালে পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পান[৯৩][৯৪][৯৫][৯৬][৯৭][৯৮][৯৯][১০০]
- নর্মান বেথুন (১৮৯০-১৯৩৯): কানাডিয়ান পদার্থবিদ [১০১]
- নিকোলাই লোবাচেভাস্কি (১৭৯২-১৮৫৬): রাশিয়ান গণিতবিদ। অধিবৃত্তের উপর তার কাজের জন্য তিনি সুপরিচিত। [১০২][১০৩]
প থেকে ম
- পল লটারবার (১৯২৯-২০০৭): আমেরিকান রসায়নবিদ, যিনি ২০০৩ সালে [[Peter Mansfield] এর সাথে চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞানে magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) এর উন্নয়নের জন্য নোবেল পান। [১০৪]
- পিরে লুইস মাওপিরটুইস (১৬৯৮-১৭৫৯): ফরাসি গণিতবিদ, দার্শনিক।[১০৫]
- পল এরেনফেস্ট (১৮৮০-১৯৩৩): অস্ট্রিয়ান এবং ডাচ তাত্ত্বিক পদার্থবিদ।[১০৬][১০৭]
- স্যার প্যাট্রিক বেটসন (১৯৩৮–): ইংরেজ জীববিজ্ঞানী এবং বিজ্ঞান লেখক। তিনি রয়াল সোসাইটির ফিলোও বটে। ক্যাম্ব্রিজ ইউনিভার্সিটির বাস্তুসংস্থানবিদ্যার ইমেরিটাস অধ্যাপক হিসেবে কর্মরত ও লণ্ডনের জুয়োলজিক্যাল সোসাইটির বর্তমান সভাপতি।[১০৮]
- পল বার্ট (১৮৩৩-১৮৮৬):ফরাসি প্রাণিবিজ্ঞানী, শারীরতত্ববিদ এবং রাজনীতিবিদ। তার oxygen toxicity নামক গবেষণা বিখ্যাত।[১০৯]
- প্যাট্রিক ব্ল্যাকেট OM, CH, FRS (১৮৯৭-১৯৭৪): পদার্থ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ থেকে নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। ইংরেজ ব্যবহারিক পদার্থবিদ। তিনি তার কাজ cloud chamber, cosmic rays, এবং paleomagnetism এর জন্য বিখ্যাত।[১১০]
- পল ডি বয়ের (১৯১৮–): আমেরিকান বায়োকেমিস্ট এবং ১৯৯৭ সালে রসায়ন বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ থেকে নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন।[১১১]
- পার্সি উইলিয়াম ব্রিজম্যান (১৮৮২-১৯৬১): আমেরিকান পদার্থবিদ যিনি ১৯৪৬ সালে উচ্চচাপের উপর গবেষণার জন্য পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পান।[১১২][১১৩][১১৪]
- পল ডিরাক (১৯০২-১৯৮৪): ব্রিটিশ তাত্ত্বিক পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী, quantum mechanics এর অন্যতম প্রতিষ্ঠাতা, তিনি antimatter এর উপস্থিতির ভবিষ্যৎবাণী করেছেন, এবং ১৯৩৩ সালে পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল লাভ করেন।[১১৫][১১৬][১১৭][১১৮][১১৯][১২০]
- স্যার পিটার মেডাওয়ার (১৯১৫-১৯৮৭): চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞানে নোবেলজয়ী ব্রিটিশ বিজ্ঞানী। প্রতিরক্ষা ব্যবস্থা; টিস্যু প্রতিস্থাপনকে কিভাবে বা কেন গ্রহণ অথবা পরিত্যাগ করে, এ কাজের উপর গবেষণার জন্য তিনি সর্বাধিক পরিচিত।[১২১]
- পিটার এটকিনস (1940–): ইংরেজ রসায়নবিদ। অক্সফোর্ডের লিঙ্কন কলেজের রসায়ন বিজ্ঞানের বর্তমানে অধ্যাপক হিসেবে কর্মরত। [১২২]
- পল নার্স (১৯৪৯–): ইংরেজ জেনেটিসিস্ট, রয়াল সোসাইটির প্রেসিডেন্ট এবং ফ্রান্সিস ক্রিক প্রতিষ্ঠানের চীফ ছিলেন। ২০০১ সালে লিল্যাণ্ড হার্টওয়েল এবং টিম হান্টের সাথে 'প্রোটিন অণু কোষ চক্রে কোষ বিভাজনকে নিয়ন্ত্রণের জন্য' তিনি চিকিৎসাবিদ্যায় নোবেল পান।[১২৩]
- পি যে মেয়ার (১৯৫৭-): মিনেনটোসা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে জীববিজ্ঞানের আমেরিকান অধ্যাপক। তার নিজের ব্লগ Pharyngula ব্লগে লেখালেখি করতেন।[১২৪]
- পিটার ডি.মিটছেল (১৯২০-১৯৯২): ১৯৭৮ সালে নোবেল বিজয়ী, ব্রিটিশ বায়োকেমিস্ট। তার মা একজন নাস্তিক এবং পিটার নিজেকে ১৫ বছর বয়সে স্বঘোষিত নাস্তিক বলে আখ্যা দেন। [১২৫]
- পল এরডোস (১৯১৩-১৯৯৬): হাঙ্গেরিয়ান গণিতবিদ। তিনি ইতিহাসের অন্য যে কোনো গণিতবিদের চেয়ে সবচেয়ে বেশি পেপার পাবলিশ করেছেন। কাজ করেছেন শতাধিক সহযোগির সাথে। combinatorics, graph theory, number theory, classical analysis, approximation theory, set theory, এবং probability theory সহ নানান বিষয়ের সমস্যা নিয়ে তিনি কাজ করেছেন।[১২৬]
- পিটার হিগস (১৯২৯–):ব্রিটিশ তাত্বিক পদার্থবিজ্ঞানি, Dirac Medal পান। হিগস বোসন নামক নতুন কণার অস্তিত্ব সম্পর্কে পূর্বাভাষ দেন। যা বর্তমানে ঈশ্বর কণা নামে সাধারণ মানুষের কাছে পরিচিত। [১২৭] তিনি ২০১৩ সালে পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পান।
- পল কাম্মেরার (1880–1926): অস্ট্রিয়ান জীববিজ্ঞানী তিনি ল্যামার্কিজমের বিপক্ষে নিজের অবস্থান তুলে ধরেন।[১২৮][১২৯]
- ফ্রিটজ মুলার (১৮২১-১৮৯৭): জার্মান জীববিজ্ঞানী[১৩০]
- ফ্রান্সিস হ্যামারস্ট্রম (১৯০৮-১৯৯৮): আমেরিকান লেখক, পক্ষীবিজ্ঞানী এবং প্রকৃতিবিদ।[১৩১]
- ফ্রেড হ্যালোস (1929 – 1993), নিউজিল্যাণ্ডারস এবং অস্ট্রেলিয়ান চক্ষুরোগ বিশেষজ্ঞ. তিনি অগণিত অস্ট্রেলিয়ানদের চোখের দৃষ্টিশক্তি ফিরিয়ে দেওয়ার জন্য বিখ্যাত হয়ে আছেন।[১৩২]
- ফ্রেড হয়েল (1915–2001): ইংরেজ নভোচারী। stellar nucleosynthesis নামক তত্বে তার অবদানের জন্য তিনি বিখ্যাত। [১৩৩]
- ফায় আজেনবার্গ সিলোভ (1926–2012): আমেরিকান নিউক্লিয়ার পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী। তিনি পরিচিত nuclear spectroscopy এ ব্যবহারিক কাজের জন্য। তিনি 2007 সালে National Medal of Science এর প্রার্থী ছিলেন।[১৩৪]
- ফ্রাংক ক্লোস OBE (১৯৪৫–): ব্রিটিশ কণাবিজ্ঞানী, অক্সফোর্ড ইউনিভার্সিটির অধ্যাপক। তিনি তার লেকচারের জন্যই বিখ্যাত। বলা হয়, তিনি তার লেখার মাধ্যমে বিজ্ঞানকে সাধারণ মানুষের কাছে বুদ্ধিদীপ্তভাবে উপস্থাপন করেছেন। তিনি Institute of Physics's Kelvin Medal and Prize পান।[১৩৫]
- ফ্রানকোইস এরাগো (১৭৮৬–১৮৫৩): এরাগো একাধারে ফরাসি গণিতবিদ, পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী, জ্যোতির্বিদ এবং রাজনীতিবিদ।[১৩৬]
- স্যার ফ্র্যাঙ্ক ম্যাকফারলেন বার্নেট FRS FAA FRSNZ (১৮৯৯-১৯৮৫): অস্ট্রেলিয়ান ভাইরোলোজিস্ট(ভাইরাস নিয়েই কাজ করেন)। রোগ প্রতিরোধের জন্য জীবের যে ব্যবস্থা সংক্রান্ত পাঠ সেখানে তিনি বিশেষ অবদান রাখেন। ১৯৬০ সালে acquired immune tolerance নিয়ে সফল ভবিষ্যৎবাণী করার জন্য তিনি নোবেলজয়ী হন। clonal selection তত্ত্বেরও প্রভূত উন্নতি সাধন করেন।[১৩৭]
- ফ্রান্সিস ক্রিক (1916–2004): ইংরেজ জীববিজ্ঞানী, পদার্থবিদ এবং নিউরোসায়েন্টিস্ট। ১৯৫৩ সালে ডিএনএর গঠনের সহকারী আবিষ্কারক হিসেবে বিখ্যাত। তিনি ১৯৬২ সালে একারনে নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। [১৩৮][১৩৯][১৪০][১৪১][১৪২][১৪৩][১৪৪]
- ফ্রান্সিস পেরিন (১৯০১-১৯৯২): ফরাসি পদার্থবিদ নিউক্লিয়ার চেইন বিক্রিয়া, এবং নিউক্লিয়ার শক্তির যে অফুরন্ত সম্ভাবনা, তা পুন:প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। [১৪৫]
- ফিলিপ ডব্লিউ এণ্ডারসন (১৯২৩–): এণ্ডারসন একজন আমেরিকান পদার্থবিদ।১৯৭৭ সালে পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল লাভ করেন।তিনি localization, antiferromagnetism এবং high-temperature superconductivity নামক তত্বগুলোর উন্নয়নে অবদান রাখেন।[১৪৬]
- ফ্রাঙ্ক ওপেনহেইমার (১৯১২-১৯৮৫): আমেরিকান কণা বিজ্ঞানী, কলোরাডো ইউনিভার্সিটির পদার্থবিজ্ঞানের অধ্যাপক ছিলেন।বিখ্যাত পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী J. Robert Oppenheimer এর কনিষ্ঠ ভ্রাতা ফ্রাঙ্ক ওপেনহেইমার ম্যানহাটন প্রজেক্টে নিউক্লিয়ার পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে কর্মরত ছিলেন এবং uranium enrichment এ তার গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অবদান ছিল।[১৪৭]
- বেভারলি হ্যালস্টিড (১৯৩৩-১৯৯১): ব্রিটিশ জীবাশ্মবিদ। তিনি সাধারণ মানুষের কাছে বিজ্ঞান জনপ্রিয় করণে কাজ করেছেন। [১৪৮]
- ব্রাইয়ান কক্স OBE (১৯৬৮–): ইংরেজ কণাবিজ্ঞানি, তিনি রয়েল সোসাইটি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের গবেষক, ম্যানচেস্টার বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের অধ্যাপক। BBC র বেশ কিছু বিজ্ঞানবিষয়ক প্রামান্যচিত্র নির্মাণ এবং উপস্থাপনের জন্য বিখ্যাত। ১৯৯০ এর দিকে পপ ব্যাণ্ড-D:Ream এর কিবোর্ড প্লেয়ার হিসেবে বেশ কিছু সুখ্যাতি ছিল।[১৪৯][১৫০]
- ভিটালি গিঞ্জবার্গ (১৯১৬-২০০৯): সোভিয়েত এবং রাশিয়ান তাত্ত্বিক পদার্থবিদ, নভোবিজ্ঞানী, নোবেল বিজয়ী, Soviet and Russian Academies of Sciences এর সদস্য। তাকে সোভিয়েতের hydrogen bomb এর জনক বলা হয়।[১৫১]
- ম্যাক্স পেরুতজ (১৯১৪-২০০২): অস্ট্রিয়ান বংশোদ্ভুত, ব্রিটিশ আণবিক জীববিজ্ঞানী, তিনি ১৯৬২ সালে John Kendrew এর সাথে হিমোগ্লোবিন এবং গ্লোবিউলার প্রোটিনের গঠন আবিষ্কারের জন্য রসায়নে নোবেল পান। [১৫২]
- ম্যাসিমো পিগ্লউচি (১৯৬৪-): স্টোনি বুক বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের বাস্তুসংস্থানবিদ্যা এবং বিবর্তনবিদ্যার অধ্যাপক।তিনি সৃজনবাদের সমালোচক। [১৫৩]
- মার্ক অলিপ্যান্ট (১৯০১-২০০০): অস্ট্রিয়ান পদার্থবিদ এবং যীশুর দেবত্বে সন্দেহবাদী। তিনি নিউক্লিয়ার ফিউশনকে ব্যবহারিক ভাবে বর্ণনা করার জন্য গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা রাখেন। তিনি এটমিক বোমারও উন্নয়ন করেন।[১৫৪]
- মারসেলিন বারথেলোট (১৮২৭-১৯০৭):ফরাসি রসায়নবিদ এবং রাজনীতিবিদ। তিনি পরিচিত thermochemistryর Thomsen-Berthelot principle নীতি প্রতিষ্ঠার জন্য। তিনি অনেক অজৈব যোগ থেকে জৈব যোগ প্রস্তুত করেছেন। তিনি vitalism তত্ত্বকে মিথ্যা প্রমাণ করতে সক্ষম হয়েছেন।[১৫৫][১৫৬]
- মার্ভিন মিনস্কি (১৯২৭-২০১৬) তিনি একই সাথে কম্পিউটার প্রকৌশলী এবং বিজ্ঞানী। তিনি এম.আইটি. তে কৃত্তিম বুদ্ধিমত্তার উপর কাজ করেছেন।[১৫৭][১৫৮]
য থেকে হ
- রোডনি ব্রুকস (১৯৫৪–): অস্ট্রেলিয়ান-আমেরিকান কম্পিউটার সায়েন্টিসিস্ট এবং রোবোটিসস্ট। [১৫৯]
- রুথ ম্যাক ব্রুনসুইক (১৮৯৭-১৯৪৬): আমেরিকান সাইকোলোজিস্ট। সিগমুন্ড ফ্রয়েডের সহযোগি ছিলেন।[১৬০]
- রবার্ট ক্যালিও (১৯৪৭–): বেলজিয়ান ইনফরমেটিক্স ইঞ্জিনিয়ার এবং কম্পিউটার ইঞ্জিনিয়ার। তিনি এবং স্যার টিম বার্নার World Wide Webকে মিলিতভাবে উন্নয়ন করেন।[১৬১]
- রিচার্ড আর আর্নেষ্ট (১৯৩৩–): সুইস রসায়নবিদ। তিনি ১৯৯১ সালে রসায়ন থেকে নোবেল পান।[১৬২]
- রিচার্ড ফাইনম্যান (১৯১৮-১৯৮৮): আমেরিকান তাত্বিক পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী। Quantum electrodynamics (QED) এর জন্য তিনি স্মরণীয়। তিনি ১৯৬৫ সালে পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে পান।[১৬৩][১৬৪][১৬৫]
- রোনাল্ড হফম্যান (১৯৩৭–): আমেরিকান তাত্ত্বিক রসায়নবিদ। তিনি ১৯৮১ সালে রসায়নে নোবেল পান।[১৬৬]
- রাসেল এলান হালস (1950–): আমেরিকান পদার্থবিদ এবং ১৯৯৩ সালের পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল বিজয়ী।[১৬৭]
- রোনাল্ড প্লাসটার্ক (১৯৫৭–): ডাচ পুরস্কার প্রাপ্ত আণবিক জীনবিজ্ঞানী এবং প্রাবন্ধিক। তিনি Labour Party র fourth Balkenende cabinet এ শিক্ষা, সসংস্কৃতি এবং বিজ্ঞানের মন্ত্রী ছিলেন। [১৬৮]
- স্কট আরোনসান (1981–): আমেরিকান তাত্বিক কম্পিউটার প্রকৌশলী এবং এম.আই.টি.র Electrical Engineering and Computer Science বিভাগের ফ্যাকাল্টি মেম্বার। তার গবেষণার প্রাথমিক পরিসর ছিল quantum computing এবং computational complexity theoryএর উপর। [১৬৯]
- স্যার রজার পেনরোস (১৯৩১–): ইংরেজ গাণিতিক পদার্থবিদ,এমেরিটাস অধ্যাপক। তিনি বিখ্যাত তার গাণিতিক পদার্থবিজ্ঞানের জন্য,বিশেষ করে সাধারণ আপেক্ষিকতাবাদ এবং কসমোলোজির জন্য।[১৭০][১৭১]
- রুবি পায়েন স্কট (১৯১২-১৯৮১): radiophysics এবং radio astronomyর দুনিয়ায় অস্ট্রিয়ান পথপ্রদর্শক এবং তিনিই প্রথম নারী radio astronomer.[১৭২]
- রিটা লেভি-মনটাল্কিনি(১৯০৯-২০১২): ইটালিয়ান স্নায়ুবিজ্ঞা, তিনি তার সহকর্মী স্টানলি কোহেন এর সাথে ১৯৮৬ সালে nerve growth factor (NGF) আবিষ্কারের জন্য চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পান।[১৭৩]
- রেয় কার্জওয়েল (1948–): আমেরিকান লেখক,বিজ্ঞানী আবিষ্কারক। তিনি স্বাস্থ্যবিষয়ক বিভিন্ন বইয়ের লেখক।[১৭৪]
- রিচার্ড লিকে (১৯৪৪–): কেনিয়ান paleoanthropologist, conservationist এবং রাজনীতিবিদ.[১৭৫]
- রবার্ট এল. পার্ক ১৯৩১-): মেরিল্যাণ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের পদার্থবিদ এবং Voodoo Science ও Superstition নামক বইয়ের লেখক।[১৭৬]
- লরেন্স ক্রস (1954–): Arizona State University এর পদার্থবিজ্ঞানের অধ্যাপক এবং বিজ্ঞানের জনপ্রিয়করণে কাজ করেছেন। তিনি নাস্তিকদের বিভিন্ন সভাসদে নিয়মিত বক্তৃতা দিতেন।[১৭৭][১৭৮]
- লুবস মোট (১৯৭৩-): তাত্ত্বিক পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী এবং স্ট্রিং থিওরিস্ট। তিনি বলেছেন তিনি একজন খ্রিষ্টাণ নাস্তিক.[১৭৯]
- লেভ লানাডাউ (১৯০৮-১৯৬৮): রাশিয়ান পদার্থবিদ। তিনি ১৯৬২ সালে গাণিতিক তত্ত্ব superfluidity এর উন্নয়নের জন্য পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পান। [১৮০][১৮১]
- ল্যানচেলট হগব্যান (১৮৯৫-১৯৭৫): ইংরেজ ব্যবহারিক প্রাণিবিজ্ঞানী এবং মেডিক্যাল পরিসং্খ্যানবিদ।[১৮২]
- লিওন ফেস্টিঙ্গার (১৯১৯-১৯৮৯): আমেরিকান সামাজিক মনস্তাত্বিক, তিনি বিখ্যাত তার Cognitive Dissonance নামক তত্বের জন্য।[১৮৩]
- লিওন এম. লিডারম্যান (১৯২২–): আমেরিকান পদার্থবিদ, যিনি ১৯৮৮ সালে নিওট্রিনোর উপর গবেষণার জন্য মেলভিন স্কোয়াটার্জ এবং জ্যাক স্টেইন বার্গার এর সাথে পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পান। [১৮৪]
- লিনাস পাউলিং (১৯০১-১৯৯৪): আমেরিকান রসায়নবিদ, ১৯৫৪ সালে রসায়নে নোবেল বিজয়ী এবং ১৯৬২ তে শান্তিতে নোবেল বিজয়ী।[১১৬][১৮৫]
- স্টিভেন পিনকার (১৯৫৪–): কানাডিয়ান-বংশোদ্ভুত আমেরিকান মনস্তত্ত্ববিদ, বিভিন্ন বিজ্ঞান বইয়ের লেখক। [১৮৬]
- সমরেন্দ্র মল্লিক (১৮৮১-১৯৫০): ভারতীয় entomologist, তিনি কাজ করতেন British Museum (Natural History) এ, এবং কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে প্রাণিবিজ্ঞানের অধ্যাপক ছিলেন।[১৮৭]
- স্যাভান্তে আরহেনিয়াস (1859-1927):সুইডিশ বিজ্ঞানী এবং সুইডিশদের মধ্যে প্রথম নোবেলজয়ী। [১৮৮][১৮৯]
- হিরাম স্টিভেনস ম্যাক্সিম (১৮৪০-১৯১৬): আমেরিকান জন্মগত, ব্রিটিশ আবিষ্কারক। তিনি 'ম্যাক্সিম গান' নামক প্রথম বহনযোগ্য স্বয়ংক্রিয় মেশিন গানের আবিষ্কারক। [১৯০][১৯১]
- হারমান জোসেফ মুলার (১৮৯০-১৯৬৭): আমেরিকান জেনেটিসিস্ট এবং শিক্ষাবিদ তিনি শারীরতত্ববিদ্যায় তার অবদানের জন্য সুপরিচিত। রেডিয়েশনের ফলে যে জীনে প্রভাব পড়ে তা আবিষ্কারের জন্য তিনি চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পান[১৯২]
- হেনরি পোইনকেয়ার (১৮৫৪-১৯১২): ফরাসি গণিতজ্ঞ,তাত্ত্বিক পদার্থবিদ,প্রকৌশলী, বিজ্ঞানের দার্শনিক।[১৯৩][১৯৪][১৯৫]
- হিরাম স্টিভেনস ম্যাক্সিম (১৮৪০-১৯১৬): আমেরিকান জন্মগত, ব্রিটিশ আবিষ্কারক। তিনি 'ম্যাক্সিম গান' নামক প্রথম বহনযোগ্য স্বয়ংক্রিয় মেশিন গানের আবিষ্কারক। [১৯৬][১৯৭]
- হানেশ আলফেভেন (১৯০৮–১৯৯৫): সুইডিশ ইলেক্ট্রিক্যাল ইঞ্জিনিয়ার এবং প্লাজমা পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী। তিনি ১৯৭০ সালে magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) এর উপর কাজের জন্য পদার্থবিজ্ঞান বিভাগ থেকে নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। তিনি MHD তরঙ্গকে ব্যাখ্যা করার জন্য বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। তাই তার নাম অনুসারে এই তরঙ্গকে বর্তমানে Alfvén waves বলেই ডাকা হয়।[১৯৮][১৯৯][২০০][২০১]
- স্যার হারমান বোণ্ডি KCB, FRS (1919–2005): এংলো অস্ট্রিয়ান গণিতবিদ এবং কসমোলোজিস্ট, তিনি steady-state theoryর সহ গবেষক হিসেবে খ্যাত। general relativity নিয়ে গবেষণায় তার গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অবদান ছিল।[২০২][২০৩]
- হাগ এভার্ট থ্রি (১৯৩০-১৯৮২): আমেরিকান পদার্থবিদ। তিনিই প্রথম quantum physics এর সাহায্যে many-worlds interpretation (MWI) এর ধারণা দেন।[২০৪]
- হ্যান্স এইসনেক (১৯১৬-১৯৯৭): জার্মান শারীরতত্ত্ববিদ এবং লেখক। তার কাজের প্রতি বুদ্ধিমত্তার এবং তার ব্যক্তিত্বের জন্য তিনি স্মরণীয়। তার কাজের পরিধি অনেক বিস্তৃত। তিনি Personality and Individual Differences নামক জার্নালের প্রতিষ্ঠাতাকালীন সম্পাদক ছিলেন। আশিটির উপরে বই লিখেছেন এবং ১৬০০টির উপরে জার্নাল লিখেছেন।[২০৫]
- হার্ব গ্রোসচ (১৯১৮-২০১০): কানাডিয়ান-আমেরিকান কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞানী। ১৯৫০ সালে তার Grosch's law এর জন্য তিনি বিশ্বজুড়ে সমাধিক পরিচিত।[২০৬]
- হার্বাট হাপ্টম্যান (১৯১৭-২০১১): আমেরিকান গণিতবিদ। Jerome Karle, এর সাথে যুগপৎভাবে ১৯৮৫ সালে রসায়ন বিজ্ঞানে নোবেল পান।[২০৭]
- হার্বাট ক্রোমিয়ার (1928–): জার্মান আমেরিকান অধ্যাপক এবং University of California, Santa Barbara এর কম্পিউটার এবং ইলেক্ট্রিক্যাল অধ্যাপক। ২০০০ সালে তিনি এবং Zhores I. Alferov যুগপৎভাবে পদার্থ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ থেকে সেমিকণ্ডাটকার হেটারোস্ট্রাকচার (যা ব্যবহৃত হয় উচ্চ গতির জন্য) এর উন্নয়নের জন্য নোবেল পা।[২০৮]
- হোরাল্ড ক্রোটো (1939–2016): রসায়নবিদ। ১৯৯৬ সালে রসায়ন বিভাগ থেকে নোবেল লাভ করেন।[২০৯]
Science and technology
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- Scott Aaronson (1981–): American theoretical computer scientist and faculty member in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science department at MIT. His primary area of research is quantum computing and computational complexity theory. [২১০]
- Ernst Abbe (1840–1905): German physicist, optometrist, entrepreneur, and social reformer. Together with Otto Schott and Carl Zeiss, he laid the foundation of modern optics. Abbe developed numerous optical instruments. He was a co-owner of Carl Zeiss AG, a German manufacturer of research microscopes, astronomical telescopes, planetariums and other optical systems.[২১১]
- Fay Ajzenberg-Selove (1926–2012): American nuclear physicist who was known for her experimental work in nuclear spectroscopy of light elements, and for her annual reviews of the energy levels of light atomic nuclei. She was a recipient of the 2007 National Medal of Science.[২১২]
- Zhores Alferov (1930–): Belarusian, Soviet and Russian physicist and academic who contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. He is an inventor of the heterotransistor and the winner of 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics.[২১৩][২১৪]
- Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995): Swedish electrical engineer and plasma physicist. He received the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). He is best known for describing the class of MHD waves now known as Alfvén waves.[২১৫][২১৬][২১৭][২১৮]
- Jim Al-Khalili OBE (1962–): Iraqi-born British theoretical physicist, author and science communicator. He is professor of Theoretical Physics and Chair in the Public Engagement in Science at the University of Surrey[২১৯]
- Philip W. Anderson (1923–): American physicist. He was one of the recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977. Anderson has made contributions to the theories of localization, antiferromagnetism and high-temperature superconductivity.[২২০]
- Jacob Appelbaum (1983–): American computer security researcher and hacker. He is a core member of the Tor project.[২২১]
- François Arago (1786–1853): French mathematician, physicist, astronomer and politician.[২২২]
- Svante Arrhenius (1859–1927): Swedish scientist and the first Swedish Nobel Prize winner.[২২৩][২২৪]
- Abhay Ashtekar (1949–): Indian theoretical physicist. As the creator of Ashtekar variables, he is one of the founders of loop quantum gravity and its subfield loop quantum cosmology.[২২৫]
- Larned B. Asprey (1919–2005): American chemist noted for his work on actinide, lanthanide, rare earth, and fluorine chemistry, and for his contributions to nuclear chemistry on the Manhattan Project and later at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.[২২৬]
- Peter Atkins (1940–): English chemist, Professor of chemistry at Lincoln College, Oxford in England.[২২৭]
- Scott Atran (1952-): American anthropologist who is a Director of Research in Anthropology at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris, Research Professor at the University of Michigan, and cofounder of ARTIS International and of the Centre for the Resolution of Intractable Conflict at Oxford University in England.[২২৮]
- Julius Axelrod (1912–2004): American Nobel Prize–winning biochemist, noted for his work on the release and reuptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters and major contributions to the understanding of the pineal gland and how it is regulated during the sleep-wake cycle.[২২৯]
- Sir Edward Battersby Bailey FRS (1881–1965): British geologist, director of the British Geological Survey.[২৩০]
- Gregory Bateson (1904–1980): English anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, visual anthropologist, semiotician and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields.[২৩১]
- Sir Patrick Bateson FRS (1938–): English biologist and science writer, Emeritus Professor of ethology at Cambridge University and president of the Zoological Society of London.[২৩২]
- William Bateson (1861–1926): British geneticist, a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, where he eventually became Master. He was the first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity and biological inheritance, and the chief populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel following their rediscovery.[২৩৩]
- George Beadle (1903–1989): American scientist in the field of genetics, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate who, with Edward Tatum, discovered the role of genes in regulating biochemical events within cells in 1958.[২৩৪]
- John Stewart Bell FRS (1928–1990): Irish physicist. Best known for his discovery of Bell's theorem.[২৩৫][২৩৬]
- Charles H. Bennett (1943–): American physicist, information theorist and IBM Fellow at IBM Research. He is best known for his work in quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation and is one of the founding fathers of modern quantum information theory.[২৩৭]
- John Desmond Bernal (1901–1971): British biophysicist. Best known for pioneering X-ray crystallography in molecular biology.[২৩৮]
- Paul Bert (1833–1886): French zoologist, physiologist and politician. Known for his research on oxygen toxicity.[২৩৯]
- Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907): French chemist and politician noted for the Thomsen-Berthelot principle of thermochemistry. He synthesized many organic compounds from inorganic substances and disproved the theory of vitalism.[২৪০][২৪১]
- Claude Louis Berthollet (1748–1822): French chemist.[৪৪]
- Hans Bethe (1906–2005): German-American nuclear physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis.[২৪২] A versatile theoretical physicist, Bethe also made important contributions to quantum electrodynamics, nuclear physics, solid-state physics and astrophysics. During World War II, he was head of the Theoretical Division at the secret Los Alamos laboratory which developed the first atomic bombs. There he played a key role in calculating the critical mass of the weapons, and did theoretical work on the implosion method used in both the Trinity test and the "Fat Man" weapon dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.[২৪৩]
- Norman Bethune (1890–1939): Canadian physician and medical innovator.[২৪৪]
- Patrick Blackett OM, CH, FRS (1897–1974): Nobel Prize–winning English experimental physicist known for his work on cloud chambers, cosmic rays, and paleomagnetism.[২৪৫]
- Susan Blackmore (1951–): English neuropsychologist, evolutionary psychologist, and memeticist, best known for her book The Meme Machine.[২৪৬]
- Sir Colin Blakemore এফআরএস, FMedSci, এফআরএসবি, FBPhS (1944–): British neurobiologist, specialising in vision and the development of the brain, who is Professor of Neuroscience and Philosophy in the School of Advanced Study, University of London and Emeritus Professor of Neuroscience at the University of Oxford. He was formerly Chief Executive of the British Medical Research Council (MRC).[২৪৭]
- Cliff Bleszinski (born 1975): American video game designer that is most notable for his role in the development of the Unreal video game franchise.[২৪৮]
- Christian Bohr (1855–1911): Danish physician; father of physicist and Nobel laureate Niels Bohr, and of mathematician Harald Bohr; grandfather of physicist and Nobel laureate Aage Bohr. Christian Bohr is known for having characterized respiratory dead space and described the Bohr effect.[২৪৯]
- Niels Bohr (1885–1962): Danish physicist. Best known for his foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.[২৫০][২৫১][২৫২][২৫৩][২৫৪][২৫৫][৯৯][২৫৬]
- Sir Hermann Bondi KCB, FRS (1919–2005): Anglo-Austrian mathematician and cosmologist, best known for co-developing the steady-state theory of the universe and important contributions to the theory of general relativity.[২৫৭][২৫৮]
- Paul D. Boyer (1918–): American biochemist and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1997.[২৫৯]
- Sydney Brenner (1927–): South African biologist and a 2002 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate, shared with Bob Horvitz and John Sulston. Brenner made significant contributions to work on the genetic code, and other areas of molecular biology while working in the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England.[২৬০]
- Calvin Bridges (1889–1938): American geneticist, known especially for his work on fruit fly genetics.[২৬১]
- Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961): American physicist who won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the physics of high pressures.[২৬২][২৬৩][২৬৪]
- Paul Broca (1824–1880): French physician, surgeon, anatomist, and anthropologist. Broca's work also contributed to the development of physical anthropology, advancing the science of anthropometry.[২৬৫]
- Louis de Broglie (1892–1987): French physicist who made groundbreaking contributions to quantum theory and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929.[২৬৬][২৬৭]
- Rodney Brooks (1954–): Australian-American computer scientist and roboticist.[২৬৮]
- Sheldon Brown (1944–2008): Bicycle mechanic and technical authority on almost every aspect of bicycles.[২৬৯]
- Ruth Mack Brunswick (1897–1946): American psychologist, a close confidant of and collaborator with Sigmund Freud.[২৭০]
- Luther Burbank (1849–1926): American botanist, horticulturist and pioneer in agricultural science who developed more than 800 strains and varieties of plants over his 55-year career. Burbank's varied creations included fruits, flowers, grains, grasses, and vegetables.[২৭১]
- Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet FRS FAA FRSNZ (1899–1985): Australian virologist best known for his contributions to immunology. He won the Nobel Prize in 1960 for predicting acquired immune tolerance and was best known for developing the theory of clonal selection.[২৭২]
- Geoffrey Burnstock (1929–): Australian medical researcher and President of the Autonomic Neuroscience Centre of the UCL Medical School. He is best known for coining the term purinergic signaling, which he discovered in the 1970s. He played a key role in the discovery of ATP as neurotransmitter.[২৭৩]
- Robert Cailliau (1947–): Belgian informatics engineer and computer scientist who, together with Sir Tim Berners-Lee, developed the World Wide Web.[২৭৪]
- Sir Paul Callaghan GNZM FRS FRSNZ (1947–2012): New Zealand physicist who, as the founding director of the MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology at Victoria University of Wellington, held the position of Alan MacDiarmid Professor of Physical Sciences and was President of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance.[২৭৫]
- Walter Bradford Cannon (1871–1945): American physiologist, professor and chairman of the Department of Physiology at Harvard Medical School who coined the term fight or flight response, and he expanded on Claude Bernard's concept of homeostasis.[২৭৬]
- John D. Carmack (1970–): American game programmer, aerospace and virtual reality engineer. He co-founded id Software, and holds the position of CTO at Oculus VR.[২৭৭][২৭৮]
- Sean M. Carroll (1966–): American cosmologist specializing in dark energy and general relativity.[২৭৯]
- Raymond Cattell (1905–1998): British and American psychologist, known for his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure and his exploration of many areas within empirical psychology. Cattell authored, co-authored, or edited almost 60 scholarly books, more than 500 research articles, and over 30 standardized psychometric tests, questionnaires, and rating scales and was among the most productive, but controversial psychologists of the 20th century.[২৮০]
- James Chadwick (1891–1974): English physicist. He won the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the neutron.[২৮১]
- Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995): Indian-American astrophysicist known for his theoretical work on the structure and evolution of stars. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983.[২৮২][২৮৩][২৮৪]
- Georges Charpak (1924–2010): French physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1992.[২৮৫][২৮৬]
- Nikolai Chebotaryov (1894–1947): Russian and Soviet mathematician, best known for the Chebotaryov density theorem.[২৮৭]
- Boris Chertok (1912–2011): Prominent Soviet and Russian rocket designer, responsible for control systems of a number of ballistic missiles and spacecraft. He was the author of a four-volume book Rockets and People, the definitive source of information about the history of the Soviet space program.[২৮৮]
- Aaron Ciechanover (1947-): Israeli biologist, who won the Nobel prize in Chemistry for characterizing the method that cells use to degrade and recycle proteins using ubiquitin.[২৮৯]
- William Kingdon Clifford FRS (1845–1879): English mathematician and philosopher, co-introducer of geometric algebra, the first to suggest that gravitation might be a manifestation of an underlying geometry, and coiner of the expression "mind-stuff".[২৯০]
- Frank Close OBE (1945–): British particle physicist, Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, known for his lectures and writings making science intelligible to a wider audience, for which he was awarded the Institute of Physics's Kelvin Medal and Prize.[২৯১]
- Samuel T. Cohen (1921–2010): American physicist who invented the W70 warhead and is generally credited as the father of the neutron bomb.[২৯২]
- John Horton Conway (1937–): British mathematician active in the theory of finite groups, knot theory, number theory, combinatorial game theory and coding theory. He is best known for the invention of the cellular automaton called Conway's Game of Life.[২৯৩]
- Sir John Cornforth FRS, FAA (1917–2013): Australian–British chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1975 for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalysed reactions.[২৯৪]
- Brian Cox OBE (1968–): English particle physicist, Royal Society University Research Fellow, Professor at the University of Manchester. Best known as a presenter of a number of science programmes for the BBC. He also had some fame in the 1990s as the keyboard player for the pop band D:Ream.[২৯৫][২৯৬]
- Jerry Coyne (1949–): American professor of ecology and evolution, known for his books on evolution and commentary on the intelligent design debate.[২৯৭]
- Richard Crandall (1947–2012): American physicist and computer scientist who made contributions to computational number theory.[২৯৮]
- Francis Crick (1916–2004): English molecular biologist, physicist, and neuroscientist; noted for being one of the co-discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962.[২৯৯][৩০০][৩০১][৩০২][৩০৩][৩০৪][৩০৫]
- George Washington Crile (1864–1943): American surgeon. Crile is now formally recognized as the first surgeon to have succeeded in a direct blood transfusion.[৩০৬]
- James F. Crow (1916–2012): American geneticist and professor.[৩০৭]
- Pierre Curie (1859–1906): French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity, and Nobel laureate. In 1903 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel".[৩০৮]
- Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783): French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. He was also co-editor with Denis Diderot of the Encyclopédie.[৩০৯][৩১০]
- Sir Howard Dalton FRS (1944–2008): British microbiologist, Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs from March 2002 to September 2007.[৩১১]
- Richard Dawkins (1941–): British zoologist, biologist, creator of the concept of the meme; outspoken atheist and popularizer of science, author of The God Delusion and founder of the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science.[৩১২]
- Jean Baptiste Delambre (1749–1822): French mathematician, astronomer, and director of the Paris Observatory.[৩১৩]
- Wander Johannes de Haas (1878–1960): Dutch physicist and mathematician who is best known for the Shubnikov–de Haas effect, the de Haas–van Alphen effect and the Einstein–de Haas effect.[৩১৪]
- Augustus De Morgan (1806–1871): British mathematician and logician. He formulated De Morgan's laws and introduced the term mathematical induction, making its idea rigorous.[৩১৫][৩১৬][৩১৭]
- Arnaud Denjoy (1884–1974): French mathematician, noted for his contributions to harmonic analysis and differential equations.[৩১৮]
- David Deutsch (1953–): Israeli-British physicist at the University of Oxford. He pioneered the field of quantum computation by being the first person to formulate a description for a quantum Turing machine, as well as specifying an algorithm designed to run on a quantum computer.[৩১৯]
- Jared Diamond (1937–): American scientist and author whose work draws from a variety of fields. He is best known for his award-winning popular science books The Third Chimpanzee; Guns, Germs, and Steel; and Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed.[৩২০]
- Paul Dirac (1902–1984): British theoretical physicist, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, predicted the existence of antimatter, and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933.[৩২১][১১৬][৩২২][৩২৩][৩২৪][৩২৫]
- Christian de Duve (1917–2013): Belgian cytologist and biochemist. He made serendipitous discoveries of two cell organelles, peroxisome and lysosome, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Albert Claude and George E. Palade ("for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"). In addition to peroxisome and lysosome, he invented the scientific names such as autophagy, endocytosis, and exocytosis in a single occasion.[৩২৬][৩২৭][৩২৮][৩২৯]
- Carl Djerassi (1923–2015): Austrian-born Bulgarian-American chemist, novelist, and playwright best known for his contribution to the development of oral contraceptive pills. He also developed Pyribenzamine (tripelennamine), his first patent and one of the first commercial antihistamines[৩৩০]
- Richard Doll (1912–2005): British physiologist who became the foremost epidemiologist of the 20th century, turning the subject into a rigorous science. He was a pioneer in research linking smoking to health problems. With Ernst Wynder, Bradford Hill and Evarts Graham, he was credited with being the first to prove that smoking caused lung cancer and increased the risk of heart disease. He also carried out pioneering work on the relationship between radiation and leukemia as well as that between asbestos and lung cancer, and alcohol and breast cancer.[৩৩১]
- Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896): German physician and physiologist, the discoverer of nerve action potential, and the father of experimental electrophysiology.[৩৩২]
- Eugene Dynkin (1924–2014): Soviet and American mathematician. He has made contributions to the fields of probability and algebra, especially semisimple Lie groups, Lie algebras, and Markov processes. The Dynkin diagram, the Dynkin system, and Dynkin's lemma are named after him.[৩৩৩]
- Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933): Austrian and Dutch theoretical physicist, who made major contributions to the field of statistical mechanics and its relations with quantum mechanics, including the theory of phase transition and the Ehrenfest theorem.[৩৩৪][৩৩৫]
- Thomas Eisner (1929–2011): German-American entomologist and ecologist, known as the "father of chemical ecology".[৩৩৬]
- Albert Ellis (1913–2007): American psychologist who in 1955 developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy.[৩৩৭]
- Paul Erdős (1913–1996): Hungarian mathematician. He published more papers than any other mathematician in history, working with hundreds of collaborators. He worked on problems in combinatorics, graph theory, number theory, classical analysis, approximation theory, set theory, and probability theory.[৩৩৮]
- Richard R. Ernst (1933–): Swiss physical chemist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1991.[৩৩৯]
- Hugh Everett III (1930–1982): American physicist who first proposed the many-worlds interpretation (MWI) of quantum physics, which he termed his "relative state" formulation.[৩৪০]
- Hans Eysenck (1916–1997): German psychologist and author who is best remembered for his work on intelligence and personality, though he worked in a wide range of areas. He was the founding editor of the journal Personality and Individual Differences, and authored about 80 books and more than 1600 journal articles.[৩৪১]
- Sandra Faber (1944–): American astronomer and astrophysicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, also working at the Lick Observatory, who headed the team that discovered 'The Great Attractor.[৩৪২]
- Gustav Fechner (1801–1887): German experimental psychologist. An early pioneer in experimental psychology and founder of psychophysics.[৩৪৩]
- Leon Festinger (1919–1989): American social psychologist famous for his Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.[৩৪৪]
- Richard Feynman (1918–1988): American theoretical physicist, best known for his work in renormalizing Quantum electrodynamics (QED) and his path integral formulation of quantum mechanics . He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965.[৩৪৫][৩৪৬][৩৪৭]
- Sir Raymond Firth CNZM, FBA (1901–2002): New Zealand ethnologist, considered to have singlehandedly created a form of British economic anthropology.[৩৪৮]
- James Franck (1882–1964): German physicist. Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1925.[৩৪৯]
- Sigmund Freud (1856–1939): Austrian neurologist and known as Father of psychoanalysis.[৩৫০]
- Jerome Isaac Friedman (1930–): American physicist who won the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Henry Kendall and Richard Taylor, for work showing an internal structure for protons later known to be quarks.[৩৫১]
- Erich Fromm (1900–1980): German social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, humanistic philosopher, and democratic socialist. He was associated with what became known as the Frankfurt School of critical theory.[৩৫২]
- Christer Fuglesang (1957–): Swedish astronaut and physicist.[৩৫৩]
- George Gamow (1904–1968): Russian-born theoretical physicist and cosmologist. An early advocate and developer of Lemaître's Big Bang theory.[৩৫৪][৩৫৫][৩৫৬][৩৫৭]
- Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1772–1850): French chemist and physicist. He is known mostly for two laws related to gases.[৩৫৮]
- Vitaly Ginzburg (1916–2009): Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, Nobel laureate, a member of the Soviet and Russian Academies of Sciences and one of the fathers of Soviet hydrogen bomb.[৩৫৯]
- Elkhonon Goldberg (1946–):Russian-born neuropsychologist and cognitive neuroscientist known for his work in hemispheric specialization and the "novelty-routinization" theory.[৩৬০]
- Camillo Golgi (1843–1926): Italian physician, biologist, pathologist, scientist, and Nobel laureate. Several structures and phenomena in anatomy and physiology are named for him, including the Golgi apparatus, the Golgi tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex. He is recognized as the greatest neuroscientist and biologist of his time.[৩৬১][৩৬২]
- Gordon Gould (1920–2005): American physicist. He is widely, but not universally, credited with the invention of the laser. Gould is best known for his thirty-year fight with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to obtain patents for the laser and related technologies.[৩৬৩][৩৬৪]
- Susan Greenfield CBE (1950–): British neuroscientist, physiologist, writer, broadcaster, and member of the House of Lords.[৩৬৫]
- Herb Grosch (1918–2010): Canadian-American computer scientist, perhaps best known for Grosch's law, which he formulated in 1950.[৩৬৬]
- David Gross (1941–): American theoretical physicist and string theorist who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics for his co-discovery of asymptotic freedom.[৩৬৭][৩৬৮][৩৬৯]
- Alan Guth (1947–): American theoretical physicist and cosmologist.[৩৭০]
- Jacques Hadamard (1865–1963): French mathematician who made major contributions in number theory, complex function theory, differential geometry and partial differential equations.[৩৭১]
- Jonathan Haidt (c.1964–): Associate professor of psychology at the University of Virginia, focusing on the psychological bases of morality across different cultures, and author of The Happiness Hypothesis.[৩৭২]
- J. B. S. Haldane (1892–1964): British polymath well known for his works in physiology, genetics and evolutionary biology. He was also a mathematician making innovative contributions to statistics and biometry education in India. Haldane was also the first to construct human gene maps for haemophilia and colour blindness on the X chromosome and he was one of the first people to conceive abiogenesis.[৩৭৩]
- E. T. 'Teddy' Hall (1924–2001): English archaeological scientist, famous for exposing the Piltdown Man fraud and claiming that the Shroud of Turin is a medieval fake.[৩৭৪]
- Sir James Hall (1761–1832): Scottish geologist and chemist, President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment.[৩৭৫]
- G. Stanley Hall (1846–1924): Pioneering American psychologist and educator. His interests focused on childhood development and evolutionary theory. Hall was the first president of the American Psychological Association and the first president of Clark University.[৩৭৬]
- Edmond Halley (1656–1742): English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist and physicist. Best known for computing the orbit of the eponymous Halley's Comet.[৩৭৭]
- Beverly Halstead (1933–1991): British paleontologist and populariser of science.[৩৭৮]
- Frances Hamerstrom (1908–1998): American author, naturalist and ornithologist known for her work with the greater prairie chicken in Wisconsin, and for her research on birds of prey.[৩৭৯]
- W. D. Hamilton (1936–2000): British evolutionary biologist, widely recognised as one of the greatest evolutionary theorists of the 20th century.[৩৮০]
- Gerhard Armauer Hansen (1841–1912): Norwegian physician, remembered for his identification of the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae in 1873 as the causative agent of leprosy.[৩৮১][৩৮২]
- G. H. Hardy (1877–1947): a prominent English mathematician, known for his achievements in number theory and mathematical analysis.[৩৮৩][৩৮৪]
- Herbert A. Hauptman (1917–2011): American mathematician. Along with Jerome Karle, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1985.[৩৮৫]
- Stephen Hawking (1942–): British theoretical physicist, cosmologist, author, and Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge.[৩৮৬]
- Ewald Hering (1834–1918): German physiologist who did much research into color vision, binocular perception and eye movements. He proposed opponent color theory in 1892.[৩৮৭][৩৮৮]
- Peter Higgs (1929–): British theoretical physicist, recipient of the Dirac Medal and Prize, known for his prediction of the existence of a new particle, the Higgs boson, nicknamed the "God particle".[৩৮৯] He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013.
- David Hilbert (1862–1943): German mathematician. He is recognized as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Hilbert discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in many areas, including invariant theory and the axiomatization of geometry. He also formulated the theory of Hilbert spaces, one of the foundations of functional analysis. Hilbert is known as one of the founders of proof theory and mathematical logic, as well as for being among the first to distinguish between mathematics and metamathematics.[৩৯০][৩৯১][৩৯২]
- Roald Hoffmann (1937–): American theoretical chemist who won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[৩৯৩]
- Lancelot Hogben (1895–1975): English experimental zoologist and medical statistician, now best known for his popularising books on science, mathematics and language.[৩৯৪]
- Brigid Hogan FRS (1943–): British developmental biologist noted for her contributions to stem cell research and transgenic technology and techniques. She is the George Barth Geller Professor of Research in Molecular Biology and Chair of the Department of Cell Biology at Duke University, as well as the director of the Duke Stem Cell Program.[৩৯৫]
- Fred Hollows (1929 – 1993), New Zealand and Australian ophthalmologist. He became known for his work in restoring eyesight for countless thousands of people in Australia and many other countries.[৩৯৬]
- Fred Hoyle (1915–2001): English astronomer noted primarily for his contribution to the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis and his often controversial stance on other cosmological and scientific matters—in particular his rejection of the "Big Bang" theory, a term originally coined by him on BBC radio.[৩৯৭]
- Russell Alan Hulse (1950–): American physicist and winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with his thesis advisor Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr..[৩৯৮]
- Nicholas Humphrey (1943–): British evolutionary psychologist and primate ethologist, working on consciousness and belief in the supernatural from a Darwinian perspective, and primatological research into Machiavellian intelligence theory.[৩৯৯]
- Sir Julian Huxley FRS (1887–1975): English evolutionary biologist, a leading figure in the mid-twentieth century evolutionary synthesis, Secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1935–1942), the first Director of UNESCO, and a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund.[৪০০]
- John Hughlings Jackson FRS (1835–1911): English neurologist. He is best known for his research on epilepsy. Jackson was one of the founders of the important Brain journal, which was dedicated to the interaction between experimental and clinical neurology (still being published today). [৪০১][৪০২]
- François Jacob (1920–2013): French biologist who, together with Jacques Monod, originated the idea that control of enzyme levels in all cells occurs through feedback on transcription. He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Jacques Monod and André Lwoff.[৪০৩]
- Frédéric Joliot-Curie (1900–1958): French physicist and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1935.[৪০৪][৪০৫]
- Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956): French scientist. She is the daughter of Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. She along with her husband, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935.[৯][১০]
- Steve Jones (1944–): British geneticist, Professor of genetics and head of the biology department at University College London, and television presenter and a prize-winning author on biology, especially evolution; one of the best known contemporary popular writers on evolution.[৪০৬][৪০৭]
- Paul Kammerer (1880–1926): Austrian biologist who studied and advocated the now abandoned Lamarckian theory of inheritance – the notion that organisms may pass to their offspring characteristics they have acquired in their lifetime.[৪০৮][৪০৯]
- Samuel Karlin (1924–2007): American mathematician. He did extensive work in mathematical population genetics.[৪১০]
- Stuart Kauffman (1939–): American theoretical biologist and complex systems researcher concerning the origin of life on Earth. He is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from self-organization and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian natural selection, as well as for applying models of Boolean networks to simplified genetic circuits.[৪১১]
- Grete Kellenberger-Gujer (1919–2011): Swiss molecular biologist known for her discoveries on genetic recombination and restriction modification system of DNA. She was a pioneer in the genetic analysis of bacteriophages and contributed to the early development of molecular biology.[৪১২]
- Ancel Keys (1904–2004): American scientist who studied the influence of diet on health. He examined the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and was responsible for two famous diets: K-rations and the Mediterranean diet.[৪১৩]
- Alfred Kinsey (1894–1956): American biologist, sexologist and professor of entomology and zoology.[৪১৪]
- Melanie Klein (1882–1960): Austrian-born British psychoanalyst who devised novel therapeutic techniques for children that influenced child psychology and contemporary psychoanalysis. She was a leading innovator in theorizing object relations theory.[৪১৫]
- Alfred Dillwyn Knox (1884–1943): British classics scholar and papyrologist at King's College, Cambridge, and a cryptologist. As a member of the World War I Room 40 codebreaking unit, he helped decrypt the Zimmermann Telegram, which brought the United States into the war. At the end of World War I, he joined the Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS) and on 25 July 1939, as Chief Cryptographer, participated in the Polish-French-British Warsaw meeting that disclosed Polish achievements, since December 1932, in the continuous breaking of German Enigma ciphers, thus kick-starting the British World War II Ultra operations at Bletchley Park.[৪১৬]
- Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi (1907–1966): Indian mathematician, statistician, historian and polymath who contributed to genetics by introducing Kosambi's map function.[৪১৭]
- Lawrence Krauss (1954–): Professor of physics at Arizona State University and popularizer of science. Krauss speaks regularly at atheist conferences, like Beyond Belief and Atheist Alliance International.[৪১৮][৪১৯]
- Herbert Kroemer (1928–): German-American professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In 2000, he along with Zhores I. Alferov, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics".[৪২০]
- Harold Kroto (1939–2016): 1996 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry.[৪২১]
- Ray Kurzweil (1948–): American author, scientist, inventor and futurist. He is the author of several books on health, artificial intelligence (AI), transhumanism, the technological singularity, and futurism.[৪২২]
- Jacques Lacan (1901–1981): French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist who made prominent contributions to psychoanalysis and philosophy, and has been called "the most controversial psycho-analyst since Freud".[৪২৩]
- Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736–1813): Italian mathematician and astronomer that made significant contributions to the fields of analysis, number theory, and both classical and celestial mechanics.[৪২৪]
- Jérôme Lalande (1732–1807): French astronomer and writer.[৪২৫]
- Lev Landau (1908–1968): Russian physicist. He received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics for his development of a mathematical theory of superfluidity.[৪২৬][৪২৭]
- Alexander Langmuir (1910–1993): American epidemiologist. He is renowned for creating the Epidemic Intelligence Service.[৪২৮]
- Christopher Langton (1948 or 1949–): American computer scientist and one of the founders of the field of artificial life.[৪২৯]
- Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827): French mathematician and astronomer whose work was pivotal to the development of mathematical astronomy, mathematics, physics and statistics, and anticipated the discovery of galaxies other than the Milky Way and the existence of black holes. Laplace formulated Laplace's equation, and pioneered the Laplace transform which appears in many branches of mathematical physics, a field that he took a leading role in forming. He restated and developed the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the Solar System. Laplace is remembered as one of the greatest scientists of all time. Sometimes referred to as the French Newton or Newton of France, he has been described as possessing a phenomenal natural mathematical faculty superior to that of any of his contemporaries.[৪৩০][৪৩১][৪৩২]
- Paul Lauterbur (1929–2007): American chemist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 with Peter Mansfield for his work which made the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) possible.[৪৩৩]
- Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (1845–1922): French physician who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1907 for his discoveries of parasitic protozoans as causative agents of infectious diseases such as malaria and trypanosomiasis.[৪৩৪][৪৩৫]
- Richard Leakey (1944–): Kenyan paleoanthropologist, conservationist, and politician.[৪৩৬]
- Félix Le Dantec (1869-1917): French biologist and philosopher of science, noted for his work on bacteria.[৪৩৭]
- Leon M. Lederman (1922–): American physicist who, along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1988 for their joint research on neutrinos.[৪৩৮]
- Jean-Marie Lehn (1939–): French chemist. He received the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, together with Donald Cram and Charles Pedersen.[৪৩৯]
- Sir John Leslie (1766–1832): Scottish mathematician and physicist best remembered for his research into heat; he was the first person to artificially produce ice, and gave the first modern account of capillary action.[৪৪০]
- Rodolfo Llinás (1934–): Colombian American neuroscientist who has studied the electrophysiology of single neurons in the cerebellum, the thalamus, the cerebral cortex, the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampus, the vestibular system, the inferior olive and the spinal cord. He has studied synaptic transmitter release in the squid giant synapse. He has studied human brain function using magnetoencephalography (MEG) on the basis of which he introduced the concept of Thalamocortical dysrhythmia. He is currently the Thomas and Suzanne Murphy Professor of Neuroscience and Chairman Emmeritus of the department of Physiology & Neuroscience at the NYU School of Medicine.[৪৪১]
- Nikolai Lobachevsky (1792–1856): Russian mathematician. Known for his works on hyperbolic geometry.[৪৪২][৪৪৩]
- Jacques Loeb (1859–1924): German-born American physiologist and biologist. [৪৪৪][৪৪৫]
- Heinz London (1907–1970): German-British Physicist. Together with his brother Fritz London he was a pioneer in the field of superconductivity.[৪৪৬]
- H. Christopher Longuet-Higgins FRS (1923–2004): English theoretical chemist and a cognitive scientist.[৪৪৭]
- Paul MacCready (1925–2007): American aeronautical engineer. He was the founder of AeroVironment and the designer of the human-powered aircraft that won the Kremer prize.[৪৪৮]
- Ernst Mach (1838–1916): Austrian physicist and philosopher. Known for his contributions to physics such as the Mach number and the study of shock waves.[৪৪৯][৪৫০][৪৫১]
- João Magueijo (1967–): Portuguese cosmologist and professor in Theoretical Physics at Imperial College London who is a pioneer of the varying speed of light (VSL) theory.[৪৫২]
- Paolo Mantegazza (1831–1910): Italian neurologist, physiologist and anthropologist, noted for his experimental investigation of coca leaves into its effects on the human psyche.[৪৫৩]
- Andrey Markov (1856–1922): Russian mathematician. He is best known for his work on stochastic processes.[৪৫৪][৪৫৫]
- Abraham Maslow (1908–1970): American psychologist. He was a professor of psychology at Brandeis University, Brooklyn College, New School for Social Research and Columbia University who created Maslow's hierarchy of needs.[৪৫৬]
- Samarendra Maulik (1881–1950): Indian entomologist specialising in the Coleoptera, who worked at the British Museum (Natural History) and a Professor of Zoology at the University of Calcutta.[৪৫৭]
- Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1698–1759): French mathematician, philosopher and man of letters. He is often credited with having invented the principle of least action; a version is known as Maupertuis' principle – an integral equation that determines the path followed by a physical system.[৪৫৮]
- Hiram Stevens Maxim (1840–1916): American-born British inventor. He was the inventor of the Maxim Gun, the first portable, fully automatic machine gun and an elaborate mousetrap.[৪৫৯][৪৬০]
- John Maynard Smith (1920–2004): British evolutionary biologist and geneticist, instrumental in the application of game theory to evolution, and noted theorizer on the evolution of sex and signalling theory.[৪৬১]
- Ernst Mayr (1904–2005): a renowned taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, historian of science, and naturalist. He was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists.[৪৬২]
- John McCarthy (1927–2011): American computer scientist and cognitive scientist who received the Turing Award in 1971 for his major contributions to the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). He was responsible for the coining of the term "Artificial Intelligence" in his 1955 proposal for the 1956 Dartmouth Conference and was the inventor of the Lisp programming language.[৪৬৩]
- Sir Peter Medawar (1915–1987): Nobel Prize-winning British scientist best known for his work on how the immune system rejects or accepts tissue transplants.[৪৬৪]
- Jeff Medkeff (1968–2008): American astronomer, prominent science writer and educator, and designer of robotic telescopes.[৪৬৫]
- Simon van der Meer (1925-2011), Dutch particle accelerator physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Carlo Rubbia for contributions to the CERN project which led to the discovery of the W and Z particles, two of the most fundamental constituents of matter.[৪৬৬]
- Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916): Russian biologist, zoologist and protozoologist. He is best known for his research into the immune system. Mechnikov received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1908, shared with Paul Ehrlich.[৪৬৭]
- Jonathan Miller CBE (1934–): British physician, actor, theatre and opera director, and television presenter. Wrote and presented the 2004 television series, Atheism: A Rough History of Disbelief, exploring the roots of his own atheism and investigating the history of atheism in the world.[৪৬৮][৫২]
- Marvin Minsky (1927–2016): American cognitive scientist and computer scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) in MIT.[৪৬৯][৪৭০]
- Peter D. Mitchell (1920–1992): 1978–Nobel-laureate British biochemist. His mother was an atheist and he himself became an atheist at the age of 15.[৪৭১]
- Jacob Moleschott (1822–1893): Dutch physiologist and writer on dietetics.[৪৭২]
- Gaspard Monge (1746–1818): French mathematician. Monge is the inventor of descriptive geometry.[৪৪][৪৭৩][৪৭৪]
- Jacques Monod (1910–1976): French biologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965 for discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.[৪৭৫]
- Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012): Italian neurologist who, together with colleague Stanley Cohen, received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF).[৪৭৬]
- Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (1740–1810): French chemist and paper-manufacturer. In 1783, he made the first ascent in a balloon (inflated with warm air).[৪৭৭][৪৭৮]
- Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945): American evolutionary biologist, geneticist and embryologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries relating the role the chromosome plays in heredity.[৪৭৯][৪৮০][৪৮১][৪৮২]
- Desmond Morris (1928–): English zoologist and ethologist, famous for describing human behaviour from a zoological perspective in his books The Naked Ape and The Human Zoo.[৪৮৩][৪৮৪]
- Luboš Motl (1973–): Theoretical physics and string theorist. He said he is a Christian atheist.[৪৮৫]
- Fritz Müller (1821–1897): German biologist who emigrated to Brazil, where he studied the natural history of the Amazon rainforest and was an early advocate of evolutionary theory.[৪৮৬]
- Hermann Joseph Muller (1890–1967): American geneticist and educator, best known for his work on the physiological and genetic effects of radiation (X-ray mutagenesis). He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1946.[৪৮৭]
- PZ Myers (1957–): American biology professor at the University of Minnesota and a blogger via his blog, Pharyngula.[৪৮৮]
- John Forbes Nash, Jr. (1928–2015): American mathematician whose works in game theory, differential geometry, and partial differential equations. He shared the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with game theorists Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi.[৪৮৯][৪৯০]
- Yuval Ne'eman (1925–2006): Israeli theoretical physicist, military scientist, and politician. One of his greatest achievements in physics was his 1961 discovery of the classification of hadrons through the SU(3)flavour symmetry, now named the Eightfold Way, which was also proposed independently by Murray Gell-Mann.[৪৯১][৪৯২]
- Ted Nelson: (1937–): American pioneer of information technology, philosopher, and sociologist who coined the terms hypertext and hypermedia in 1963 and published them in 1965.[৪৯৩]
- Alfred Nobel (1833–1896): Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist who is known for inventing dynamite and holding 355 patents. He was a benefactor of the Nobel Prize.[৪৯৪][৪৯৫][৪৯৬]
- Paul Nurse (1949–): English geneticist, President of the Royal Society and Chief Executive and Director of the Francis Crick Institute. He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Leland Hartwell and Tim Hunt for their discoveries of protein molecules that control the division (duplication) of cells in the cell cycle.[৪৯৭]
- Mark Oliphant (1901–2000): Australian physicist and humanitarian. He played a fundamental role in the first experimental demonstration of nuclear fusion and also the development of the atomic bomb.[৪৯৮]
- Alexander Oparin (1894–1980): Soviet biochemist.[৪৯৯]
- Frank Oppenheimer (1912–1985): American particle physicist, professor of physics at the University of Colorado, and the founder of the Exploratorium in San Francisco. A younger brother of renowned physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Frank Oppenheimer conducted research on aspects of nuclear physics during the time of the Manhattan Project, and made contributions to uranium enrichment.[৫০০]
- J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904–1967): American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley; along with Enrico Fermi, he is often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in the Manhattan Project. Oppenheimer's achievements in physics include the Born–Oppenheimer approximation for molecular wavefunctions, work on the theory of electrons and positrons, the Oppenheimer–Phillips process in nuclear fusion, and the first prediction of quantum tunneling. With his students he made important contributions to the modern theory of neutron stars and black holes, as well as to quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, and the interactions of cosmic rays.[৫০১][৫০২]
- Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932): Baltic German chemist. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909 for his work on catalysis, chemical equilibria and reaction velocities. He, along with Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and Svante Arrhenius, are usually credited with being the modern founders of the field of physical chemistry.[৫০৩]
- Robert L. Park (1931–): Physicist at University of Maryland and author of Voodoo Science and Superstition.[৫০৪]
- Linus Pauling (1901–1994): American chemist, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry (1954) and Peace (1962)[১১৬][৫০৫]
- John Allen Paulos (1945–): Professor of mathematics at Temple University in Philadelphia and writer, author of Irreligion: A Mathematician Explains Why the Arguments for God Just Don't Add Up (2007)[৫০৬]
- Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936): Nobel Prize–winning Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician, widely known for first describing the phenomenon of classical conditioning.[৫০৭]
- Ruby Payne-Scott (1912–1981): Australian pioneer in radiophysics and radio astronomy, and was the first female radio astronomer.[৫০৮]
- Judea Pearl (1936–): Israeli American computer scientist and philosopher, best known for championing the probabilistic approach to artificial intelligence and the development of Bayesian networks. He won the Turing Award in 2011.[৫০৯]
- Karl Pearson FRS (1857–1936): Influential English mathematician and biostatistician. He has been credited with establishing the discipline of mathematical statistics. He founded the world's first university statistics department at University College London in 1911, and contributed significantly to the field of biometrics, meteorology, theories of social Darwinism and eugenics.[৫১০][৫১১]
- Sir Roger Penrose (1931–): English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College. He is renowned for his work in mathematical physics, in particular his contributions to general relativity and cosmology. He is also a recreational mathematician and philosopher[৫১২][৫১৩]
- Francis Perrin (1901–1992): French physicist, co-establisher of the possibility of nuclear chain reactions and nuclear energy production.[৫১৪]
- Jean Baptiste Perrin (1870–1942): French physicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1926.[৫১৫]
- Markus Persson (born 1979): Swedish video game programmer and designer. He is the founder of Mojang, the company behind Minecraft.[৫১৬]
- Max Perutz (1914–2002): Austrian-born British molecular biologist, who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with John Kendrew, for their studies of the structures of hemoglobin and globular proteins.[৫১৭]
- Robert Phelps (1926–2013): American mathematician who was known for his contributions to analysis, particularly to functional analysis and measure theory. He was a professor of mathematics at the University of Washington from 1962 until his death.[৫১৮]
- Massimo Pigliucci (1964–): Professor of Ecology and Evolution at the Stony Brook University, outspoken critic of creationism, and advocate of science education.[৫১৯]
- Steven Pinker (1954–): Canadian-born American psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist and popular science author.[৫২০]
- Norman Pirie FRS (1907–1997): British biochemist and virologist co-discoverer in 1936 of viral crystallization, an important milestone in understanding DNA and RNA.[৫২১]
- Ronald Plasterk (1957–): Dutch prize-winning molecular geneticist and columnist, and Minister of Education, Culture and Science in the fourth Balkenende cabinet for the Labour Party.[৫২২]
- Henri Poincaré (1854–1912): French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as The Last Universalist, since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime.[৫২৩][৫২৪][৫২৫]
- Carolyn Porco (1953): American planetary scientist known for her work in the exploration of the outer solar system, beginning with her imaging work on the Voyager missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune in the 1980s. She leads the imaging science team on the Cassini mission currently in orbit around Saturn.[৫২৬]
- Derek J. de Solla Price (1922–1983): British-American historian of science.[৫২৭]
- Will Provine (1942–2015): American historian of science and of evolutionary biology and population genetics. He was the Andrew H. and James S. Tisch Distinguished University Professor at Cornell University and was a professor in the Departments of History, Science and Technology Studies, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.[৫২৮]
- Isidor Isaac Rabi (1898–1988): American physicist and Nobel Prize–winning scientist who discovered nuclear magnetic resonance in 1944 and was also one of the first scientists in the US to work on the cavity magnetron, which is used in microwave radar and microwave ovens.[৫২৯]
- Frank P. Ramsey (1903–1930): British mathematician who also made significant contributions in philosophy and economics.[৫৩০]
- Lisa Randall (1962–): American theoretical physicist and a student of particle physics and cosmology. She works on several of the competing models of string theory in the quest to explain the fabric of the universe. Her best known contribution to the field is the Randall–Sundrum model, first published in 1999 with Raman Sundrum.[৫৩১]
- Marcus J. Ranum (1962–): American computer and network security researcher and industry leader. He is credited with a number of innovations in firewalls.[৫৩২]
- Grote Reber (1911–2002): American astronomer. A pioneer of radio astronomy.[৫৩৩]
- Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow (1942–): British cosmologist and astrophysicist.[৫৩৪]
- Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957): Austrian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, known as one of the most radical figures in the history of psychiatry.[৫৩৫]
- Robert Coleman Richardson (1937–2013): American experimental physicist who along with David Lee, as senior researchers, and then graduate student Douglas Osheroff, shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics for their 1972 discovery of the property of superfluidity in helium-3 atoms in the Cornell University Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics.[৫৩৬]
- Charles Francis Richter (1900–1985): American seismologist and physicist who is most famous as the creator of the Richter magnitude scale, which, until the development of the moment magnitude scale in 1979, quantified the size of earthquakes.[৫৩৭]
- Oscar Riddle (1877–1968): American biologist. He is known for his research into the pituitary gland and for isolating the hormone prolactin.[৫৩৮]
- Richard J. Roberts (1943–): British biochemist and molecular biologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1993 for the discovery of introns in eukaryotic DNA and the mechanism of gene-splicing.[৫৩৯][৫৪০][৫৪১]
- Carl Rogers (1902–1987): American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. Rogers is widely considered to be one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research and was honored for his pioneering research with the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions by the American Psychological Association in 1956.[৫৪২]
- Jason Rohrer (1977–): American computer programmer, writer, musician, and game designer.[৫৪৩]
- Steven Rose (1938–): British Professor of Biology and Neurobiology at the Open University and University of London, and author of several popular science books.[৫৪৪]
- Marshall Rosenbluth (1927–2003): American physicist, nicknamed "the Pope of Plasma Physics". He created the Metropolis algorithm in statistical mechanics, derived the Rosenbluth formula in high-energy physics, and laid the foundations for instability theory in plasma physics.[৫৪৫]
- Bertrand Russell (1872–1970): British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic and political activist. He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege, colleague G. E. Moore, and his protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein. He is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians. With A. N. Whitehead he wrote Principia Mathematica, an attempt to create a logical basis for mathematics. His philosophical essay "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy". His work has had a considerable influence on logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science (see type theory and type system), and philosophy, especially the philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics.[৫৪৬]
- Oliver Sacks (1933–2015): United States-based British neurologist, who has written popular books about his patients, the most famous of which is Awakenings.[৫৪৭][৫৪৮]
- Carl Sagan (1934–1996): American astronomer and astrochemist, a highly successful popularizer of astronomy, astrophysics, and other natural sciences, and pioneer of exobiology and promoter of the SETI. Although Sagan has been identified as an atheist according to some definitions,[৫৪৯][৫৫০][৫৫১] he rejected the label, stating "An atheist has to know a lot more than I know."[৫৪৯] He was an agnostic who,[৫৫২] while maintaining that the idea of a creator of the universe was difficult to disprove,[৫৫৩] nevertheless disbelieved in God's existence, pending sufficient evidence.[৫৫৪]
- Meghnad Saha (1893–1956): Indian astrophysicist noted for his development in 1920 of the thermal ionization equation, has remained fundamental in all work on Stellar atmospheres. This equation has been widely applied to the interpretation of stellar spectra, which are characteristic of the chemical composition of the light source. The Saha equation links the composition and appearance of the spectrum with the temperature of the light source and can thus be used to determine either the temperature of the star or the relative abundance of the chemical elements investigated.[৫৫৫][৫৫৬]
- Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989): Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident and human rights activist. He gained renown as the designer of the Soviet Union's Third Idea, a code name for Soviet development of thermonuclear weapons. Sakharov was an advocate of civil liberties and civil reforms in the Soviet Union. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975. The Sakharov Prize, which is awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms, is named in his honor.[৫৫৭][৫৫৮][৫৫৯]
- Robert Sapolsky (1957–): American professor of biology, neurology. and neurobiology at Stanford University.[৫৬০]
- Wallace L. W. Sargent (1935–2012): American astronomer.[৫৬১]
- Mahendralal Sarkar (1833–1904): Indian physician and academic.[৫৬২]
- Marcus du Sautoy (1965–): mathematician and holder of the Charles Simonyi Chair for the Public Understanding of Science.[৫৬৩]
- Hans Joachim Schellnhuber (1950–): German theoretical physicist and founding director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and chair of the German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU).[৫৬৪][৫৬৫]
- Joseph Schlessinger (1945–): Yugoslav-born Israeli-American biochemist and biophysicist whose work has led to an understanding of the mechanism of transmembrane signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases and how the resulting signals control cell growth and differentiation.[৫৬৬]
- Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961): Austrian-Irish physicist and theoretical biologist. A pioneer of quantum mechanics and winner of the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics.[৫৬৭][৫৬৮][৫৬৯][৫৭০][৫৭১][৫৭২]
- Laurent Schwartz (1915–2002): French mathematician, awarded the Fields medal for his work on distributions.[৫৭৩]
- Dennis W. Sciama (1926–1999): British physicist who played a major role in developing British physics after the Second World War. His most significant work was in general relativity, with and without quantum theory, and black holes. He helped revitalize the classical relativistic alternative to general relativity known as Einstein-Cartan gravity. He is considered one of the fathers of modern cosmology.[৫৭৪]
- Nadrian Seeman (1945–): American nanotechnologist and crystallographer known for inventing the field of DNA nanotechnology.[৫৭৫]
- Claude Shannon (1916–2001): American electrical engineer and mathematician, has been called "the father of information theory", and was the founder of practical digital circuit design theory.[৫৭৬][৫৭৭]
- Dan Shechtman (1941): Israeli physicist and the Philip Tobias Professor of Materials Science at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, an Associate of the US Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory, and Professor of Materials Science at Iowa State University. He was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of quasicrystals.[৫৭৮]
- Edwin Shneidman (1918–2009): American suicidologist and thanatologist.[৫৭৯]
- William Shockley (1910–1989): American physicist and inventor. Along with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, Shockley co-invented the transistor, for which all three were awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.[৫৮০]
- William James Sidis (1898–1944): American mathematician, cosmologist, inventor, linguist, historian and child prodigy.[৫৮১]
- Boris Sidis (1867–1923): Russian American psychologist, physician, psychiatrist, and philosopher of education. Sidis founded the New York State Psychopathic Institute and the Journal of Abnormal Psychology. He was the father of child prodigy William James Sidis.[৫৮১]
- Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001): American Nobel laureate, was a political scientist, economist, sociologist, psychologist, computer scientist, and Richard King Mellon Professor—most notably at Carnegie Mellon University—whose research ranged across the fields of cognitive psychology, cognitive science, computer science, public administration, economics, management, philosophy of science, sociology, and political science, unified by studies of decision-making. .[৫৮২]
- Sir Clive Sinclair (1940-): English entrepreneur and inventor, most commonly known for his work in consumer electronics in the late 1970s and early 1980s and the invention of the world's first 'slim-line' electronic pocket calculator .[৫৮৩]
- B. F. Skinner (1904–1990): American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher. Skinner developed a philosophy of science that he called radical behaviorism, and founded a school of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.[৫৮৪]
- Stephen Smale (1930–): American mathematician.[৫৮৫]
- Michael Smith (1932–2000): British-born Canadian biochemist and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1993.[৫৮৬]
- John Maynard Smith (1920–2004): British theoretical evolutionary biologist and geneticist. Maynard Smith was instrumental in the application of game theory to evolution and theorised on other problems such as the evolution of sex and signalling theory.[৫৮৭]
- Oliver Smithies (1925–2017): British-born American Nobel Prize–winning geneticist and physical biochemist. He is known for introducing starch as a medium for gel electrophoresis in 1955 and for the discovery, simultaneously with Mario Capecchi and Martin Evans, of the technique of homologous recombination of transgenic DNA with genomic DNA, a much more reliable method of altering animal genomes than previously used, and the technique behind gene targeting and knockout mice.[৫৮৮]
- Lee Smolin (1955–): American theoretical physicist, a researcher at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, and an adjunct professor of physics at the University of Waterloo.[৫৮৯]
- George Smoot (1945–): American astrophysicist and cosmologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006 for his work on the Cosmic Background Explorer with John C. Mather that led to the measurement "of the black body form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation.[৫৯০]
- Alan Sokal (1955–): American professor of physics at New York University and professor of mathematics at University College London. To the general public he is best known for his criticism of postmodernism, resulting in the Sokal affair in 1996.[৫৯১]
- Robert Spitzer (1932–2015): American psychiatrist, Professor of Psychiatry at Columbia University, a major architect of the modern classification of mental disorders.[৫৯২]
- Richard Stallman (1953–): American software freedom activist, hacker, and software developer.[৫৯৩]
- Jack Steinberger (1921–): German-American-Swiss physicist and Nobel Laureate in 1988, co-discoverer of the muon neutrino.[৫৯৪]
- Hugo Steinhaus (1887–1972): Polish mathematician and educator.[৫৯৫]
- Victor J. Stenger (1935–2014): American physicist, emeritus professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Hawaii and adjunct professor of Philosophy at the University of Colorado. Author of the book God: The Failed Hypothesis.[৫৯৬][৫৯৭]
- Jack Suchet (1908–2001): South African born British obstetrician, gynaecologist and venereologist, who carried out research on the use of penicillin in the treatment of venereal disease with Sir Alexander Fleming.[৫৯৮]
- Eleazar Sukenik (1889–1953): Israeli archaeologist and professor of Hebrew University in Jerusalem, undertaking excavations in Jerusalem, and recognising the importance of the Dead Sea Scrolls to Israel.[৫৯৯]
- John Sulston (1942–): British biologist. He is a joint winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[৬০০]
- Leonard Susskind (1940–): American theoretical physicist; a founding father of superstring theory and professor of theoretical physics at Stanford University.[৬০১]
- Dick Swaab (1944–): Dutch physician and neurobiologist who is a famous brain researcher. He is a professor of neurobiology at the University of Amsterdam and was until 2005 Director of the Netherlands Institute for Brain Research of the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences.[৬০২]
- Aaron Swartz (1986–2012): American computer programmer, writer, political organizer and Internet activist. Swartz was involved in the development of the web feed format RSS, the organization Creative Commons, the website framework web.py and the social news site Reddit, in which he was an equal partner after its merger with his Infogami company.[৬০৩]
- Raymond Tallis (1946–): Leading British gerontologist, philosopher, poet, novelist and cultural critic.[৬০৪]
- Igor Tamm (1895–1971): Soviet physicist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Ilya Frank, for their 1934 discovery of Cherenkov radiation.[৬০৫][৬০৬][৬০৭]
- Arthur Tansley (1871–1955): English botanist who was a pioneer in the science of ecology.[৬০৮]
- Alfred Tarski (1901–1983): Polish logician, mathematician and philosopher, a prolific author best known for his work on model theory, metamathematics, and algebraic logic.[৬০৯]
- Kip Thorne (1940–): American theoretical physicist, known for his contributions in gravitational physics and astrophysics and also for the popular science book, Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy.[৬১০]
- Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907–1988): Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns in animals.[৬১১]
- Gherman Titov (1935–2000): Soviet cosmonaut and the second human to orbit the Earth.[৬১২]
- Linus Torvalds (1969–): Finnish software engineer, creator of the Linux kernel.[৬১৩]
- Alan Turing (1912–1954): English mathematician, logician, and cryptologist; often considered to be the father of modern computer science. The Turing Award, often recognized as the "Nobel Prize of computing", is named after him.[৬১৪][৬১৫]
- Matthew Turner (died ca. 1789): chemist, surgeon, teacher and radical theologian, author of the first published work of avowed atheism in Britain (1782).[৬১৬][৬১৭]
- Harold Urey (1893–1981): American physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934. He played a significant role in the development of the atom bomb, but may be most prominent for his contribution to theories on the development of organic life from non-living matter.[৬১৮][৬১৯]
- Nikolai Vavilov (1887–1943): Russian and Soviet botanist and geneticist best known for having identified the centres of origin of cultivated plants. He devoted his life to the study and improvement of wheat, corn, and other cereal crops that sustain the global population.[৬২০]
- J. Craig Venter (1946–): American biologist and entrepreneur, one of the first researchers to sequence the human genome, and in 2010 the first to create a cell with a synthetic genome.[৬২১]
- Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945): Ukrainian and Soviet mineralogist and geochemist who is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and of radiogeology. His ideas of noosphere were an important contribution to Russian cosmism.[৬২২]
- Karl Vogt (1817–1895): German scientist, philosopher and politician who emigrated to Switzerland. Vogt published a number of notable works on zoology, geology and physiology.[৬২৩]
- Jimmy Wales (born 1966): American internet entrepreneur and co-founder and promoter of Wikipedia and Wikia.[৬২৪]
- W. Grey Walter (1910–1977): American neurophysiologist famous for his work on brain waves, and robotician.[৬২৫]
- Kevin Warwick (1954–): British engineer and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research) at Coventry University in the United Kingdom. He is known for his studies on direct interfaces between computer systems and the human nervous system, and has also done research concerning robotics.[৬২৬]
- John B. Watson (1878–1958): American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism.[৬২৭][৬২৮][৬২৯]
- James D. Watson (1928–): Molecular biologist, physiologist, zoologist, geneticist, Nobel-laureate, and co-discover of the structure of DNA.[৬৩০][৬৩১]
- Joseph Weber (1919–2000): American physicist, who gave the earliest public lecture on the principles behind the laser and the maser, and developed the first gravitational wave detectors (Weber bars).[৬৩২]
- Steven Weinberg (1933–): American theoretical physicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 for the unification of electromagnetism and the weak force into the electroweak force.[৬৩৩][৬৩৪][৬৩৫]
- Eric F. Wieschaus (1947–): American developmental biologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edward B. Lewis and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard as co-recipients, for their work revealing the genetic control of embryonic development.[৬৩৬]
- Victor Weisskopf (1908–2002): Austrian-American theoretical physicist, co-founder and board member of the Union of Concerned Scientists.[৬৩৭]
- Frank Whittle (1907–1996): English aerospace engineer, inventor, aviator and Royal Air Force officer. He is credited with independently inventing the turbojet engine (some years earlier than Germany's Dr. Hans von Ohain) and is regarded by many as the father of jet propulsion.[৬৩৮]
- Eugene Wigner (1902–1995): Hungarian American theoretical physicist and mathematician. He received a share of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"; the other half of the award was shared between Maria Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen. Wigner is important for having laid the foundation for the theory of symmetries in quantum mechanics as well as for his research into the structure of the atomic nucleus. It was Eugene Wigner who first identified Xe-135 "poisoning" in nuclear reactors, and for this reason it is sometimes referred to as Wigner poisoning. Wigner is also important for his work in pure mathematics, having authored a number of theorems.[৬৩৯]
- Ian Wilmut (1944–): English embryologist and is currently Director of the Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He is best known as the leader of the research group that in 1996 first cloned a mammal from an adult somatic cell, a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly.[৬৪০]
- David Sloan Wilson (1949–): American evolutionary biologist, son of Sloan Wilson, proponent of multilevel selection theory and author of several popular books on evolution.[৬৪১]
- Lewis Wolpert CBE FRS British FRSL (1929–): developmental biologist, author, and broadcaster.[৬৪২]
- Steve Wozniak (1950–): co-founder of Apple Computer and inventor of the Apple I and Apple II.[৬৪৩]
- Elizur Wright (1804–1885): American mathematician and abolitionist, sometimes described as the "father of life insurance" for his pioneering work on actuarial tables.[৬৪৪][৬৪৫]
- Will Wright (1960–): American computer game designer and co-founder of the game development company Maxis.[৬৪৬]
- Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920): German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. Wundt, who noted psychology as a science apart from philosophy and biology, was the first person to ever call himself a psychologist.[৬৪৭]
- Eliezer Yudkowsky (1979–): American artificial intelligence researcher concerned with the singularity and an advocate of friendly artificial intelligence.[৬৪৮]
- Oscar Zariski (1899–1986): American mathematician and one of the most influential algebraic geometers of the 20th century.[৬৪৯]
- Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich (1914–1987): Soviet physicist born in Belarus. He played an important role in the development of Soviet nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, and made important contributions to the fields of adsorption and catalysis, shock waves, nuclear physics, particle physics, astrophysics, physical cosmology, and general relativity.[৬৫০][৬৫১]
- Emile Zuckerkandl (1922–2013): Austrian-born biologist who is considered one of the founders of the field of molecular evolution, who co-introduced the concept of the "molecular clock", which enabled the neutral theory of molecular evolution.[৬৫২]
- Konrad Zuse (1910–1995): German civil engineer and computer pioneer. His greatest achievement was the world's first functional program-controlled Turing-complete computer, the Z3, which became operational in May 1941.[৬৫৩][৬৫৪]
- Fritz Zwicky (1898–1974): Swiss astronomer and astrophysicist.[৬৫৫][৬৫৬]
বাতিল করা হবে
তথ্যসূত্র
- ↑ Joseph McCabe (১৯৪৫)। A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers। Haldeman-Julius Publications। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৭ এপ্রিল ২০১৩।
He was not only a distinguished German physicist and one of the most famous inventors on the staff at the Zeiss optical works at Jena but a notable social reformer, By a generous scheme of profit-sharing he virtually handed over the great Zeiss enterprise to the workers. Abbe was an intimate friend of Haeckel and shared his atheism (or Monism). Leonard Abbot says in his life of Ferrer that Abbe had "just the same ideas and aims as Ferrer."
- ↑ Neil Schlager; Josh Lauer (২০০০)। Science and its times: understanding the social significance of scientific discovery (illustrated সংস্করণ)। Gale Group। পৃষ্ঠা 112। আইএসবিএন 978-0-7876-3939-6।
Alexander Oparin (1894-1980), an atheist, suggested that natural chemical reactions produced biological molecules that came together to form the first living thing.
- ↑ Pavlov's follower E.M. Kreps asked him whether he was religious. Kreps writes that Pavlov smiled and replied: "Listen, good fellow, in regard to [claims of] my religiosity, my belief in God, my church attendance, there is no truth in it; it is sheer fantasy. I was a seminarian, and like the majority of seminarians, I became an unbeliever, an atheist in my school years." Quoted in George Windholz, "Pavlov's Religious Orientation", Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 25, no. 3 (Sept. 1986), pp. 320–27.
- ↑ https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/biographical/articles/russia/
- ↑ Michael Evlanoff; Marjorie Fluor (1969). Alfred Nobel, the loneliest millionaire. W. Ritchie Press. p. 88. "He declared himself an agnostic in his youth, an atheist later, but at the same time, bestowed generous sums to the church..."
- ↑ Cobb, Cathy, and Harold Goldwhite. Creations of Fire: Chemistry's Lively History from Alchemy to the Atomic Age. New York: Plenum, 1995. Print. "But Nobel, both atheist and a socialist..."
- ↑ "Denjoy was an atheist, but tolerant of others' religious views; he was very interested in philosophical, psychological, and social issues." "Denjoy, Arnaud", Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography Vol. 17, p.219. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.
- ↑ Nielsen, Stevan Lars & Ellis, Albert. (1994). "A discussion with Albert Ellis: Reason, emotion and religion", Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 13(4), Win 1994. pp. 327-341
- ↑ ক খ "It was to her grandfather, a convinced freethinker, that Irène owed her atheism, later politically expressed as anticlericalism." Joliot-Curie, Irène. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 17 Mar. 2012.
- ↑ ক খ Denis Brian। The Curies: A Biography of the Most Controversial Family 89।
There were no prayers: Irene was deeply atheist.
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি:<ref>ট্যাগ বৈধ নয়; আলাদা বিষয়বস্তুর সঙ্গে "Denis Brian 389" নামটি একাধিক বার সংজ্ঞায়িত করা হয়েছে - ↑ "Kinsey was also shown to be an atheist who loathed religion and its constraints on sex." 'Kinsey' critics ready, Cheryl Wetzstein, The Washington Times. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
- ↑ "An appreciation of biologist Ernst Mayr (1904-2005)"। Wsws.org। ২০০৫-০৫-০৩। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১২-০৬-০৩।
- ↑ R. S. Cohen; Raymond J. Seeger (১৯৭৫)। Ernst Mach, Physicist and Philosopher। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 158। আইএসবিএন 978-90-277-0016-2।
And Mach, in personal conviction, was a socialist and an atheist.
- ↑ Gregory Scott Charak (২০০৭)। Between Soul and Precision: Ernst Mach's Biological Empiricism and the Social Democratic Philosophy of Science। ProQuest। পৃষ্ঠা 94। আইএসবিএন 9780549129738।
Both make explicit claims against the pseudo-problems generated by materialism, and although Mach the atheist would have no gripe with “irreligion” per se, as a pacifist and a socialist he was indeed an ardent proponent of “peace.
- ↑ Helge Kragh (২০০৪)। Matter And Spirit In The Universe: Scientific And Religious Preludes To Modern Cosmology। OECD Publishing। পৃষ্ঠা 55। আইএসবিএন 9781860944697।
The Austrian positivist physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach was nominally a Catholic, but in reality he was an atheist and strongly opposed to Christian doctrines.
- ↑ "Of course, Markov, an atheist and eventual excommunicate of the Church quarreled endlessly with his equally outspoken counterpart Nekrasov. The disputes between Markov and Nekrasov were not limited to mathematics and religion, they quarreled over political and philosophical issues as well." Gely P. Basharin, Amy N. Langville, Valeriy A. Naumov, The Life and Work of A. A. Markov, page 6.
- ↑ Loren R. Graham; Jean-Michel Kantor (২০০৯)। Naming Infinity: A True Story of Religious Mysticism and Mathematical Creativity। Harvard University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 69। আইএসবিএন 978-0-674-03293-4।
Markov (1856–1922), on the other hand, was an atheist and a strong critic of the Orthodox Church and the tsarist government (Nekrasov exaggeratedly called him a Marxist).
- ↑ Yuval Ne'eman (২০০৩)। Studies in memory of Issai Schur। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা xxi। আইএসবিএন 9780817642082।
Unfortunately I am a 100% skeptic (an "Epicurus" in Yiddish), an atheist although not in an aggressive connotation.
- ↑ Michael P. Prior (১৯৯৭)। The Bible and Colonialism: A Moral Critique। Continuum International Publishing Group। পৃষ্ঠা 164। আইএসবিএন 978-1-85075-815-0।
Although an atheist, Neeman believes that traditions are important for a revolutionary movement, and he strongly defends the spiritual heritage of the Jewish people, preaches a retum to biblical sources, and is in constant dialogue with the ultra-nationalist-religious groupings.
- ↑ Jürgen Kocka (২০১০)। Jürgen Kocka, সম্পাদক। Work in a Modern Society: The German Historical Experience in Comparative Perspective। Berghahn Books। পৃষ্ঠা 45। আইএসবিএন 978-1-84545-575-0।
Even Wilhelm Ostwald, who was the most radical atheist among these scholars, uses the instrument of the 'Monistic Sunday Sermons' to spread his ideas on rationality.
- ↑ "William Bateson was a very militant atheist and a very bitter man, I fancy. Knowing that I was interested in biology, they invited me when I was still a school girl to go down and see the experimental garden. I remarked to him what I thought then, and still think, that doing research must be the most wonderful thing in the world and he snapped at me that it wasn’t wonderful at all, it was tedious, disheartening, annoying and anyhow you didn’t need an experimental garden to do research." Interview with Dr. Cecilia Gaposchkin by Owen Gingerich, March 5, 1968.
- ↑ "By that time Longuet-Higgins had become a convinced atheist, although he still respected many of the features of the Church of England." John Murrell, 'Higgins, (Hugh) Christopher Longuet- (1923–2004)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition, Oxford University Press, January 2008 (accessed May 1, 2008).
- ↑ "About the same time he stopped observing Jewish religious rituals and rejected a cause he had once embraced, Zionism. He "just didn't want to participate in any division of the human race, whether religious or political," he explained decades later (Wershba, p. 12), by which time he was a confirmed atheist." Keay Davidson: "Fromm, Erich Pinchas", American National Biography Online, Feb. 2000 (accessed April 28, 2008) [১].
- ↑ "The three laboratories unanimously agreed that the cloth dated from between 1260 and 1390, a date consistent with its known history—but which demolished the notion of its being the burial shroud of Christ. Hall, who made no secret of his atheism, had no hesitation in enjoying the public attention that this definitive result attracted." Robert Hedges, 'Hall, Edward Thomas [Teddy] (1924–2001)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition, Oxford University Press, January 2005 (accessed May 2, 2008).
- ↑ "It can hardly have been due to any reluctance on Newton's part to becoming too closely involved with Halley, the well-known atheist." Derek Gjertsen, The Newton Handbook (1986), page 250.
- ↑ "Ernst Mach"। Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy। মে ২১, ২০০৮। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৪ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১২।
Hering and Mach were atheists, and disbelieved in a soul, but still accepted the idea that nature had internal direction.
- ↑ David Edwards (সেপ্টে ২৪, ২০১৪)। "Stephen Hawking comes out: 'I'm an atheist' because science is 'more convincing' than God"। Raw Story। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৫ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১৪।
- ↑ "The question of the origin of the matter in the universe is no longer thought to be beyond the range of science — everything can be created from nothing...it is fair to say that the universe is the ultimate free lunch." Alan Guth, The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins (1998). q:Atheism
- ↑ "There is no clear record that he was professionally restricted in Russia because of his lineage, but he sympathized with the problem his Jewish colleagues suffered owing to Russian anti-Semitism; his personal religious commitment was to atheism, although he received strict Christian religious training at home." Alfred I. Tauber, Leon Chernyak, Metchnikoff and the origins of immunology: from metaphor to theory, page 5.
- ↑ Michel Meulders (২০১০)। "5: Helmholtz and the Understanding of Nature"। Laurence Garey। Helmholtz: From Enlightenment to Neuroscience। MIT Press। পৃষ্ঠা 74। আইএসবিএন 9780262014489।
Du Bois-Reymond was a self-proclaimed atheist but more through intimate conviction than logical necessity.
- ↑ "In religious matters he was an atheist." A.G. MacGregor: "Bailey, Edward Battersby", Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography Vol. 1 p. 393. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.
- ↑ McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch. The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes' Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy: Yale UP, 2011. Print. "Karl Pearson...was a zealous atheist..."
- ↑ Porter, Theodore M. Karl Pearson: The Scientific Life in a Statistical Age. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2004. Print.
- ↑ Paolo Mazzarello; Henry A. Buchtel; Aldo Badiani (1999). The hidden structure: a scientific biography of Camillo Golgi. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-852444-1. It was probably during this period that Golgi became agnostic (or even frankly atheistic), remaining for the rest of his life completely alien to the religious experience.
- ↑ Rapport, Richard L. Nerve Endings: The Discovery of the Synapse. New York: W.W. Norton, 2005. Print.
- ↑ Atlantseglaren från Bromma vill tänja gränsen mot rymden, Dagens Nyheter, December 10, 2006.
- ↑ "Chris Langton"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ "...he always remained true to his own concepts and ideals and did not dissimulate. His open designation of himself as "atheist" in "Who's Who in America" and his opposition to the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Allies..." H J Muller, 'Dr. Calvin B. Bridges', Nature 143, 191-192 (04 Feb 1939).
- ↑ Michael Ruse (২০১০)। "Introductory Essay for Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning"। International Society for Science & Religion। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ নভেম্বর ২০১৩।
- ↑ John Farrell (৫ আগস্ট ২০১৩)। "A Nobel Laureate And Proponent Of Original Sin"। Forbes। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ নভেম্বর ২০১৩।
- ↑ "Nobel-winning cancer researcher ends his own life"। ABC। ৭ মে ২০১৩। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ নভেম্বর ২০১৩।
- ↑ Martin Childs (১৪ মে ২০১৩)। "Christian de Duve: Authority on cell mechanisms"। The Independent। London। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ নভেম্বর ২০১৩।
- ↑ "The study of medicine also contributed to a loss of religious faith and to becoming atheist." Michael Heidelberger, Nature from within: Gustav Theodor Fechner and his psychophysical worldview, page 21.
- ↑ ক খ গ "Napoleon replies: "How comes it, then, that Laplace was an atheist? At the Institute neither he nor Monge, nor Berthollet, nor Lagrange believed in God. But they did not like to say so." Baron Gaspard Gourgaud, Talks of Napoleon at St. Helena with General Baron Gourgaud (1904), page 274.
- ↑ "Yet, sailing to Egypt, he had lain on deck, asking his scientists whether the planets were inhabited, how old the Earth was, and whether it would perish by fire or by flood. Many, like his friend Gaspard Monge, the first man to liquefy a gas, were atheists." Vincent Cronin, The View from Planet Earth: Man looks at the Cosmos, page 164.
- ↑ Laure Junot Abrantès (১৮৮১)। Memoirs of Napoleon, His Court and Family, Volume 2। D. Appleton। পৃষ্ঠা 276।
- ↑ Amazon listing of Irreligion: A Mathematician Explains Why the Arguments for God Just Don't Add Up.
- ↑ Bernard Valeur; Jean-Claude Brochon (২০০১)। New Trends in Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Applications to Chemical and Life Sciences। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 17। আইএসবিএন 978-3-540-67779-6।
Jean and Francis Perrin held similar political and philosophical ideas. Both were socialists and atheists.
- ↑ Mathew Philips। "Tragedy and Opportunity: The parents of slain journalist Danny Pearl have devoted their lives to improving Muslim-Jewish relations."। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১২ জুলাই ২০১৩।
I turned secular at the age of 11, by divine revelation. [Laughs.] I was standing on the roof of the house my father built, looking down on the street and suddenly it became very clear to me that there is no God.
- ↑ "In his final chapter de Duve turns to the meaning of life, and considers the ideas of two contrasting Frenchmen: a priest, Teilhard de Chardin, and an existentialist and atheist, Jacques Monod." Peaks, Dust, & Dappled Spots, by Richard Lubbock, Books in Canada: The Canadian Review of Books. Retrieved July 2, 2007.
- ↑ A Rough History of Disbelief Official BBC site describing the series
- ↑ ক খ On the filming of The Atheism Tapes with Sir Jonathan Miller: "We had been friends for a number of years, and had discussed a great many topics, but we had never, except glancingly, ever spoken about religion. We knew about our shared atheism, but the subject didn't seem to warrant much attention; in the Miller-McGinn world it was a non-existent topic. [...] It is often forgotten that atheism of the kind shared by Jonathan and me (and Dawkins and Hitchens et al.) has an ethical motive." Atheism Tapes, Colin McGinn, on his blog. (Accessed April 1, 2008)
- ↑ Joseph Mazzini Wheeler (১৮৮৯)। A biographical dictionary of freethinkers of all ages and nations। Progressive publishing company। পৃষ্ঠা 232।
Montgolfier (Michel Joseph), aeronaut. b. Aug. 1740. He was the first to ascend in an air balloon, 5 June 1783. A friend of Delambre and La Lalande, he was on the testimony of this last an atheist. Died 26 June 1810.
- ↑ Warren Allen Smith (২০০০)। Who's who in hell: a handbook and international directory for humanists, freethinkers, naturalists, rationalists, and non-theists। Barricade Books। পৃষ্ঠা 762। আইএসবিএন 9781569801581।
Also that year, a Montgolfier balloon sailed over Paris in the first manned free balloon flight. Montgolfier served the Revolution with zeal and was much honored. Lalande, who knew him well, wrote that Montgolfier was an atheist.
- ↑ Harmke Kamminga (১৯৯৫)। The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1940। Rodopi। পৃষ্ঠা 31। আইএসবিএন 978-90-5183-818-3।
Moleschott's atheism is much more prominent, for example, and he declares absurd Liebig's opinion that insights into the laws of nature inevitably lead us to the notion of a Being knowable only through revelation.
- ↑ Sylvia Nasar (২০১১)। "Chapter 17: Bad Boys"। A Beautiful Mind। Simon and Schuster। পৃষ্ঠা 143। আইএসবিএন 9781439126493।
In this circle, Nash learned to make a virtue of necessity, styling himself self-consciously as a "free thinker." He announced that he was an atheist.
- ↑ Sylvia Nasar (১৯৯৯)। A Beautiful Mind: A Biography of John Forbes Nash, Jr., Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, 1994। Simon and Schuster। আইএসবিএন 9780684853703।
Nash, by then an atheist, balked at a Catholic ceremony. He would have been happy to get married in city hall.
- ↑ "Yet they [the NCSE] can afford to ignore us because, in the end, where else can we atheists go for support against creationists? [...] Am I grousing because, as an atheist and a non-accommodationist, my views are simply ignored by the NAS and NCSE? Not at all. I don't want these organizations to espouse or include my viewpoint. I want religion and atheism left completely out of all the official discourse of scientific societies and organizations that promote evolution." Jerry Coyne, 'Truckling to the Faithful: A Spoonful of Jesus Helps Darwin Go Down', April 22, 2009 (accessed 23 April 2009).
- ↑ "Despite his atheism Huxley could appreciate Teilhard de Chardin's vision of evolution, and like his grandfather T. H. Huxley he believed progress could be described in biological terms." Robert Olby, 'Huxley, Sir Julian Sorell (1887–1975)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edition, May 2007 (accessed May 2, 2008).
- ↑ "He studied at the Jesuit College in Lyon and at this stage he nearly decided to join the Jesuit Order. In fact it was his parents who encouraged him to continue his education by going to Paris to study law, which he did. It is somewhat ironical that Lalande, who would later become renowned as an atheist, should have come so close to becoming a Jesuit." J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, Joseph-Jérôme Lefrançais de Lalande.
- ↑ "It is a scene I won’t forget in a hurry: Jean-Marie Lehn, French winner of the Nobel prize in chemistry, defending his atheism at a packed public conference at the new Alexandria Library in Egypt." Ehsan Masood, ProspectMagazine.co.uk, Islam’s reformers, 22nd July 2006.
- ↑ "In these years Leslie was an unsuccessful candidate for the chairs of natural philosophy at the universities of St Andrews and Glasgow respectively. He failed at the former because he was then an extreme whig and an atheist who deplored the Erastianism of many of the Scottish clergy." Jack Morrell, 'Leslie, Sir John (1766–1832)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 (accessed May 2, 2008).
- ↑ From a Humanist News interview in Autumn 2001: Interviewer: What is your attitude to religion now? JMS: Ever since reading (J. B. S. Haldane's book) Possible Worlds I have been an atheist, and a semi-conscious atheist before that. I think there are two views you can have about religion. You can be tolerant of it and say, I don't believe in this but I don't mind if other people do, or you can say, I not only don't believe in it but I think it is dangerous and damaging for other people to believe in it and they should be persuaded that they are mistaken. I fluctuate between the two. I am tolerant because religious institutions facilitate some very important work that would not get done otherwise, but then I look around and see what an incredible amount of damage religion is doing. [২]
- ↑ "Responding to Richard Dawkins's pestering his fellow atheists to "come out", I mention that I am indeed an atheist. To count oneself as an atheist one need not claim to have a proof that no gods exist. One need merely think that the evidence on the god question is in about the same state as the evidence on the werewolf question." [৩]
- ↑ "I met Jeff at The Amazing Meeting 5.5 in Fort Lauderdale in January. We became friends and I read his blog within hours of each posting. He was a programmer, an astronomer, a pro-bono science educator, a hard-nosed skeptic and an atheist. This random blow against a friendly and generous guy is a typical example of the non-plannedness of things." Martin Rundkvist, Jeff Medkeff 1968-2008, Aardvarchaeology blog, August 4, 2008 (accessed August 5, 2008).
- ↑ "Hardy... was a stringent atheist..." Hit Play on Ramanujan, by Lisa Drostova, East Bay Express, April 30, 2003. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
- ↑ "The first Bombe to be delivered was named Agnus by Turing: a joke that atheist Hardy might have made..." Alan Turing — a Cambridge Scientific Mind, by Andrew Hodges, Cambridge Scientific Minds (Cambridge University Press, 2002) Retrieved July 2, 2007.
- ↑ "Prominent Russians: Zhores Alferov"। RT.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২১ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
In public life the scientist is a strong supporter of communism, an atheist strongly objecting to advancement of religious education in Russia, and proponent of science and knowledge as the means to see a better future.
- ↑ "Zhores I. Alferov"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২১ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
- ↑ "আমি অন্য কিছুর তুলনায় এটা বলতে অনেক বেশি স্বস্তিবোধ করি,আমি একজন নাস্তিক। এবং এজন্য ডকিন্সের মত মানুষদের ধন্যবাদ না দিলেই নয়।" - Jim Al-Khalili, BBC - Radio 4 - Science Explorer: Jim Al-Khalili featured in The Life Scientific, BBC.co.uk.com.
- ↑ Jonathan Israel (২০১১)। Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750-1790। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 115। আইএসবিএন 978-0-19-954820-0।
D'Alembert, though privately an atheist and materialist, presented the respectable public face of 'la philosophie' in the French capital while remaining henceforth uninterruptedly aligned with Voltaire.
- ↑ James E. Force; Richard Henry Popkin (১৯৯০)। James E. Force; Richard Henry Popkin, সম্পাদকগণ। Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 167। আইএসবিএন 9780792305835।
Unlike the French and English deists, and unlike the scientific atheists such as Diderot, d'Alembert, and d'Holbach,...
- ↑ "George Washington Crile"। The Educational Broadcasting Corporation.। ২০০২। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১০ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১২।
Although both parents were English Lutherans, Crile, after reading Paine, Ingersoll, and Voltaire in his college years, became a lifelong atheist, devoted to the concept of intellectual freedom.
- ↑ "James F. Crow dies"। NCSE। জানুয়ারি ৫, ২০১২। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২১ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
In his published work, Crow seems not to have mentioned the creationism/evolution controversy at all. But he was deeply concerned with the integrity of science education nevertheless. In a June 1–3, 2005, interview with the Oral History of Human Genetics Project, he was asked how he felt about the persistence of the antievolutionist movement despite the continued advances in understanding evolution. "I am puzzled by this," he answered, adding, "I'm especially puzzled by literate, intelligent, often scientifically trained people who are into intelligent design. ... The argument of so-called irreducible complexity that the intelligent design people make such a to-do over, I think that's a non-issue. ... That to me is a very, very old argument. I'd say the elephant trunk is complicated, too, and a lot more complicated than the bacterial flagellum. So what's new in this argument?" Reiterating "I am worried about creationism," he offered his view about science and religion: "My own views are atheistic, but I don't go around preaching atheism.
- ↑ "Yet they [the NCSE] can afford to ignore us because, in the end, where else can we atheists go for support against creationists? [...] Am I grousing because, as an atheist and a non-accommodationist, my views are simply ignored by the NAS and NCSE? Not at all. I don't want these organizations to espouse or include my viewpoint. I want religion and atheism left completely out of all the official discourse of scientific societies and organizations that promote evolution." Jerry Coyne, 'Truckling to the Faithful: A Spoonful of Jesus Helps Darwin Go Down', April 22, 2009 (accessed 23 April 2009).
- ↑ "James Franck was born in Hamburg, the son of a Jewish banker. ...As he said, science was his God and nature his religion. He did not insist that his daughters attend religious instruction classes (Religionsunterricht) in school. But he was very proud of his Jewish heritage..." David Nachmansohn, German-Jewish pioneers in science, 1900-1933: highlights in atomic physics, chemistry, and biochemistry, page 62.
- ↑ Andrew Brown (১৯৯৭)। The neutron and the bomb: a biography of Sir James Chadwick। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 362। আইএসবিএন 9780198539926।
He was a lifelong atheist and felt no need to develop religious faith as he approached the end of his life.
- ↑ "The Bernals were originally Sephardic Jews who came to Ireland in 1840 from Spain via Amsterdam and London. They converted to Catholicism and John was Jesuit-educated. John enthusiastically supported the Easter Rising and, as a boy, he organised a Society for Perpetual Adoration. He moved away from religion as an adult, becoming an atheist." William Reville, John Desmond Bernal – The Sage.
- ↑ "George Washington Crile"। The Educational Broadcasting Corporation.। ২০০২। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১০ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১২।
Although both parents were English Lutherans, Crile, after reading Paine, Ingersoll, and Voltaire in his college years, became a lifelong atheist, devoted to the concept of intellectual freedom.
- ↑ ANDERSON: "What, uh, one thing I’m fascinated with is, of course, George Gamow left the university in ’59 [1956], and Edward Teller had left in 1946 [1945] and went to the University of Chicago. But do you have any recollections of maybe some of the, anything between Dr. Marvin and Dr. Gamow, as far as, just before he left and went to Colorado?" NAESER: "Ah, no, I don’t know of any. I know Gamow made no, never did hide the fact that he was an atheist, but whether that came into the picture, I don’t know. But the story around the university was that Gamow and Mrs. Gamow were divorced, but they were in the same social circles some of the time, he thought it was better to get out of Washington. That’s why he went to Ohio State." The George Washington University and Foggy Bottom Historical Encyclopedia, Gamow, George and Edward Teller, October 23, 1996.
- ↑ Grote Reber। "The Big Bang Is Bunk" (পিডিএফ)। 21st Century Science Associates.। পৃষ্ঠা 44। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৮ মে ২০১২।
After the initial mathematical work on relativity the ory had been done, the Big Bang theory itself was invented by a Belgian priest, Georges lemaitre, im proved upon by an avowed atheist, George Gamow, and is now all but universally accepted by those who hold advanced degrees in astronomy and the physical sciences, despite its obvious absurdity.
- ↑ Simon Singh (২০১০)। Big Bang। HarperCollins UK। আইএসবিএন 9780007375509।
Surprisingly, the atheist George Gamow enjoyed the Papal attention given to his field of research.
- ↑ Jane Gregory (২০০৫)। "Fighting for space"। Fred Hoyle's Universe। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 71। আইএসবিএন 9780191578465।
Gamow was, like Hoyle, an atheist, but he was familiar with organized religion: his grandfather was the Metropolitan, the senior bishop, of Odessa Cathedral.
- ↑ Natalie Angier (এপ্রিল ৪, ২০১১)। "Paths of Discovery, Lighted by a Bug Man's Insights"। The New York Times। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৯ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
Dr. Eisner died from complications of his disease on March 25, at the age of 81. He had a notoriously mordant sense of humor: “I may not believe in God,” he once said, “but I don’t ring doorbells saying I’m a Seventh-Day Atheist,”...
- ↑ George Pendle (২০০৬)। Strange Angel: The Otherworldly Life of Rocket Scientist John Whiteside Parsons। Houghton Mifflin Harcourt। পৃষ্ঠা 69। আইএসবিএন 9780156031790।
The Nobel Prize-winning geneticist and stringent atheist Thomas Hunt Morgan was developing the chromosome theory of heredity by examining his swarm of mutated Drosophila (fruit flies) through a jeweler's loupe.
- ↑ "Morgan's passion for experimentation was symptomatic of his general scepticism and his distaste for speculation. He believed only what could be proven. He was said to be an atheist, and I have always believed that he was. Everything I knew about him—his scepticism, his honesty—was consistent with disbelief in the supernatural." Norman H. Horowitz, T. H. Morgan at Caltech: A Reminiscence, Genetics, Vol. 149, 1629-1632, August 1998, Copyright © 1998.
- ↑ http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/3677/1/Goodstein.pdf
- ↑ http://www.genetics.org/content/149/4/1629.short
- ↑ "[Religion] is not an easy subject to deal with, but as zoologists we must do our best to observe what actually happens rather than listen to what is supposed to be happening. If we do this, we are forced to the conclusion that, in a behavioural sense, religious activities consist of the coming together of large groups of people to perform repeated and prolonged submissive displays to appease a dominant individual. The dominant individual takes many forms in different cultures, but always has the common factor of immense power. [...] If these submissive actions are successful, the dominant individual is appeased. [...] The dominant individual is usually, but not always, referred to as a god. Since none of these gods exist in a tangible form, why have they been invented? To find the answer to this we have to go right back to our ancestral origins." Desmond Morris, The Naked Ape, p.178-179, Jonathan Cape, 1967.
- ↑ "Man's evolution as a neotenous ape has put him in a similar position to the dog's. He becomes sexually mature and yet he still needs a parent — a super-parent, one as impressive to him as a man must be to a dog. The answer was to invent a god — either a female super-parent in the shape of a Mother Goddess, or a male god in the shape of God the Father, or perhaps even a whole family of gods. Like real parents they would both protect, punish and be obeyed. [...] These — the houses of the gods — the temples, the churches and the cathedrals — are buildings apparently made for giants, and a space visitor would be surprised to find on closer examination that these giants are never at home. Their followers repeatedly visit them and bow down before them, but they themselves are invisible. Only their bell-like cries can be heard across the land. Man is indeed an imaginative species." Desmond Morris, The Pocket Guide to Manwatching, p.234-236 Triad Paperbacks, 1982.
- ↑ "During sixty years from 1937 he also wrote over forty articles on the origins, distribution, and nature of life, taking the stance of a 'dogmatic atheist'." David F. Smith, 'Pirie, Norman Wingate [Bill] (1907–1997)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edition, October 2005 (accessed May 2, 2008).
- ↑ "He has worked with monkeys in laboratories and in the wild. He has been a media don, a campaigner against nuclear weapons and the holder of a chair in parapsychological research who was dedicated to debunking even the possibility of telepathy or survival after death. He is an atheist, and the man who suggested to Richard Dawkins the analogy of viruses of the mind for religions; yet nowadays he talks as if spirituality were the thing that makes us human." Andrew Brown interviewing Humphrey, 'A life in science: The human factor', The Guardian, July 29, 2006, Review Pages, Pg. 13.
- ↑ Simmons, John (১৯৯৬)। The Scientific 100: a rankings of the most influential scientists, past and present.। Carol Publishing Group। পৃষ্ঠা 16। আইএসবিএন 978-0-8065-1749-0।
His mother was warm and intelligent, and his father, as Bohr himself later recalled, recognized "that something was expected of me." The family was not at all devout, and Bohr became an atheist who regarded religious thought as harmful and misguided.
- ↑ J. Faye; H. Folse, সম্পাদকগণ (২০১০)। Niels Bohr and Contemporary Philosophy। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 88। আইএসবিএন 9789048142996।
Planck was religious and had a firm belief in God; Bohr was not, but his objection to Planck's view had no anti-religious motive.
- ↑ Ray Spangenburg; Diane Kit Moser (২০০৮)। Niels Bohr: Atomic Theorist (2 সংস্করণ)। Infobase Publishing। পৃষ্ঠা 37। আইএসবিএন 9780816061785।
Niels had quietly resigned his membership in the Lutheran Church the previous April. Although he had sought out religion as a child, by the time of their marriage he no longer “was taken” by it, as he put it. “And for me it was exactly the same,” Margrethe later explained. “[Interest in religion] disappeared completely,” although at the time of their wedding, she was still a member of the Lutheran Church. (Niels's parents were also married in a civil, not a religious, ceremony, and Harald also resigned his membership in the Lutheran Church just before his wedding, a few years later.)
- ↑ Science and Religion in Dialogue, Two Volume Set। John Wiley & Sons। পৃষ্ঠা 416। আইএসবিএন 9781405189217।
On the other hand Bohr wrote of his admiration for the writing and presentation of Kierkegaard – at the same time stating he could not accept some of it. Part of this may have followed from Kierkegaard being a very avowed, yet rather circuitous proponent of a costly Christian faith, while after a youth of confirming faith Bohr himself was a non-believer.
- ↑ Larry Witham (২০০৬)। The Measure of God: History's Greatest Minds Wrestle with Reconciling Science and Religion। HarperCollins। পৃষ্ঠা 138–139। আইএসবিএন 9780060858339।
"Bohr's atheism, the counterpiece of Einstein's monotheism, ... was more affined to traditional Far Eastern philosophy,” according to Stent. ...The young Bohr thus lived in two worlds, but mostly the cultural Christianity of the Danish middle class. As a young man, he had read Søren Kierkegaard, a fellow Dane and a Christian existentialist from the nineteenth century, with some enthusiasm. But he finally faced a religious crisis, and by the time he went to England to study physics, the idea of God had lost its appeal. The aim of life was happiness, he wrote his fiancée, making it impossible “that a person must beg from and bargain with fancied powers infinitely stronger than himself." ... In his only published paper on the topic of religion, Bohr spoke not of deities and doctrines but of psychological experience.
- ↑ Gunther S. Stent; Balazs Hargittai; István Hargittai (২০০৫)। Candid Science V: Conversations with Famous Scientists। Imperial College Press। পৃষ্ঠা 518। আইএসবিএন 9781860945052।
Gunther S. Stent: "Niels Bohr was one of the few five-star scientists who really was an atheist — and not merely paying lip service to atheism."
- ↑ ক খ John L. Heilbron; Finn Aaserud (২০১৩)। Love, Literature and the Quantum Atom: Niels Bohr's 1913 Trilogy Revisited। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 159–160। আইএসবিএন 9780191669736।
A statement about religion in the loose notes on Kierkegaard may throw light on the notion of wildness that appears in many of Bohr's letters. “I, who do not feel in any way united with, and even less, bound to a God, and therefore am also much poorer [than Kierkegaard], would say that the good [is] the overall lofty goal, as only by being good [can one] judge according to worth and right.”
- ↑ Finn Aaserud; John L. Heilbron (২০১৩)। "Part 2. Nascent Science"। Love, Literature and the Quantum Atom: Niels Bohr's 1913 Trilogy Revisited। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 110। আইএসবিএন 9780199680283।
Bohr's sort of humor, use of parables and stories, tolerance, dependence on family, feelings of indebtedness, obligation, and guilt, and his sense of responsibility for science, community, and, ultimately, humankind in general, are common traits of the Jewish intellectual. So too is a well-fortified atheism. Bohr ended with no religious belief and a dislike of all religions that claimed to base their teachings on revelations.
- ↑ Larry Hannant (১৯৯৮)। The Politics of Passion: Norman Bethune's Writing and Art। University of Toronto Press। আইএসবিএন 978-0-8020-0907-4।
Bethune was a communist and an atheist with a healthy contempt for his evangelical father.
- ↑ Venjamin Fedorovič Kagan (১৯৫৭)। N. Lobachevsky and His Contribution to Science। Foreign Languages Publishing House। পৃষ্ঠা 29।
- ↑ Bardi, Jason (২০০৮)। The Fifth Postulate: How Unraveling a Two Thousand Year Old Mystery Unraveled the Universe। John Wiley & Sons। পৃষ্ঠা 186। আইএসবিএন 978-0-470-46736-7।
- ↑ Dawson, M. Joan. Paul Lauterbur and te Invention of MRI. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2013. Print. "Paul became an atheist, revering intellectual honesty and the quest for truth."
- ↑ René Bösch (২০০৭)। Labyrinth of Digressions: Tristram Shandy as Perceived and Influenced by Sterne's Early Imitators। Rodopi। পৃষ্ঠা 265। আইএসবিএন 9789042022911।
Maupertuis was an atheist friend of La Mettrie.
- ↑ Ronald Clark (২০১১)। Einstein: The Life and Times। Bloomsbury Publishing। আইএসবিএন 9781448202706।
That Einstein's attitude was the result more of muddle than agnostic scruple seems clear from a letter which he wrote less than two years later when Paul Ehrenfest ruled himself out from becoming Einstein's successor by roundly declaring himself an atheist.
- ↑ Thomas Levenson (২০০৪)। Einstein in Berlin। Random House of Canada। পৃষ্ঠা 172। আইএসবিএন 9780553378443।
The man he had hoped would succeed him in Prague, Paul Ehrenfest, refiased to compromise his true atheist's principles. Einstein scolded him. "Your refusal to acknowledge a religious affiliation" was just this side of "willful stupidity," he assured him, with the benefit of recent experience. Once he became a professor Ehrenfest could revert to unbelief.
- ↑ "A confirmed agnostic, he [Bateson] was converted to atheism after attending a dinner where he tried to converse with a woman who was a creationist. "For many years what had been good enough for Darwin was good enough for me. Not long after that dreadful dinner, Richard Dawkins wrote to me to ask whether I would publicly affirm my atheism. I could see no reason why not." " Lewis Smith, 'Science has second thoughts about life', The Times (London), January 1, 2008, Pg. 24.
- ↑ "Dr. Paul Bert, the atheist Minister of Public Instruction, in M. Gambetta's Cabinet, made the next greatest sensation of the Congress." The Phrenological journal and science of health: incorporated with the Phrenological magazine, Volume 76, page 42.
- ↑ "The grandson of a vicar on his father’s side, Blackett respected religious observances that were established social customs, but described himself as agnostic or atheist." Mary Jo Nye: "Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 19 p. 293. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.
- ↑ Boyer, Paul. "A Path to Atheism". Freedom From Religion Foundation. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ↑ "Percy Williams Bridgman"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৪ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
He was raised in the Congregational Church, but faith in God clashed with his well-known analytical nature and he told his family as a young man that he could not in good conscience become a church member.
- ↑ Maila L. Walter (১৯৯০)। Science and Cultural Crisis: An Intellectual Biography of Percy Williams Bridgman (1882-1961)। Stanford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 14–15। আইএসবিএন 978-0-8047-1796-0।
Raymond Bridgman was extremely disappointed with his son's rejection of his religious views. Near the end of his life, however, he offered a conciliatory interpretation that allowed him to accept Percy's commitment to honesty and integrity as a moral equivalent to religion.
- ↑ Ray Monk (২০১৩)। Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center। Random House LLC। আইএসবিএন 9780385504133।
In many ways they were opposites; Kemble, the theorist, was a devout Christian, while Bridgman, the experimentalist, was a strident atheist.
- ↑ Werner Heisenberg recollects a friendly conversation among young participants at the 1927 Solvay Conference about Einstein's and Planck's views on religion. Wolfgang Pauli, Heisenberg and Dirac took part in it. Among other things, Dirac said: "I cannot understand why we idle discussing religion. If we are honest — and as scientists honesty is our precise duty — we cannot help but admit that any religion is a pack of false statements, deprived of any real foundation. The very idea of God is a product of human imagination.[...] I do not recognize any religious myth, at least because they contradict one another.[...]" Pauli jokingly said: "Well, I'd say that also our friend Dirac has got a religion and the first commandment of this religion is: God does not exist and Paul Dirac is his prophet." Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations। New York: Harper & Row। আইএসবিএন 0-06-131622-9।
- ↑ ক খ গ ঘ "... I [Pauling] am not, however, militant in my atheism. The great English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac is a militant atheist. I suppose he is interested in arguing about the existence of God. I am not. It was once quipped that there is no God and Dirac is his prophet." Linus Pauling & Daisaku Ikeda (১৯৯২)। A Lifeling Quest for Peace: A Dialogue। Jones & Bartlett। পৃষ্ঠা 22। আইএসবিএন 0-86720-277-7। উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি:
<ref>ট্যাগ বৈধ নয়; আলাদা বিষয়বস্তুর সঙ্গে "Pauling" নামটি একাধিক বার সংজ্ঞায়িত করা হয়েছে - ↑ Helge Kragh (১৯৯০)। Dirac: A Scientific Biography। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 256–257। আইএসবিএন 9780521380898।
- ↑ Sara Lippincott (আগস্ট ৩০, ২০০৯)। "The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom' by Graham Farmelo"। Los Angeles Times। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৯ জুন ২০১২।
Dirac was contemptuous of philosophy and, as many scientists do, professed atheism. But it was a narrow sort, mainly dismissive of religious orthodoxy. In notes he wrote in 1933, he embraces another creed: "[T]his article of faith is that the human race will continue to live for ever and will develop and progress without limit . . . Living is worthwhile if one can contribute in some small way to this endless chain of progress."
- ↑ Helen Brown (২৩ জানু ২০০৯)। "The Strangest Man: the Hidden Life of Paul Dirac by Graham Farmelo"। The Telegraph। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৯ জুন ২০১২।
Dirac’s story ends with a whimper. As a young man he had joked that physicists were all washed up by 30 and as he aged his powers waned. The Cambridge physics department took away his parking space and an outraged Manci insisted he take up a fellowship at Florida State University. He died in 1984, aged 82. An atheist, he was buried under a gravestone chosen by Manci. It read “because God said it should be so”.
- ↑ H. B. G. Casimir (২০১০)। Haphazard Reality: Half a Century of Science। Amsterdam University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 151। আইএসবিএন 9789089642004।
Kramers was certainly not a dogmatic atheist like, for instance, Dirac in his younger years, whose attitude was summed up by Pauli in one famous sentence: "Our friend Dirac has a religion; and the main tenet of that religion is: 'There is no God and Dirac was his prophet.
- ↑ "... I believe that a reasonable case can be made for saying, not that we believe in God because He exists but rather that He exists because we believe in Him. [...] Considered as an element of the world, God has the same degree and kind of objective reality as do other products of mind. [...] I regret my disbelief in God and religious answers generally, for I believe it would give satisfaction and comfort to many in need of it if it possible to discover and propound good scientific and philosophic reasons to believe in God. [...] To abdicate from the rule of reason and substitute for it an authentication of belief by the intentness and degree of conviction with which we hold it can be perilous and destructive. [...] I am a rationalist—something of a period piece nowadays, I admit [...]" Peter Medawar, 'The Question of the Existence of God' in his book The Limits of Science (Harper and Row 1984).
- ↑ When asked by Rod Liddle in the documentary The Trouble with Atheism "Give me your views on the existence, or otherwise, of God", Peter Atkins replied "Well it's fairly straightforward: there isn't one. And there's no evidence for one, no reason to believe that there is one, and so I don't believe that there is one. And I think that it is rather foolish that people do think that there is one.""The Trouble with Atheism, UK Channel 4 TV"। ২০০৬-১২-১৮।
|ধারাবাহিক=অনুপস্থিত বা খালি (সাহায্য) - ↑ "I gradually slipped away from religion over several years and became an atheist or to be more philosophically correct, a sceptical agnostic." Nurse's autobiography at Nobelprize.org
- ↑ "I was brought up a Lutheran, but I became an atheist"—PZ Myers (February 14, 2007), It's the arrogance, stupid, Pharyngula. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
- ↑ Nobel Biography [৪].
- ↑ Colm Mulcahy (২০১৩-০৩-২৬)। "Centenary of Mathematician Paul Erdős -- Source of Bacon Number Concept"। Huffington Post। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৩ এপ্রিল ২০১৩।
In his own words, "I'm not qualified to say whether or not God exists. I kind of doubt He does. Nevertheless, I'm always saying that the SF has this transfinite Book that contains the best proofs of all mathematical theorems, proofs that are elegant and perfect...You don't have to believe in God, but you should believe in the Book." (SF was his tongue- in-cheek reference to God as "the Supreme Fascist").
- ↑ "Officially, the particle is called the Higgs boson, but its elusive nature and fundamental role in the creation of the universe led a prominent scientist to rename it the God particle. The name has stuck, but makes Higgs wince and raises the hackles of other theorists. "I wish he hadn't done it," he says. "I have to explain to people it was a joke. I'm an atheist, but I have an uneasy feeling that playing around with names like that could be unnecessarily offensive to people who are religious." Ian Sample, 'The God of Small Things', The Guardian, November 17, 2007, Weekend pages, Pg. 44.
- ↑ "The Law of Serialitity"। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ জুলাই ২০১২।
The paradox is that he thought of himself as a hard-boiled philosophical materialist. He was also what one may call a devoted atheist; a freemason; a member of the Austrian Socialist Party; and a regular contributor to the Monisticshe Monatshelfe, the monthly published by the German league of Monists.
- ↑ "Paul Kammerer"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ "[Müller] was an atheist..." Review of Müller's biography, by James Mallet, Quarterly Review of Biology 79:196 (2004). Retrieved July 2, 2007.
- ↑ Dan Barker (২০১১)। The Good Atheist: Living a Purpose-Filled Life Without God। Ulysses Press। পৃষ্ঠা 176। আইএসবিএন 9781569758465।
Speaking of her 55-year marriage to Frederick Hamerstrom (a nephew of Charles Darwin), Fran quipped: “You'll notice that our 'pair bond' has lasted fairly well and I think it's because we're both remarkably tolerant people. He's an agnostic and I'm an atheist, and we've put up with each other all this time!"
- ↑ Hildebrand, Joe (১১ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০০৮)। "Fred Hollows remembered at ceremony in Bourke"। The Daily Telegraph। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৫ মে ২০১৩।
- ↑ Jane Gregory (২০০৫)। "Fighting for space"। Fred Hoyle's Universe। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 143। আইএসবিএন 9780191578465।
According to Hoyle: "I am an atheist, but as far as blowing up the world in a nuclear war goes, I tell them not to worry."
- ↑ Ajzenberg-Selove, Fay. A Matter of Choices: Memoirs of a Female Physicist. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 1994. Print. "I explained carefully to Louis that I was a Jew and an atheist..."
- ↑ When describing a total solar eclipse, Close wrote: "It was simultaneously ghastly, beautiful, supernatural. Even for a 21st century atheist, the vision was such that I thought, "If there is a heaven, this is what its entrance is like." The heavenly vision demanded music by Mozart; instead we had the crickets." Frank Close, 'Dark side of the moon', The Guardian, August 9, 2001, Guardian Online Pages, Pg. 8.
- ↑ "The same Arago who spent his time criticizing unfounded myths now peddled them. Arago the atheist now spoke of souls." Theresa Levitt, The shadow of enlightenment: optical and political transparency in France, 1789-1848, page 105.
- ↑ "College Roll: Burnet, Sir Frank Macfarlane." RACP: College Roll. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017. "He...developed a fairly aggressive atheism."
- ↑ Francis Crick, What Mad Pursuit: a Personal View of Scientific Discovery, Basic Books reprint edition, 1990, ISBN 0-465-09138-5, p. 145.
- ↑ "How I Got Inclined Towards Atheism"। Positiveatheism.org। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১২-০৬-০৩।
- ↑ Mark Steyn identify Crick as an atheist. See:The Twentieth-Century Darwin by Mark Steyn, published in The Atlantic Monthly, October 2004.
- ↑ "Francis Crick was an evangelical atheist."Francis Crick's Legacy for Neuroscience: Between the α and the Ω
- ↑ "Instead, it is interlaced with descriptions of Crick’s vacations, parties and assertions of atheism — occasionally colorful stuff that drains the intellectual drama from the codebreaking."Genome Human
- ↑ "There is Crick the mentor, Crick the atheist, Crick the free-thinker, and Crick the playful."Entertaining Dr Crick
- ↑ Crick, 86, said: "The god hypothesis is rather discredited." Do our genes reveal the hand of God?
- ↑ "After retirement, he remained politically active, defending Andrei Sakharov, and was President of the French Atheists' Union." D S Bell, 'Obituary: Francis Perrin', The Independent (London), July 18, 1992, Pg. 44.
- ↑ Philip W. Anderson (২০১১)। "Imaginary Friend, Who Art in Heaven"। More and Different: Notes from a Thoughtful Curmudgeon। World Scientific। পৃষ্ঠা 177। আইএসবিএন 9789814350129।
We atheists can, as he does, argue that, with the modern revolution in attitudes toward homosexuals, we have become the only group that may not reveal itself in normal social discourse.
- ↑ K. C. Cole (২০১২)। Something Incredibly Wonderful Happens: Frank Oppenheimer and His Astonishing Exploratorium। University of Chicago Press। পৃষ্ঠা 104–105। আইএসবিএন 9780226113470।
For the locals, it was as if aliens had landed. "The normal folks were wearing tight jeans and cowboy hats, and here was a rancher who didn't wear a hat," said Pete Richards, who lived on one of the neighboring ranches at the time. “He was skinnier than a rail, he was really hyper. Both he and Jackie swore like sailors. And they were atheists!”.
- ↑ "He and the Bishop of Oxford staged another version of the great debate between Thomas Henry ('Darwin's bulldog') Huxley and Bishop ('Soapy Sam') Wilberforce that followed the publication of Darwin's Origin Of Species. The present Bishop defended the new Darwinian orthodoxy, but Dr Halstead, an atheist, took the line that the former Bishop of Oxford had been quite right to oppose Darwin's thesis. But that too was entirely characteristic. He told me that he was a member of the Athenaeum only because it had a painting of Darwin in the lobby." Tim Radford, 'A passion for dinosaurs: Obituary of Beverly Halstead', The Guardian (London), May 2, 1991.
- ↑ Kendall, Paul (মার্চ ১৪, ২০১০)। "Professor Brian Cox: bringing the solar system to your living room"। The Daily Telegraph। London।
- ↑ "Dr. Brian Cox (science consultant) - Sunshine - Interview"। Sci-fi-online.com। ২০০৭-০৮-২৭। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১২-০৬-০৩।
- ↑ "I am an atheist, that is, I think nothing exists except and beyond nature."Ginzburg's autobiography at Nobelprize.org
- ↑ "Dr Perutz, said: "It is one thing for scientists to oppose creationism which is demonstrably false but quite another to make pronouncements which offend people's religious faith -- that is a form of tactlessness which merely brings science into disrepute. My view of religion and ethics is simple: even if we do not believe in God, we should try to live as though we did."" Kam Patel, Perutz rubbishes Popper and Kuhn, 25 November 1994.
- ↑ "...I'm an atheist..." Enough blasting Dennett and Dawkins, all right?, from Rationally Speaking, the blog of Massimo Pigliucci, October 30, 2006 (Accessed April 15, 2008)
- ↑ "It was nice to be honoured but I like ‘Mark’ not ‘Sir Mark’. When one’s young, one’s brash and all-knowing; when one’s old, one realises how little one knows. You asked me earlier if I believed in God and the hereafter. I would tend to say no but when one dies one could well be surprised." Mark Oliphant from an interview in 1996., Sir Mark Oliphant - Reluctant Builder of the Atom Bomb.
- ↑ Robert K. Wilcox (২০১০)। The Truth About the Shroud of Turin: Solving the Mystery। Regnery Gateway। পৃষ্ঠা 23। আইএসবিএন 9781596986008।
In 1902, Marcellin P. Berthelot, often called the founder of modern organic chemistry, was one of France's most celebrated scientists—if not the world's. He was permanent secretary of the French Academy, having succeeded the giant Louis Pasteur, the renowned microbiologist. Unlike Delage, an agnostic, Berthelot was an atheist—and militantly so.
- ↑ Thomas de Wesselow (২০১২)। The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection। Penguin। আইএসবিএন 9781101588550।
Although Delage made it clear that he did not regard Jesus as the resurrected Son of God, his paper upset the atheist members of the Academy, including its secretary, Marcellin Berthelot, who prevented its full publication in the Academy's bulletin.
- ↑ Leon M. Lederman; Judith A. Scheppler (২০০১)। "Marvin Minsky: Mind Maker"। Portraits of Great American Scientists। Prometheus Books। পৃষ্ঠা 74। আইএসবিএন 9781573929325।
Another area where he "goes against the flow" is in his spiritual beliefs. As far as religion is concerned, he's a confirmed atheist. "I think it [religion] is a contagious mental disease. . . . The brain has a need to believe it knows a reason for things.
- ↑ "When we reflect on anything for long enough, we're likely to end up with what we sometimes call "basic" questions -- ones we can see no way at all to answer. For we have no perfect way to answer even this question: How can one tell when a question has been properly answered? What caused the universe, and why? What is the purpose of life? How can you tell which beliefs are true? How can you tell what is good? These questions seem different on the surface, but all of them share one quality that makes them impossible to answer: all of them are circular! You can never find a final cause, since you must always ask one question more: "What caused that cause?" You can never find any ultimate goal, since you're always obliged to ask, "Then what purpose does that serve?" Whenever you find out why something is good-or is true-you still have to ask what makes that reason good and true. No matter what you discover, at every step, these kinds of questions will always remain, because you have to challenge every answer with, "Why should I accept that answer?" Such circularities can only waste our time by forcing us to repeat, over and over and over again, "What good is Good?" and, "What god made God?" " Marvin Minsky. The Society of Mind.
- ↑ Kristi Coale (১৯৯৭-০৭-২৫)। "Seeding Intelligence"। Wired Magazine। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৭ জুলাই ২০১২।
I've been an atheist - I had found it difficult to have religious beliefs and scientific ones," Brooks explained. "But I've accepted that I have a duality - there's a human way of interacting with people but also a mechanistic explanation of what people are and how they work.
- ↑ "Although in her youth she had shared her father's Zionist sympathies, she was not otherwise involved in Jewish affairs and was by conviction an atheist." 'BRUNSWICK, Ruth Jane Mack (Feb. 17, 1897-Jan. 24, 1946)' in Notable American Women: 1607-1950. Retrieved August 01, 2008, from Credo Reference
- ↑ Cailliau, Robert। "Atheism"। www.cailliau.org।
As Richard Dawkins points out, I have no obligation to explain why I am an atheist, it’s for those who believe in a god to supply evidence. Atheism, religion, science and ethics are linked: Religion provides a simple world view based on the existence of one or more gods. Gods are super-beings who are unscrutable, far superior to humans and endowed with supernatural powers. Such a world view starts from the axiom that humans will not be able to understand the world around them. There is no further argument possible: one lives "by the book".
- ↑ "50 Renowned Academics Speaking About God"। JPararajasingham। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৪ মে ২০১২।
- ↑ Denis Brian (২০০৮)। The Voice of Genius: Conversations with Nobel Scientists and Other Luminaries। Basic Books। পৃষ্ঠা 49। আইএসবিএন 9780465011391।
Interviewer: Do you call yourself an agnostic or an atheist? Feynman: An atheist. Agnostic for me would be trying to weasel out and sound a little nicer than I am about this.
- ↑ Feynman was of Jewish birth, but described himself as "an avowed atheist" by his early youth in Freethought of the Day, Freedom From Religion Foundation, May 11, 2006.
- ↑ "Having abandoned the tenets of Judaism at 13, he never wavered in his gentle atheism, nor in his determination to stay away from matters about which he had opinions but no expertise." John Morrish reviewing the collection of Feynman's letters Don't You Have Time to Think?, "Particle Physics: The Route to Pop Stardom", Independent on Sunday (London), July 24, 2005, p. 21.
- ↑ Liberato Cardellini: "A final and more personal question: You defined yourself as “an atheist who is moved by religion”. Looking at the tenor of your life and the many goals you have achieved, one wonders where your inner force comes from." Roald Hoffmann: "The atheism and the respect for religion come form the same source. I observe that in every culture on Earth, absolutely every one, human beings have constructed religious systems. There is a need in us to try to understand,to see that there is something that unites us spiritually. So scientists who do not respect religion fail in their most basic task—observation. Human beings need the spiritual. The same observation reveals to me a multitude of religious constructions—gods of nature, spirits, the great monotheistic religions. It seems to me there can’t be a God or gods; there are just manifestations of a human-constructed spirituality." Liberato Cardellini, Looking for Connections: An Interview with Roald Hoffmann, page 1634.
- ↑ "Russell A. Hulse"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৭ জুলাই ২০১২।
I consider myself a very moral person but I do not need a religion for that.
- ↑ "Ronald Plasterk (1957) is a convinced atheist. But he says expressly that he does not strive for atheism. "My own view cannot be gospel which I will defend at any cost. I respect belief, as long as people do not force it." (In Dutch: "Ronald Plasterk (1957) is een overtuigd atheïst. Maar hij zegt er nadrukkelijk bij dat hij niet streeft naar atheïsme. «Mijn eigen opvatting mag geen heilsleer zijn die ik ten koste van alles ga verdedigen. Ik respecteer geloof, zolang mensen het maar niet opdringen.» ") Interview with Ronald Plasterk, «Er is geen verband tussen altruïsme en God» ("There is no connection between altruism and God"), De Groene Amsterdammer, December 22, 2001 (accessed August 6, 2008).
- ↑ Scott Aaronson (জানুয়ারি ১৬, ২০০৭)। "Long-awaited God post"। Shtetl-Optimized – The Blog of Scott Aaronson। সংগ্রহের তারিখ জুন ১৫, ২০১৩।
If you'd asked, I would've told you that I, like yourself, am what most people would call a disbelieving atheist infidel heretic.
- ↑ Harris, Sam। "Letter to A Christian Nation"। SamHarrisOrg। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৫ জুন ২০১০। Quoting Penrose's blurb for Harris's book Letter to a Christian Nation. and refers to himself as an atheist.
- ↑ "Big Bang follows Big Bang follows Big Bang"। BBC News। ২৫ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১০। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ ডিসে ২০১০।
- ↑ W. M. Goss; W. William Miller Goss; Richard X. McGee (২০০৯)। "Last Years"। Under the Radar: The First Woman in Radio Astronomy: Ruby Payne-Scott। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 253। আইএসবিএন 9783642031410।
- ↑ Costantino Ceoldo (২০১২-১২-৩১)। "Homage to Rita Levi Montalcini"। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০ জুলাই ২০১৩।
Born and raised in a Sephardic Jewish family in which culture and love of learning were categorical imperatives, she abandoned religion and embraced atheism.
- ↑ "In his mythic book The Singularity Is Near, Ray Kurzweil, serial inventor, technology enthusiast, and unabashed atheist, announces: "Evolution moves toward greater complexity, greater elegance, greater knowledge, greater intelligence, greater beauty, greater creativity, and greater levels of subtle attributes such as love. In every monotheistic tradition God is likewise described as all of these qualities, only without any limitation.... So evolution moves inexorably toward this conception of God, although never quite reaching this ideal."" - Kevin Kelly, What Technology Wants (2010).
- ↑ Leakey, Richard; Virginia Morell (সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০১)। Wildlife Wars: My Fight to Save Africa's Natural Treasures। design by Kathryn Parise। পৃষ্ঠা 257। আইএসবিএন 0-312-20626-7।
- ↑ Park, Robert L. Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science, 2008, Princeton University Press, page viii
- ↑ "...I had the opportunity to participate in several exciting panel discussions at the World Science Festival in New York City. But the most dramatic encounter took place at the panel strangely titled 'Science, Faith and Religion.'... I ended up being one of two panelists labeled 'atheists.'..." God and Science Don't Mix: A scientist can be a believer. But professionally, at least, he can't act like one., Lawrence M. Krauss, The Wall Street Journal, page A15, 26 June 2009 (retrieved 22 May 2010). On the 21 June 2012 Colbert Report, the author of A Universe from Nothing: Why There is Something Rather than Nothing told Colbert: "There is no evidence for any deity.... You don't need him.... There's no need for God." The evolutions of the universe occur "without any supernatural shenanigans."
- ↑ "Lack of understanding is not evidence for God. It is evidence of lack of understanding, and a call to use reason to try and change that." Lawrence M. Krauss, "In Reason We Trust" notice of the Freedom from Religion Foundation, Scientific American, vol. 315, no. 5 (November 2016), p. 19.
- ↑ Lubos Motl, http://motls.blogspot.com/2006/09/oriana-fallaci-force-of-reason.html
- ↑ Henry F. Schaefer (২০০৩)। Science and Christianity: Conflict Or Coherence?। The Apollos Trust। পৃষ্ঠা 9। আইএসবিএন 9780974297507।
I present here two examples of notable atheists. The first is Lev Landau, the most brilliant Soviet physicist of the twentieth century.
- ↑ "Listed as an atheist in NNDB.com." Lev Landau, NNDB.com
- ↑ "A reader who has suffered me so far will have realised how much of my mental energy had been hitherto absorbed in a fruitless search for an intellectually compelling rationale to rescue some fragments from the wreckage of my family faith. The mood of liberation I experienced when I finally discarded the last remnant of theism was no less exhilarating than that of Bunyan's Pilgrim when the burden of sin fell from his back. [...] In retrospect, the final steps seem as sudden as they were painless. [...] As I looked upward [at the night sky], I realised that the sole prospect was limitless expanse of unthreatening and impersonal emptiness — but for unapproachable galaxies — of a universe without purpose of punishment or reward for a lately arrived animal species, free to make or mar its own destiny without help or hindrance from above." Lancelot Hogben, Lancelot Hogben: Scientific Humanist: An Unauthorised Autobiography, edited by Adrian and Ann Hogben. Merlin Press, 1998.
- ↑ "Festinger, a professed atheist, was an original thinker and a restless, highly motivated individual with (in his words) "little tolerance for boredom". " Franz Samelson: "Festinger, Leon", American National Biography Online, Feb. 2000 (accessed April 28, 2008) [৫].
- ↑ Babu Gogineni (জুলাই ১০, ২০১২)। "It's the Atheist Particle, actually"। Postnoon News। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১০ জুলাই ২০১২।
Leon Lederman is himself an atheist and he regrets the term, and Peter Higgs who is an atheist too, has expressed his displeasure, but the damage has been done!
- ↑ Originally a Lutheran, Pauling declared his atheism in 1992, two years before his death.
- ↑ "I never outgrew my conversion to atheism at 13, but at various times was a serious cultural Jew." The Guardian Profile (নভেম্বর ৬, ১৯৯৯)। "Steven Pinker: the mind reader"। London: Guardian News and Media Limited। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৬-১২-১০।
- ↑ "He attempted to adopt a scientific attitude in his approach to all problems. His views were liberal, and he was an atheist." Leslie Bairstow, 'Dr. S. Maulik', Nature 166, 422-423 (09 Sep 1950).
- ↑ Gordon Stein (১৯৮৮)। The encyclopedia of unbelief। 1। Prometheus Books। পৃষ্ঠা 594। আইএসবিএন 9780879753078।
Svante Arrhenius (I859-I927), recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry (I903), was a declared atheist and the author of The Evolution of the Worlds and other works on cosmic physics.
- ↑ NNDB.com। "Svante Arrhenius"। Soylent Communications। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১১ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১২।
- ↑ Joseph McCabe (১৯৫০)। A rationalist encyclopaedia: a book of reference on religion, philosophy, ethics, and science (2 সংস্করণ)। Watts। পৃষ্ঠা 384।
He was a member of the firm of Vickers' Sons and Maxim. Maxim was an aggressive Atheist (personal knowledge) and the compiler (with the present writer) of the collection of strong criticisms of religion...
- ↑ The Freethinker, Volume 92। G.W. Foote। ১৯৭২। পৃষ্ঠা 45।
Now Maxim really way a militant atheist!
- ↑ "Muller, who through Unitarianism had become an enthusiastic pantheist, was converted both to atheism and to socialism." Hermann Joseph Muller. 1890–1967, G. Pontecorvo, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 14, Nov., 1968 (Nov., 1968), pp. 348-389 (Quote from p. 353) Retrieved July 14, 2007.
- ↑ Joseph McCabe (1945). A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers. Haldeman-Julius Publications. Retrieved 10 April 2012. "In his last words (published as Last Thoughts, 1913) he entirely rejects Christianity and believes in God only in the sense that he is the moral ideal. In effect he was an atheist."
- ↑ Poincaré, Henri (January 1, 1913). Dernières Pensées. p. 138. Retrieved 10 April 2012. "Les dogmes des religions révélées ne sont pas les seuls à craindre. L'empreinte que le catholicisme a imprimée sur l'âme occidentale a été si profonde que bien des esprits à peine affranchis ont eu la nostalgie de la servitude et se sont efforcés de reconstituer des Eglises ; c'est ainsi que certaines écoles positivistes ne sont qu'un catholicisme sans Dieu. Auguste Comte lui- même rêvait de discipliner les âmes et certains de ses disciples, exagérant la pensée du maître, deviendraient bien vite des ennemis de la science s'ils étaient les plus forts."
- ↑ Galina Weinstein, A Biography of Henri Poincaré – 2012 Centenary of the Death of Poincaré, arXiv:1207.0759, physics.hist-ph, 2012
- ↑ Joseph McCabe (১৯৫০)। A rationalist encyclopaedia: a book of reference on religion, philosophy, ethics, and science (2 সংস্করণ)। Watts। পৃষ্ঠা 384।
He was a member of the firm of Vickers' Sons and Maxim. Maxim was an aggressive Atheist (personal knowledge) and the compiler (with the present writer) of the collection of strong criticisms of religion...
- ↑ The Freethinker, Volume 92। G.W. Foote। ১৯৭২। পৃষ্ঠা 45।
Now Maxim really way a militant atheist!
- ↑ Willem B. Drees (১৯৯০)। Beyond the Big Bang: Quantum Cosmologies and God। Open Court Publishing। পৃষ্ঠা 22–24। আইএসবিএন 9780812691184।
- ↑ "Sometime after this, Hannes Alfvén was brought to the presence of Prime Minister Ben-Gurion. The latter was curious about this young Swedish scientist who was being much talked about. After a good chat, Ben Gurion came right to the point: "Do you believe in God?" Now, Hannes Alfvén was not quite prepared for this. So he considered his answer for a few brief seconds. But Ben-Gurion took his silence to be a "No." So he said: "Better scientist than you believes in God."" As told by Hannes Alfvén to Asoka Mendis, Hannes Alfvén Birth Centennial.
- ↑ "Nuclear power is uniquely unforgiving: as Swedish Nobel physicist Hannes Alfvén said, "No acts of God can be permitted."" Amory Lovins, Inside NOVA - Nuclear After Japan: Amory Lovins, pbs.org.
- ↑ "Alfven dismissed in his address religion as a "myth," and passionately criticized the big-bang theory for being dogmatic and violating basic standards of science, to be no less mythical than religion." Helge Kragh, Matter and Spirit in the Universe: Scientific and Religious Preludes to Modern Cosmology (2004), page 252.
- ↑ "Since his childhood in Vienna Bondi had been an atheist, developing from an early age a view on religion that associated it with repression and intolerance. This view, which he shared with Hoyle, never left him. On several occasions he spoke out on behalf of freethinking, so-called, and became early on active in British atheist or "humanist" circles. From 1982 to 1999, he was president of the British Humanist Association, and he also served as president of the Rationalist Press Association of United Kingdom." Helge Kragh: "Bondi, Hermann", Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography Vol. 19 p. 343. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. Accessed via Gale Virtual Reference Library April 29, 2008.
- ↑ In a letter to the Guardian, Jane Wynne Willson, Vice-President of the British Humanist Association, added to his obituary: "Also president of the Rationalist Press Association from 1982 until his death, and with a particular interest in Indian rationalism, Hermann was a strong supporter of the Atheist Centre in Andhra Pradesh. He and his wife Christine visited the centre a number of times, and the hall in the science museum there bears his name. When presented with a prestigious international award, he divided a large sum of money between the Atheist Centre and women's health projects in Mumbai." Obituary letter: Hermann Bondi, Guardian, September 23, 2005 (accessed April 29, 2008).
- ↑ "Everett was a life-long atheist, but he did not let that stand in his way as St. John's was well-regarded academically and socially." Peter Byrne, The Many Worlds of Hugh Everett III: Multiple Universes, Mutual Assured Destruction, and the Meltdown of a Nuclear Family (2010), page 29.
- ↑ Michael Martin (২০০৭)। The Cambridge Companion to Atheism। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 310। আইএসবিএন 9780521842709।
Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including...Hans Jürgen Eysenck...
- ↑ Grosch, Herbert (জুলাই ১৫, ১৯৭০)। "Smithsonian National Museum of American History - Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973, 1977 - Interview with Herbert R. Grosch" (পিডিএফ)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১২ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
I made them quit essentially. When I was nine years old I decided that I was an atheist. So I told them, "Well you shouldn't go to church anymore, it's silly." Well, apparently they'd been going to church primarily for my benefit. So after I refused to go, they quit going too.
- ↑ "Outside the field of scientific research, he was known for his outspoken atheism: belief in God, he once declared, is not only incompatible with good science, but is "damaging to the wellbeing of the human race." " The Telegraph. [৬]
- ↑ Kroemer, Herbert। "Herbert Kroemer - Science Video Interview"।
Interviewer: "You have no belief in a afterlife?" Kroemer: "That's correct." Interviewer: "...You don't see the evidence of a designer?" Kroemer: "No, I don't." Interviewer: "Could you say more about it?" Kroemer: "I think it's just wishful thinking."
- ↑ Harold Kroto claims to have four "religions": humanism, atheism, amnesty-internationalism and humourism.[৭]
- ↑ Scott Aaronson (জানুয়ারি ১৬, ২০০৭)। "Long-awaited God post"। Shtetl-Optimized – The Blog of Scott Aaronson। সংগ্রহের তারিখ জুন ১৫, ২০১৩।
If you'd asked, I would've told you that I, like yourself, am what most people would call a disbelieving atheist infidel heretic.
- ↑ Joseph McCabe (১৯৪৫)। A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers। Haldeman-Julius Publications। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৭ এপ্রিল ২০১৩।
He was not only a distinguished German physicist and one of the most famous inventors on the staff at the Zeiss optical works at Jena but a notable social reformer, By a generous scheme of profit-sharing he virtually handed over the great Zeiss enterprise to the workers. Abbe was an intimate friend of Haeckel and shared his atheism (or Monism). Leonard Abbot says in his life of Ferrer that Abbe had "just the same ideas and aims as Ferrer."
- ↑ Ajzenberg-Selove, Fay. A Matter of Choices: Memoirs of a Female Physicist. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 1994. Print. "I explained carefully to Louis that I was a Jew and an atheist..."
- ↑ "Prominent Russians: Zhores Alferov"। RT.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২১ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
In public life the scientist is a strong supporter of communism, an atheist strongly objecting to advancement of religious education in Russia, and proponent of science and knowledge as the means to see a better future.
- ↑ "Zhores I. Alferov"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২১ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
- ↑ Willem B. Drees (১৯৯০)। Beyond the Big Bang: Quantum Cosmologies and God। Open Court Publishing। পৃষ্ঠা 22–24। আইএসবিএন 9780812691184।
- ↑ "Sometime after this, Hannes Alfvén was brought to the presence of Prime Minister Ben-Gurion. The latter was curious about this young Swedish scientist who was being much talked about. After a good chat, Ben Gurion came right to the point: "Do you believe in God?" Now, Hannes Alfvén was not quite prepared for this. So he considered his answer for a few brief seconds. But Ben-Gurion took his silence to be a "No." So he said: "Better scientist than you believes in God."" As told by Hannes Alfvén to Asoka Mendis, Hannes Alfvén Birth Centennial.
- ↑ "Nuclear power is uniquely unforgiving: as Swedish Nobel physicist Hannes Alfvén said, "No acts of God can be permitted."" Amory Lovins, Inside NOVA – Nuclear After Japan: Amory Lovins, pbs.org.
- ↑ "Alfven dismissed in his address religion as a "myth," and passionately criticized the big-bang theory for being dogmatic and violating basic standards of science, to be no less mythical than religion." Helge Kragh, Matter and Spirit in the Universe: Scientific and Religious Preludes to Modern Cosmology (2004), page 252.
- ↑ "I find it more comfortable to say I'm an atheist, and for that I probably have someone like Dawkins to thank." – Jim Al-Khalili, BBC – Radio 4 – Science Explorer: Jim Al-Khalili featured in The Life Scientific, BBC.co.uk.com.
- ↑ Philip W. Anderson (২০১১)। "Imaginary Friend, Who Art in Heaven"। More and Different: Notes from a Thoughtful Curmudgeon। World Scientific। পৃষ্ঠা 177। আইএসবিএন 9789814350129।
We atheists can, as he does, argue that, with the modern revolution in attitudes toward homosexuals, we have become the only group that may not reveal itself in normal social discourse.
- ↑ "Jacob Appelbaum (Part 1/2) Digital Anti-Repression Workshop – April 26, 2012"। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৮ জুন ২০১৩।
Like, for me, as an atheist, bisexual, Jew, I'm gonna go on, uh – oh and Emma Goldman is one of my great heroes and I really think that anarchism is a fantastic principle by which to fashion a utopian society even if we can't get there.
- ↑ "The same Arago who spent his time criticizing unfounded myths now peddled them. Arago the atheist now spoke of souls." Theresa Levitt, The shadow of enlightenment: optical and political transparency in France, 1789–1848, page 105.
- ↑ Gordon Stein (১৯৮৮)। The encyclopedia of unbelief। 1। Prometheus Books। পৃষ্ঠা 594। আইএসবিএন 9780879753078।
Svante Arrhenius (I859-I927), recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry (I903), was a declared atheist and the author of The Evolution of the Worlds and other works on cosmic physics.
- ↑ NNDB.com। "Svante Arrhenius"। Soylent Communications। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১১ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১২।
- ↑ "'He brings a humanness to (science) that's very refreshing'"। Rediff On The News। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৩১ অক্টোবর ২০১৪।
Although he is an atheist, Dr Ashtekar says, his attitude toward work is from the Hindu religious text, the Bhagavad Gita.
- ↑ Asprey 2014, পৃ. 110, 349।
- ↑ When asked by Rod Liddle in the documentary The Trouble with Atheism "Give me your views on the existence, or otherwise, of God", Peter Atkins replied "Well it's fairly straightforward: there isn't one. And there's no evidence for one, no reason to believe that there is one, and so I don't believe that there is one. And I think that it is rather foolish that people do think that there is one."The Trouble with Atheism, UK Channel 4 TV.
- ↑ In an Edge discussion following the Beyond Belief conference in 2006, Atran criticised other speakers, saying: "I find it fascinating that among the brilliant scientists and philosophers at the conference, there was no convincing evidence presented that they know how to deal with the basic irrationality of human life and society other than to insist against all reason and evidence that things ought to be rational and evidence based. It makes me embarrassed to be a scientist and atheist."
- ↑ "Although he became an atheist early in life and resented the strict upbringing of his parents’ religion, he identified with Jewish culture and joined several international fights against anti-Semitism." Craver, Carl F: "Axelrod, Julius", Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography Vol. 19 p. 122. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.
- ↑ "In religious matters he was an atheist." A.G. MacGregor: "Bailey, Edward Battersby", Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography Vol. 1 p. 393. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.
- ↑ Noel G. Charlton (২০০৮)। Understanding Gregory Bateson: mind, beauty, and the sacred earth। SUNY Press। পৃষ্ঠা 29। আইএসবিএন 9780791474525।
This was to be the last large-scale work of lifelong atheist Bateson, seeking to understand the meaning of the sacred.
- ↑ "A confirmed agnostic, he [Bateson] was converted to atheism after attending a dinner where he tried to converse with a woman who was a creationist. "For many years what had been good enough for Darwin was good enough for me. Not long after that dreadful dinner, Richard Dawkins wrote to me to ask whether I would publicly affirm my atheism. I could see no reason why not." " Lewis Smith, 'Science has second thoughts about life', The Times (London), January 1, 2008, Pg. 24.
- ↑ "William Bateson was a very militant atheist and a very bitter man, I fancy. Knowing that I was interested in biology, they invited me when I was still a school girl to go down and see the experimental garden. I remarked to him what I thought then, and still think, that doing research must be the most wonderful thing in the world and he snapped at me that it wasn’t wonderful at all, it was tedious, disheartening, annoying and anyhow you didn’t need an experimental garden to do research." Interview with Dr. Cecilia Gaposchkin by Owen Gingerich, March 5, 1968.
- ↑ George Beadle, An Uncommon Farmer: The Emergence of Genetics in the 20th Century. CSHL Press. 2003. p. 273. ISBN 9780879696887. Beadle's views on this occasion were somewhat more tempered than David's characterization of him as a "vehement atheist," and from his earliest days "intolerant of religion and other forms of superstition.
- ↑ John Ellis, D. Amati (২০০০)। "Biographical notes on John Bell"। Quantum Reflections। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা xi। আইএসবিএন 9780521630085। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৭।
By now, he was also a 'Protestant Atheist', which he remained all his life.
- ↑ Andrew Whitaker; Mary Bell; Shan Gao (সেপ্টে ১৯, ২০১৬)। "1 – John Bell – The Irish Connection"। Quantum Nonlocality and Reality: 50 Years of Bell's Theorem। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 8। আইএসবিএন 9781107104341।
John Bell was certainly not interested in Protestantism as such – his wife Mary [33] has reported that he was an atheist most of his life.
- ↑ "I am so sorry to hear of Asher's passing. I will miss his scientific insight and advice, but even more his humor and stuborn integrity. I remember when one of his colleagues complained about Asher's always rejecting his manuscript when they were sent to him to referee. Asher said in effect, "You should thank me. I am only trying to protect your reputation." He often pretended to consult me, a fellow atheist, on matters of religious protocol. As we waited in line to eat the hors d'oeuvres at a conference in Evanston, he said, "There is a prayer Jews traditionally say when they do something new that they have never done before. I am about to eat a new kind of non-Kosher food. Do you think I should say the prayer?" My wife and grown children, who are visiting us this new year, and remember Asher from when we all lived in Cambridge 20 years ago, join me in sending you our condolences for this sudden loss of an irrepressible and irreplaceable person. Please convey our feelings especially to your mother at this difficult time. " Charles H. Bennett's letter written to the family of Israeli physicist, Asher Peres, A selection of the many letters of condolence sent to the Peres family during January 2005 .
- ↑ "The Bernals were originally Sephardic Jews who came to Ireland in 1840 from Spain via Amsterdam and London. They converted to Catholicism and John was Jesuit-educated. John enthusiastically supported the Easter Rising and, as a boy, he organised a Society for Perpetual Adoration. He moved away from religion as an adult, becoming an atheist." William Reville, John Desmond Bernal – The Sage.
- ↑ "Dr. Paul Bert, the atheist Minister of Public Instruction, in M. Gambetta's Cabinet, made the next greatest sensation of the Congress." The Phrenological journal and science of health: incorporated with the Phrenological magazine, Volume 76, page 42.
- ↑ Robert K. Wilcox (২০১০)। The Truth About the Shroud of Turin: Solving the Mystery। Regnery Gateway। পৃষ্ঠা 23। আইএসবিএন 9781596986008।
In 1902, Marcellin P. Berthelot, often called the founder of modern organic chemistry, was one of France's most celebrated scientists—if not the world's. He was permanent secretary of the French Academy, having succeeded the giant Louis Pasteur, the renowned microbiologist. Unlike Delage, an agnostic, Berthelot was an atheist—and militantly so.
- ↑ Thomas de Wesselow (২০১২)। The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection। Penguin। আইএসবিএন 9781101588550।
Although Delage made it clear that he did not regard Jesus as the resurrected Son of God, his paper upset the atheist members of the Academy, including its secretary, Marcellin Berthelot, who prevented its full publication in the Academy's bulletin.
- ↑ Horgan, J. (1992) Profile: Hans A. Bethe – Illuminator of the Stars, Scientific American 267(4), 32–40.
- ↑ Denis Brian (২০০১)। The Voice Of Genius: Conversations With Nobel Scientists And Other Luminaries। Basic Books। পৃষ্ঠা 117। আইএসবিএন 9780738204475।
Bethe: "I am an atheist."
- ↑ Larry Hannant (১৯৯৮)। The Politics of Passion: Norman Bethune's Writing and Art। University of Toronto Press। আইএসবিএন 978-0-8020-0907-4।
Bethune was a communist and an atheist with a healthy contempt for his evangelical father.
- ↑ "The grandson of a vicar on his father’s side, Blackett respected religious observances that were established social customs, but described himself as agnostic or atheist." Mary Jo Nye: "Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 19 p. 293. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.
- ↑ In a Point of Inquiry podcast interview, Blackmore described religion as a collection of "really pernicious memes", "I think religious memeplexes are really amongst the nastiest viruses we have on the planet". Blackmore also practices Zen Buddhist meditation; later, when she was asked: "And you find this practice of Zen, the meditative practice, completely compatible with your lack of theism, your atheism...?" she replied: "Oh yes, I mean, there is no god in Buddhism...". Susan Blackmore – In Search of the Light, Point of Inquiry, December 15, 2006 (accessed April 1, 2008).
- ↑ Clarke, Peter. All in the Mind?: Does Neuroscience Challenge Faith? N.p.: Lion, 2015. Print. "Blakemore is indeed an atheist..."
- ↑ "Twitter / therealcliffyb: And I'm not Jewish. I'm an Atheist"। Twitter.com। ২০১৩-০৬-১৯। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১৪-০২-১১।
- ↑ Tom Siegfried (জুন ২৮, ২০১৩)। "When the atom went quantum – Bohr's revolutionary atomic theory turns 100"। Society for Science & the Public 2000। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ জুলাই ২০১৩।
As for standard religion, though, Bohr was unsympathetic. His mother was a nonpracticing Jew, his father an atheist Lutheran.
- ↑ Simmons, John (১৯৯৬)। The Scientific 100: a rankings of the most influential scientists, past and present.। Carol Publishing Group। পৃষ্ঠা 16। আইএসবিএন 978-0-8065-1749-0।
His mother was warm and intelligent, and his father, as Bohr himself later recalled, recognized "that something was expected of me." The family was not at all devout, and Bohr became an atheist who regarded religious thought as harmful and misguided.
- ↑ J. Faye; H. Folse, সম্পাদকগণ (২০১০)। Niels Bohr and Contemporary Philosophy। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 88। আইএসবিএন 9789048142996।
Planck was religious and had a firm belief in God; Bohr was not, but his objection to Planck's view had no anti-religious motive.
- ↑ Ray Spangenburg; Diane Kit Moser (২০০৮)। Niels Bohr: Atomic Theorist (2 সংস্করণ)। Infobase Publishing। পৃষ্ঠা 37। আইএসবিএন 9780816061785।
Niels had quietly resigned his membership in the Lutheran Church the previous April. Although he had sought out religion as a child, by the time of their marriage he no longer “was taken” by it, as he put it. “And for me it was exactly the same,” Margrethe later explained. “[Interest in religion] disappeared completely,” although at the time of their wedding, she was still a member of the Lutheran Church. (Niels's parents were also married in a civil, not a religious, ceremony, and Harald also resigned his membership in the Lutheran Church just before his wedding, a few years later.)
- ↑ Science and Religion in Dialogue, Two Volume Set। John Wiley & Sons। পৃষ্ঠা 416। আইএসবিএন 9781405189217।
On the other hand Bohr wrote of his admiration for the writing and presentation of Kierkegaard – at the same time stating he could not accept some of it. Part of this may have followed from Kierkegaard being a very avowed, yet rather circuitous proponent of a costly Christian faith, while after a youth of confirming faith Bohr himself was a non-believer.
- ↑ Larry Witham (২০০৬)। The Measure of God: History's Greatest Minds Wrestle with Reconciling Science and Religion। HarperCollins। পৃষ্ঠা 138–139। আইএসবিএন 9780060858339।
"Bohr's atheism, the counterpiece of Einstein's monotheism, ... was more affined to traditional Far Eastern philosophy,” according to Stent. ...The young Bohr thus lived in two worlds, but mostly the cultural Christianity of the Danish middle class. As a young man, he had read Søren Kierkegaard, a fellow Dane and a Christian existentialist from the nineteenth century, with some enthusiasm. But he finally faced a religious crisis, and by the time he went to England to study physics, the idea of God had lost its appeal. The aim of life was happiness, he wrote his fiancée, making it impossible “that a person must beg from and bargain with fancied powers infinitely stronger than himself." ... In his only published paper on the topic of religion, Bohr spoke not of deities and doctrines but of psychological experience.
- ↑ Gunther S. Stent; Balazs Hargittai; István Hargittai (২০০৫)। Candid Science V: Conversations with Famous Scientists। Imperial College Press। পৃষ্ঠা 518। আইএসবিএন 9781860945052।
Gunther S. Stent: "Niels Bohr was one of the few five-star scientists who really was an atheist — and not merely paying lip service to atheism."
- ↑ Finn Aaserud; John L. Heilbron (২০১৩)। "Part 2. Nascent Science"। Love, Literature and the Quantum Atom: Niels Bohr's 1913 Trilogy Revisited। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 110। আইএসবিএন 9780199680283।
Bohr's sort of humor, use of parables and stories, tolerance, dependence on family, feelings of indebtedness, obligation, and guilt, and his sense of responsibility for science, community, and, ultimately, humankind in general, are common traits of the Jewish intellectual. So too is a well-fortified atheism. Bohr ended with no religious belief and a dislike of all religions that claimed to base their teachings on revelations.
- ↑ "Since his childhood in Vienna Bondi had been an atheist, developing from an early age a view on religion that associated it with repression and intolerance. This view, which he shared with Hoyle, never left him. On several occasions he spoke out on behalf of freethinking, so-called, and became early on active in British atheist or "humanist" circles. From 1982 to 1999, he was president of the British Humanist Association, and he also served as president of the Rationalist Press Association of United Kingdom." Helge Kragh: "Bondi, Hermann", Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography Vol. 19 p. 343. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. Accessed via Gale Virtual Reference Library April 29, 2008.
- ↑ In a letter to the Guardian, Jane Wynne Willson, Vice-President of the British Humanist Association, added to his obituary: "Also president of the Rationalist Press Association from 1982 until his death, and with a particular interest in Indian rationalism, Hermann was a strong supporter of the Atheist Centre in Andhra Pradesh. He and his wife Christine visited the centre a number of times, and the hall in the science museum there bears his name. When presented with a prestigious international award, he divided a large sum of money between the Atheist Centre and women's health projects in Mumbai." Obituary letter: Hermann Bondi, Guardian, September 23, 2005 (accessed April 29, 2008).
- ↑ Boyer, Paul. "A Path to Atheism". Freedom From Religion Foundation. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ↑ István Hargittai; Magdolna Hargittai (2006-10-23). Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists. Books.google.com. p. 32. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
- ↑ "...he always remained true to his own concepts and ideals and did not dissimulate. His open designation of himself as "atheist" in "Who's Who in America" and his opposition to the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Allies..." H J Muller, 'Dr. Calvin B. Bridges', Nature 143, 191–192 (04 Feb 1939).
- ↑ "Percy Williams Bridgman"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৪ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
He was raised in the Congregational Church, but faith in God clashed with his well-known analytical nature and he told his family as a young man that he could not in good conscience become a church member.
- ↑ Maila L. Walter (১৯৯০)। Science and Cultural Crisis: An Intellectual Biography of Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961)। Stanford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 14–15। আইএসবিএন 978-0-8047-1796-0।
Raymond Bridgman was extremely disappointed with his son's rejection of his religious views. Near the end of his life, however, he offered a conciliatory interpretation that allowed him to accept Percy's commitment to honesty and integrity as a moral equivalent to religion.
- ↑ Ray Monk (২০১৩)। Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center। Random House LLC। আইএসবিএন 9780385504133।
In many ways they were opposites; Kemble, the theorist, was a devout Christian, while Bridgman, the experimentalist, was a strident atheist.
- ↑ "Paul Broca (1824–80)"। sciencemuseum.org.uk। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১২ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
He was a left-wing atheist who argued against African enslavement.
- ↑ Evans, James; Thorndike, Alan S. (২০০৭)। Quantum Mechanics at the Crossroads: New Perspectives From History, Philosophy And Physics। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 71। আইএসবিএন 9783540326632।
Asked to join Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques Français, Louis declined because, he said, he had ceased the religious practices of his youth.
- ↑ Kimball, John (2015). Physics Curiosities, Oddities, and Novelties. CRC Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-1-4665-7636-0.
- ↑ Kristi Coale (১৯৯৭-০৭-২৫)। "Seeding Intelligence"। Wired Magazine। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৭ জুলাই ২০১২।
I've been an atheist – I had found it difficult to have religious beliefs and scientific ones," Brooks explained. "But I've accepted that I have a duality – there's a human way of interacting with people but also a mechanistic explanation of what people are and how they work.
- ↑ "Some Things I Do Not Believe In: Angels, Astrology,... Devils, Elves, Faeries, Faith, Gods, "Intelligent Design", Leprechauns, ...Magic..."[৮]
- ↑ "Although in her youth she had shared her father's Zionist sympathies, she was not otherwise involved in Jewish affairs and was by conviction an atheist." 'BRUNSWICK, Ruth Jane Mack (Feb. 17, 1897-Jan. 24, 1946)' in Notable American Women: 1607–1950. Retrieved August 01, 2008, from Credo Reference
- ↑ http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED402584.pdf "Burbank the Plant Wizard, the man who created "a good firm shipper's fruit suitable for canning" and a miraculous garden of "hybrid" flowers, admitted during an interview that he was an atheist"
- ↑ "College Roll: Burnet, Sir Frank Macfarlane." RACP: College Roll. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2017. "He...developed a fairly aggressive atheism."
- ↑ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ani/Prof/Most%20Highly%20Cited%20Scientist.pdf
- ↑ Cailliau, Robert। "Atheism"। www.cailliau.org।
As Richard Dawkins points out, I have no obligation to explain why I am an atheist, it’s for those who believe in a god to supply evidence. Atheism, religion, science and ethics are linked: Religion provides a simple world view based on the existence of one or more gods. Gods are super-beings who are unscrutable, far superior to humans and endowed with supernatural powers. Such a world view starts from the axiom that humans will not be able to understand the world around them. There is no further argument possible: one lives "by the book".
- ↑ The Telegraph – Professor Sir Paul Callaghan http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/science-obituaries/9169952/Professor-Sir-Paul-Callaghan.html "Callaghan was brought up a Methodist, but showed a typically scientific interest in other faiths, trying out Anglicanism, Catholicism and Marxism, before finally settling for atheism."
- ↑ "Walter Bradford Cannon." Walter Bradford Cannon. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2017. <http://www.nndb.com/people/468/000164973/>.
- ↑ Replied to an user in his Twitter "I don't believe in god, but I don't see any correlation between religiosity and human virtues. Merry Xmas everyone!" https://twitter.com/ID_AA_Carmack/status/18382634732224512
- ↑ "Having a reasonable grounding in statistics and probability and no belief in luck, fate, karma, or god(s), the only casino game that interests me is blackjack," he wrote in a .plan file." – John D. Carmack, David Kushner, Masters of Doom: How two guys created an Empire and transformed Pop Culture (2003).
- ↑ Carroll, Sean "Science and Religion Can’t Be Reconciled. Why I won’t take money from the Templeton Foundation." Slate. May 9, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
- ↑ Michael Martin (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge University Press. p. 310. ISBN 9780521842709. "Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including...Raymond B. Cattell..."
- ↑ Andrew Brown (১৯৯৭)। The neutron and the bomb: a biography of Sir James Chadwick। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 362। আইএসবিএন 9780198539926।
He was a lifelong atheist and felt no need to develop religious faith as he approached the end of his life.
- ↑ "In his later years, Chandra had openly admitted to being an atheist which also meant that he subscribed to no religion in the customary sense of the word." Vishveshwara, S. 2000. Leaves from an unwritten diary: S. Chandrasekhar, Reminiscences and Reflections, Current Science, 78(8):1025–1033.
- ↑ Kameshwar C. Wali (১৯৯১)। Chandra: A Biography of Chandrasekhar। University of Chicago Press। পৃষ্ঠা 304। আইএসবিএন 9780226870557।
SC: I am not religious in any sense; in fact, I consider myself an atheist.
- ↑ "Interview with Dr. S. Chandrasekhar"। American Institute of Physics।
- ↑ "Georges Charpak"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৭ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ Charpak, Georges, and Henri Broch. Debunked!: ESP, telekinesis, and other pseudoscience. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins U Press, 2004. Print.
- ↑ Loren Graham and Jean-Michel Kantor, Naming Infinity: A True Story of Religious Mysticism and Mathematical Creativity, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-06740-329-34. http://www.ams.org/notices/201401/rnoti-p62.pdf. "Chebatorev was an atheist..."
- ↑ Chertok, B. E. Rockets and people. Washington, D.C.: NASA, 2005. Print. "I have always considered myself a diehard atheist and materialist..."
- ↑ J. (2013). 50 Renowned Academics Speaking About God (Part 3). Retrieved September 04, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHv__O8wvZI
- ↑ John Snygg (২০১১)। A New Approach to Differential Geometry Using Clifford's Geometric Algebra। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 111। আইএসবিএন 9780817682828।
However, the dogmatic position of the Anglican Church against Darwin's theory of evolution induced him to reexamine his beliefs. He soon evolved into an agnostic and then an atheist.
- ↑ When describing a total solar eclipse, Close wrote: "It was simultaneously ghastly, beautiful, supernatural. Even for a 21st century atheist, the vision was such that I thought, "If there is a heaven, this is what its entrance is like." The heavenly vision demanded music by Mozart; instead we had the crickets." Frank Close, 'Dark side of the moon', The Guardian, August 9, 2001, Guardian Online Pages, Pg. 8.
- ↑ Gal Beckerman (জানুয়ারি ২৬, ২০১১)। "Creator of Neutron Bomb Leaves an Explosive Legacy"। Forward Association, Inc.।
As for his own Jewish identity, Cohen was an avowed atheist who was cremated after he died, against Jewish tradition. But still he was proud of being Jewish, his daughter said, and even had a kind of “arrogant attitude” about Jewish intelligence.
- ↑ "Conway propped up the pillow behind his head and grinned. "I like showing off. When I make a new discovery, and I really like telling people about it. I guess I'm not so much a mathematician as a teacher. In America, kids aren't supposed to like mathematics. It's so sad.' Conway sat up suddenly. 'Most people think that mathematics is cold. But it's not at all! For me, the whole damn thing is sensual and exciting. I like what it looks like, and I get a hell of a lot more pleasure out of math than most people do out of art!' He relaxed slightly, and he lowered his voice. 'I feel like an artist. I like beautiful things – they're there already; man doesn't have to create it. I don't believe in God, but I believe that nature is unbelievably subtle and clever. In physics, for instance, the real answer to a problem is usually so subtle and surprising that it wasn't even considered in the first place. That the speed of light is a constant – impossible! Nobody even thought about it. And quantum mechanics is even worse, but it's so beautiful, and it works!"", John Horton Conway in an interview with Charles Seife, The Sciences (1994).
- ↑ Kroto, Harold (২০১৫)। "Sir John Cornforth ('Kappa'): Some Personal Recollections"। Australian Journal of Chemistry। 68 (4): 697–698। ডিওআই:10.1071/CH14601।
- ↑ Kendall, Paul (মার্চ ১৪, ২০১০)। "Professor Brian Cox: bringing the solar system to your living room"। The Daily Telegraph। London।
- ↑ "Dr. Brian Cox (science consultant) – Sunshine – Interview"। Sci-fi-online.com। ২০০৭-০৮-২৭। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১২-০৬-০৩।
- ↑ "Yet they [the NCSE] can afford to ignore us because, in the end, where else can we atheists go for support against creationists? [...] Am I grousing because, as an atheist and a non-accommodationist, my views are simply ignored by the NAS and NCSE? Not at all. I don't want these organizations to espouse or include my viewpoint. I want religion and atheism left completely out of all the official discourse of scientific societies and organizations that promote evolution." Jerry Coyne, 'Truckling to the Faithful: A Spoonful of Jesus Helps Darwin Go Down', April 22, 2009 (accessed 23 April 2009).
- ↑ http://blog.stephenwolfram.com/2012/12/remembering-richard-crandall-1947-2012/
- ↑ Francis Crick, What Mad Pursuit: a Personal View of Scientific Discovery, Basic Books reprint edition, 1990, ISBN 0-465-09138-5, p. 145.
- ↑ "How I Got Inclined Towards Atheism"। Positiveatheism.org। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১২-০৬-০৩।
- ↑ Mark Steyn identify Crick as an atheist. See:The Twentieth-Century Darwin by Mark Steyn, published in The Atlantic Monthly, October 2004.
- ↑ "Francis Crick was an evangelical atheist."Francis Crick's Legacy for Neuroscience: Between the α and the Ω
- ↑ "Instead, it is interlaced with descriptions of Crick’s vacations, parties and assertions of atheism — occasionally colorful stuff that drains the intellectual drama from the codebreaking."Genome Human
- ↑ "There is Crick the mentor, Crick the atheist, Crick the free-thinker, and Crick the playful."Entertaining Dr Crick
- ↑ Crick, 86, said: "The god hypothesis is rather discredited." Do our genes reveal the hand of God?
- ↑ "George Washington Crile"। The Educational Broadcasting Corporation.। ২০০২। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১০ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১২।
Although both parents were English Lutherans, Crile, after reading Paine, Ingersoll, and Voltaire in his college years, became a lifelong atheist, devoted to the concept of intellectual freedom.
- ↑ "James F. Crow dies"। NCSE। জানুয়ারি ৫, ২০১২। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২১ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
In his published work, Crow seems not to have mentioned the creationism/evolution controversy at all. But he was deeply concerned with the integrity of science education nevertheless. In a June 1–3, 2005, interview with the Oral History of Human Genetics Project, he was asked how he felt about the persistence of the antievolutionist movement despite the continued advances in understanding evolution. "I am puzzled by this," he answered, adding, "I'm especially puzzled by literate, intelligent, often scientifically trained people who are into intelligent design. ... The argument of so-called irreducible complexity that the intelligent design people make such a to-do over, I think that's a non-issue. ... That to me is a very, very old argument. I'd say the elephant trunk is complicated, too, and a lot more complicated than the bacterial flagellum. So what's new in this argument?" Reiterating "I am worried about creationism," he offered his view about science and religion: "My own views are atheistic, but I don't go around preaching atheism.
- ↑ Warren Allen Smith (২০০০)। Who's who in hell: a handbook and international directory for humanists, freethinkers, naturalists, rationalists, and non-theists। Barricade Books। পৃষ্ঠা 259। আইএসবিএন 9781569801581। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৭।
Curie, Pierre (1859—1906) A codiscoverer of radium, Pierre Curie was an atheist.
- ↑ Jonathan Israel (২০১১)। Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750–1790। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 115। আইএসবিএন 978-0-19-954820-0।
D'Alembert, though privately an atheist and materialist, presented the respectable public face of 'la philosophie' in the French capital while remaining henceforth uninterruptedly aligned with Voltaire.
- ↑ James E. Force; Richard Henry Popkin (১৯৯০)। James E. Force; Richard Henry Popkin, সম্পাদকগণ। Essays on the Context, Nature, and Influence of Isaac Newton's Theology। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 167। আইএসবিএন 9780792305835।
Unlike the French and English deists, and unlike the scientific atheists such as Diderot, d'Alembert, and d'Holbach,...
- ↑ "She advised him that he risked being called up, and suggested an unusual way to avoid the draft – by becoming a priest, one of the categories exempt from military service. Dalton discovered a little-known religious group called the Universal Life Church of California which for $25 would "ordain" anyone. He duly sent off a cheque and within days was delighted to learn that he was now a bona fide Minister of Religion. It became a running joke and his friends frequently addressed letters to the Reverend Howard Dalton; as a life-long atheist, he particularly relished the irony of his new title." 'Obituary of Professor Sir Howard Dalton, Microbiologist who became Defra's Chief Scientific Adviser just after the foot-and-mouth outbreak', Daily Telegraph January 15, 2008, Pg. 25.
- ↑ Dawkins identifies himself as an atheist in his article "A Challenge to Atheists: Come Out of the Closet," Free Inquiry, Summer 2002. Excerpt reprinted at Positiveatheism.org
- ↑ George William Foote, সম্পাদক (১৮৮৭)। Progress: a monthly magazine of advanced thought, Volume 7। Progressive Publishing Co.। পৃষ্ঠা 127।
DELAMBRE (Jean Baptiste Joseph), French astronomer, born at Amiens, 19 Sept. 1749, studied under Lalande and became, like his master, an Atheist.
- ↑ Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. A Biography (2005) – Dirk van Delft The man of absolute zero – https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=nl&u=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/delf006heik01_01/delf006heik01_01_0038.php&prev=search "which prevented the atheist De Haas had nothing to do with the Catholic piety of Keesom."
- ↑ John Beloff (1997). Parapsychology: A Concise History. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 47. ISBN 9780312173760. "He seems an unlikely convert considering that his atheistic views had debarred him from a position at Oxford or Cambridge but his involvement with spiritualism was partly due to his wife, Sophia."
- ↑ "There is a word in our language with which I shall not confuse this subject, both on account of the dishonourable use which is frequently made of it, as an imputation thrown by one sect upon another, and of the variety of significations attached to it. I shall use the world Anti-Deism to signify the opinion that there does not exist a Creator who made and sustains the Universe." Augustus De Morgan, An essay on probabilities: and on their application to life contingencies and insurance offices (1838), page 22.
- ↑ Memoir of Augustus De Morgan. Longmans, Green, and Company. 1882. p. 393. "So you called me an atheist vagabond, fancying that Voltaire was an atheist : he was, in fact, theistic to bigotry, and anti-revolutionist to the same extent."
- ↑ "Denjoy was an atheist, but tolerant of others' religious views; he was very interested in philosophical, psychological, and social issues." "Denjoy, Arnaud", Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography Vol. 17, p.219. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.
- ↑ "First of all, I do not believe in the supernatural, so I take it for granted that consciousness has a material explanation. I also do not believe in insoluble problems, therefore I believe that this explanation is accessible in principle to reason, and that one day we will understand consciousness just as we today understand what life is, whereas once this was a deep mystery." David Deutsch in an interview with Philosophy Now magazine, Philosophy Now, December/January 2001 issue.
- ↑ "As an atheist, Diamond is locked into the argument that environmental causes are the primary reasons for a society to fail or succeed." Jonas E Alexis, Christianity's Dangerous Idea: How the Christian Principle & Spirit Offer the Best Explanation for Life & Why Other Alternatives Fail (2010), page 199.
- ↑ Werner Heisenberg recollects a friendly conversation among young participants at the 1927 Solvay Conference about Einstein's and Planck's views on religion. Wolfgang Pauli, Heisenberg and Dirac took part in it. Among other things, Dirac said: "I cannot understand why we idle discussing religion. If we are honest — and as scientists honesty is our precise duty — we cannot help but admit that any religion is a pack of false statements, deprived of any real foundation. The very idea of God is a product of human imagination.[...] I do not recognize any religious myth, at least because they contradict one another.[...]" Pauli jokingly said: "Well, I'd say that also our friend Dirac has got a religion and the first commandment of this religion is: God does not exist and Paul Dirac is his prophet." Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations। New York: Harper & Row। আইএসবিএন 0-06-131622-9।
- ↑ Helge Kragh (১৯৯০)। Dirac: A Scientific Biography। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 256–257। আইএসবিএন 9780521380898।
- ↑ Sara Lippincott (আগস্ট ৩০, ২০০৯)। "The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom' by Graham Farmelo"। Los Angeles Times। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৯ জুন ২০১২।
Dirac was contemptuous of philosophy and, as many scientists do, professed atheism. But it was a narrow sort, mainly dismissive of religious orthodoxy. In notes he wrote in 1933, he embraces another creed: "[T]his article of faith is that the human race will continue to live for ever and will develop and progress without limit . . . Living is worthwhile if one can contribute in some small way to this endless chain of progress."
- ↑ Helen Brown (২৩ জানু ২০০৯)। "The Strangest Man: the Hidden Life of Paul Dirac by Graham Farmelo"। The Telegraph। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৯ জুন ২০১২।
Dirac’s story ends with a whimper. As a young man he had joked that physicists were all washed up by 30 and as he aged his powers waned. The Cambridge physics department took away his parking space and an outraged Manci insisted he take up a fellowship at Florida State University. He died in 1984, aged 82. An atheist, he was buried under a gravestone chosen by Manci. It read “because God said it should be so”.
- ↑ H. B. G. Casimir (২০১০)। Haphazard Reality: Half a Century of Science। Amsterdam University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 151। আইএসবিএন 9789089642004।
Kramers was certainly not a dogmatic atheist like, for instance, Dirac in his younger years, whose attitude was summed up by Pauli in one famous sentence: "Our friend Dirac has a religion; and the main tenet of that religion is: 'There is no God and Dirac was his prophet.
- ↑ Michael Ruse (২০১০)। "Introductory Essay for Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning"। International Society for Science & Religion। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ নভেম্বর ২০১৩।
- ↑ John Farrell (৫ আগস্ট ২০১৩)। "A Nobel Laureate And Proponent Of Original Sin"। Forbes। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ নভেম্বর ২০১৩।
- ↑ "Nobel-winning cancer researcher ends his own life"। ABC। ৭ মে ২০১৩। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ নভেম্বর ২০১৩।
- ↑ Martin Childs (১৪ মে ২০১৩)। "Christian de Duve: Authority on cell mechanisms"। The Independent। London। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ নভেম্বর ২০১৩।
- ↑ "Carl Djerassi: The Steroid King." Carl Djerassi: The Steroid King. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Oct. 2016. His parents were both Jewish, but although young Carl was bar mitzvahed, the family was not religiously observant. He characterizes himself as a "Jewish atheist."
- ↑ OXFORDSHIRE BLUE PLAQUES SCHEME http://www.oxfordshireblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/doll.html "He was by now an atheist..."
- ↑ Michel Meulders (২০১০)। "5: Helmholtz and the Understanding of Nature"। Laurence Garey। Helmholtz: From Enlightenment to Neuroscience। MIT Press। পৃষ্ঠা 74। আইএসবিএন 9780262014489।
Du Bois-Reymond was a self-proclaimed atheist but more through intimate conviction than logical necessity.
- ↑ Conversation of Eugene Dynkin with Sergei Kuznetsov, Ithaca, New York, July 25, 1999 http://dynkincollection.library.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/Dynkin%20and%20Kuznetsov%20July%2025,%201999-Final%20English%20transcript_0.pdf "I realized that the existence of God is not supported by scientific evidence and became an atheist."
- ↑ Ronald Clark (২০১১)। Einstein: The Life and Times। Bloomsbury Publishing। আইএসবিএন 9781448202706।
That Einstein's attitude was the result more of muddle than agnostic scruple seems clear from a letter which he wrote less than two years later when Paul Ehrenfest ruled himself out from becoming Einstein's successor by roundly declaring himself an atheist.
- ↑ Thomas Levenson (২০০৪)। Einstein in Berlin। Random House of Canada। পৃষ্ঠা 172। আইএসবিএন 9780553378443।
The man he had hoped would succeed him in Prague, Paul Ehrenfest, refiased to compromise his true atheist's principles. Einstein scolded him. "Your refusal to acknowledge a religious affiliation" was just this side of "willful stupidity," he assured him, with the benefit of recent experience. Once he became a professor Ehrenfest could revert to unbelief.
- ↑ Natalie Angier (এপ্রিল ৪, ২০১১)। "Paths of Discovery, Lighted by a Bug Man's Insights"। The New York Times। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৯ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
Dr. Eisner died from complications of his disease on March 25, at the age of 81. He had a notoriously mordant sense of humor: “I may not believe in God,” he once said, “but I don’t ring doorbells saying I’m a Seventh-Day Atheist,”...
- ↑ Nielsen, Stevan Lars & Ellis, Albert. (1994). "A discussion with Albert Ellis: Reason, emotion and religion", Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 13(4), Win 1994. pp. 327–341
- ↑ Colm Mulcahy (২০১৩-০৩-২৬)। "Centenary of Mathematician Paul Erdős – Source of Bacon Number Concept"। Huffington Post। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৩ এপ্রিল ২০১৩।
In his own words, "I'm not qualified to say whether or not God exists. I kind of doubt He does. Nevertheless, I'm always saying that the SF has this transfinite Book that contains the best proofs of all mathematical theorems, proofs that are elegant and perfect...You don't have to believe in God, but you should believe in the Book." (SF was his tongue- in-cheek reference to God as "the Supreme Fascist").
- ↑ "50 Renowned Academics Speaking About God"। JPararajasingham। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৪ মে ২০১২।
- ↑ "Everett was a life-long atheist, but he did not let that stand in his way as St. John's was well-regarded academically and socially." Peter Byrne, The Many Worlds of Hugh Everett III: Multiple Universes, Mutual Assured Destruction, and the Meltdown of a Nuclear Family (2010), page 29.
- ↑ Michael Martin (২০০৭)। The Cambridge Companion to Atheism। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 310। আইএসবিএন 9780521842709।
Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including...Hans Jürgen Eysenck...
- ↑ " An atheist, Faber speaks like an evangelist as she weaves quantum physics and astronomy to describe the dawn of time. "I think that the story of the creation of the universe is the most inspiring and exciting story science can tell. I mean, who would have thought I could be telling you about events 10 to the minus 35 seconds after the big bang?" she said, seated in her cluttered, sunny UC Santa Cruz office amid photos of her two daughters and her husband. "It's just totally inspiring." " Mike Swift interviewing Faber, 'Last outer space repair of Hubble telescope pairs genius of two South Bay women', Contra Costa Times (California), May 9, 2009.
- ↑ "The study of medicine also contributed to a loss of religious faith and to becoming atheist." Michael Heidelberger, Nature from within: Gustav Theodor Fechner and his psychophysical worldview, page 21.
- ↑ "Festinger, a professed atheist, was an original thinker and a restless, highly motivated individual with (in his words) "little tolerance for boredom". " Franz Samelson: "Festinger, Leon", American National Biography Online, Feb. 2000 (accessed April 28, 2008) [৯].
- ↑ Denis Brian (২০০৮)। The Voice of Genius: Conversations with Nobel Scientists and Other Luminaries। Basic Books। পৃষ্ঠা 49। আইএসবিএন 9780465011391।
Interviewer: Do you call yourself an agnostic or an atheist? Feynman: An atheist. Agnostic for me would be trying to weasel out and sound a little nicer than I am about this.
- ↑ Feynman was of Jewish birth, but described himself as "an avowed atheist" by his early youth in Freethought of the Day, Freedom From Religion Foundation, May 11, 2006.
- ↑ "Having abandoned the tenets of Judaism at 13, he never wavered in his gentle atheism, nor in his determination to stay away from matters about which he had opinions but no expertise." John Morrish reviewing the collection of Feynman's letters Don't You Have Time to Think?, "Particle Physics: The Route to Pop Stardom", Independent on Sunday (London), July 24, 2005, p. 21.
- ↑ "His Methodist upbringing soon turned into a thoroughgoing humanistic atheism. This freed him for the sympathetic study of exotic religions, and for discussions of the role of faith in the anthropologist's own perceptions. He tended to feel a sort of good-natured intolerance of the religious beliefs of his friends and colleagues." Obituary: Professor Sir Raymond Firth, The Times (London), February 26, 2002.
- ↑ "James Franck was born in Hamburg, the son of a Jewish banker. ...As he said, science was his God and nature his religion. He did not insist that his daughters attend religious instruction classes (Religionsunterricht) in school. But he was very proud of his Jewish heritage..." David Nachmansohn, German-Jewish pioneers in science, 1900–1933: highlights in atomic physics, chemistry, and biochemistry, page 62.
- ↑ "[Freud and Jung] were close for several years, but Jung's ambition, and his growing commitment to religion and mysticism — most unwelcome to Freud, an aggressive atheist — finally drove them apart." Sigmund Freud, by Peter Gay, The TIME 100: The Most Important People of the Century.
- ↑ "Nobel laureate Friedman: Time travel is not possible." Merinews. Web. 15 Jan. 2017. <http://www.merinews.com/article/nobel-laureate-friedman-time-travel-is-not-possible/153326.shtml>. "An atheist himself, Friedman refused to answer theological questions..."
- ↑ "About the same time he stopped observing Jewish religious rituals and rejected a cause he had once embraced, Zionism. He "just didn't want to participate in any division of the human race, whether religious or political," he explained decades later (Wershba, p. 12), by which time he was a confirmed atheist." Keay Davidson: "Fromm, Erich Pinchas", American National Biography Online, Feb. 2000 (accessed April 28, 2008) [১০].
- ↑ Atlantseglaren från Bromma vill tänja gränsen mot rymden, Dagens Nyheter, December 10, 2006.
- ↑ ANDERSON: "What, uh, one thing I’m fascinated with is, of course, George Gamow left the university in ’59 [1956], and Edward Teller had left in 1946 [1945] and went to the University of Chicago. But do you have any recollections of maybe some of the, anything between Dr. Marvin and Dr. Gamow, as far as, just before he left and went to Colorado?" NAESER: "Ah, no, I don’t know of any. I know Gamow made no, never did hide the fact that he was an atheist, but whether that came into the picture, I don’t know. But the story around the university was that Gamow and Mrs. Gamow were divorced, but they were in the same social circles some of the time, he thought it was better to get out of Washington. That’s why he went to Ohio State." The George Washington University and Foggy Bottom Historical Encyclopedia, Gamow, George and Edward Teller, October 23, 1996.
- ↑ Grote Reber। "The Big Bang Is Bunk" (পিডিএফ)। 21st Century Science Associates.। পৃষ্ঠা 44। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৮ মে ২০১২।
After the initial mathematical work on relativity the ory had been done, the Big Bang theory itself was invented by a Belgian priest, Georges lemaitre, im proved upon by an avowed atheist, George Gamow, and is now all but universally accepted by those who hold advanced degrees in astronomy and the physical sciences, despite its obvious absurdity.
- ↑ Simon Singh (২০১০)। Big Bang। HarperCollins UK। আইএসবিএন 9780007375509।
Surprisingly, the atheist George Gamow enjoyed the Papal attention given to his field of research.
- ↑ Jane Gregory (২০০৫)। "Fighting for space"। Fred Hoyle's Universe। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 71। আইএসবিএন 9780191578465।
Gamow was, like Hoyle, an atheist, but he was familiar with organized religion: his grandfather was the Metropolitan, the senior bishop, of Odessa Cathedral.
- ↑ Ramesh Chopra (২০০৫)। Academic Dictionary Of Philosophy। Gyan Books। পৃষ্ঠা 143। আইএসবিএন 9788182052246।
Renowned French chemist. He was one of the greatest chemists in Europe at the time. He made innumerable discoveries in the science, and even the restored royalty made him a Peer of France, although he worked politically with the anti-clericals. He was closely associated with Arago and shared his atheism.
- ↑ "I am an atheist, that is, I think nothing exists except and beyond nature."Ginzburg's autobiography at Nobelprize.org
- ↑ Matlock, Mark. Raising Wise Children: Handing Down the Story of Wisdom. 2012. Print. "Elkhonon Goldberg, who refers to himself as an atheist with agnostic tendencies..."
- ↑ Paolo Mazzarello; Henry A. Buchtel; Aldo Badiani (1999). The hidden structure: a scientific biography of Camillo Golgi. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-852444-1. It was probably during this period that Golgi became agnostic (or even frankly atheistic), remaining for the rest of his life completely alien to the religious experience.
- ↑ Rapport, Richard L. Nerve Endings: The Discovery of the Synapse. New York: W.W. Norton, 2005. Print.
- ↑ "Gordon Gould"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৭ জুন ২০১২।
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=BH6nj7rNfdsC&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=Gordon+Gould+atheist&source=bl&ots=23iHVJbEJP&sig=C0ErHjKpnSEvoqrPOlRsG2CLfc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjihvu3ja3NAhUKPz4KHdl4A4cQ6AEIUTAH#v=onepage&q=Gordon%20Gould%20atheist&f=false
- ↑ What I don't like about Richard [Dawkins] is not so much what he knows or doesn't know as the dogmatic way in which he says things. I think that is a poor advertisement for science, because the whole thing about being a scientist is that you shouldn't be prejudiced, you should have an open mind. So, I don't believe in God but that is a belief, not some thing I know. I believe I love my husband, but I couldn't prove it to you one way or the other. How could I? I just know I do. My particular belief is that there is no Deity out there, but I can't prove it and therefore I would not have the temerity to tell other people they're wrong. The coinage of proof is not appropriate for belief and Dawkins thinks it is. But if you keep an open mind, that doesn't mean you swallow anything whole. As someone has said, 'Believing in anything is as bad as believing in nothing.' 'Brain Teaser: Susan Greenfield talks to Peter McCarthy', Third Way, November 2000.
- ↑ Grosch, Herbert (জুলাই ১৫, ১৯৭০)। "Smithsonian National Museum of American History – Computer Oral History Collection, 1969–1973, 1977 – Interview with Herbert R. Grosch" (পিডিএফ)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১২ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
I made them quit essentially. When I was nine years old I decided that I was an atheist. So I told them, "Well you shouldn't go to church anymore, it's silly." Well, apparently they'd been going to church primarily for my benefit. So after I refused to go, they quit going too.
- ↑ Krauss, Lawrence Maxwell. Hiding in the Mirror: The Quest for Alternate Realities, from Plato to String Theory (by Way of Alice in Wonderland, Einstein, and the Twilight Zone). New York: Penguin, 2006. Print.
- ↑ http://www.hri.org/news/greek/apeen/2015/15-10-01.apeen.html "He also said that he is atheist and humanist"
- ↑ "Notable Signers"। Humanism and Its Aspirations। American Humanist Association। সংগ্রহের তারিখ অক্টোবর ২, ২০১২।
- ↑ "The question of the origin of the matter in the universe is no longer thought to be beyond the range of science — everything can be created from nothing...it is fair to say that the universe is the ultimate free lunch." Alan Guth, The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins (1998). q:Atheism
- ↑ Shaposhnikova, T. O. (১৯৯৯)। Jacques Hadamard: A Universal Mathematician। American Mathematical Soc.। পৃষ্ঠা 33–34। আইএসবিএন 978-0-8218-1923-4।
In 1924, Hadamard recounted his meetings with Hermite: "...When Hermite loved to direct to me remarks such as: "He who strays from the paths traced by Providence crashes." These were the words of a profoundly religious man, but an atheist like me understood them very well, especially when he added at other times: "In mathematics, our role is more that of servant than master.""
- ↑ "Religions are technologies that are evolved over millennia to do this and many religions are very effective in doing this. I'm an atheist, I don't believe that gods actually exist, but I part company with the New Atheists because I believe that religion is an adaptation that generally works quite well to suppress selfishness, to create moral communities, to help people work together, trust each other and collaborate towards common ends." Jonathan Haidt, Interview with Jonathan Haidt, Vox Popoli November 19, 2007 (accessed April 14, 2008).
- ↑ Haldane, J. B. S., Fact and Faith. London: London, Watts & Co., 1934.
- ↑ "The three laboratories unanimously agreed that the cloth dated from between 1260 and 1390, a date consistent with its known history—but which demolished the notion of its being the burial shroud of Christ. Hall, who made no secret of his atheism, had no hesitation in enjoying the public attention that this definitive result attracted." Robert Hedges, 'Hall, Edward Thomas [Teddy] (1924–2001)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition, Oxford University Press, January 2005 (accessed May 2, 2008).
- ↑ " 'Unequalled stability and sweetness of disposition' are said to have been among his domestic virtues, while in politics and religion he was 'a declared democrat and avowed atheist' (The Times)." Jean Jones: 'Hall, Sir James, of Dunglass, fourth baronet (1761–1832)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edition, October 2006 (accessed May 1, 2008).
- ↑ Martin, Michael, সম্পাদক (২০০৬)। The Cambridge Companion to Atheism। Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 310। আইএসবিএন 978-1-1398-2739-3।
- ↑ "It can hardly have been due to any reluctance on Newton's part to becoming too closely involved with Halley, the well-known atheist." Derek Gjertsen, The Newton Handbook (1986), page 250.
- ↑ "He and the Bishop of Oxford staged another version of the great debate between Thomas Henry ('Darwin's bulldog') Huxley and Bishop ('Soapy Sam') Wilberforce that followed the publication of Darwin's Origin Of Species. The present Bishop defended the new Darwinian orthodoxy, but Dr Halstead, an atheist, took the line that the former Bishop of Oxford had been quite right to oppose Darwin's thesis. But that too was entirely characteristic. He told me that he was a member of the Athenaeum only because it had a painting of Darwin in the lobby." Tim Radford, 'A passion for dinosaurs: Obituary of Beverly Halstead', The Guardian (London), May 2, 1991.
- ↑ Dan Barker (২০১১)। The Good Atheist: Living a Purpose-Filled Life Without God। Ulysses Press। পৃষ্ঠা 176। আইএসবিএন 9781569758465।
Speaking of her 55-year marriage to Frederick Hamerstrom (a nephew of Charles Darwin), Fran quipped: “You'll notice that our 'pair bond' has lasted fairly well and I think it's because we're both remarkably tolerant people. He's an agnostic and I'm an atheist, and we've put up with each other all this time!"
- ↑ "W. D. Hamilton, the eternal child – Gene Expression"। Blogs.discovermagazine.com। ২০১৩-০৪-০৬। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১৫-১২-২৪।
- ↑ Biography of Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen whonamedit.com
- ↑ Gerhard Armauer Hansen (1814–1912) Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, vol 63, March, 2015
- ↑ "Hardy... was a stringent atheist..." Hit Play on Ramanujan, by Lisa Drostova, East Bay Express, April 30, 2003. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
- ↑ "The first Bombe to be delivered was named Agnus by Turing: a joke that atheist Hardy might have made..." Alan Turing — a Cambridge Scientific Mind, by Andrew Hodges, Cambridge Scientific Minds (Cambridge University Press, 2002) Retrieved July 2, 2007.
- ↑ "Outside the field of scientific research, he was known for his outspoken atheism: belief in God, he once declared, is not only incompatible with good science, but is "damaging to the wellbeing of the human race." " The Telegraph. [১১]
- ↑ Boyett, Jason. "Stephen Hawking says there's no creator God; the twitterverse reacts", The Washington Post, September 3, 2010, Retrieved April 25, 2011.
- ↑ "Ernst Mach"। Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy। মে ২১, ২০০৮। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৪ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১২।
Hering and Mach were atheists, and disbelieved in a soul, but still accepted the idea that nature had internal direction.
- ↑ David Edwards (সেপ্টে ২৪, ২০১৪)। "Stephen Hawking comes out: 'I'm an atheist' because science is 'more convincing' than God"। Raw Story। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৫ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১৪।
- ↑ "Officially, the particle is called the Higgs boson, but its elusive nature and fundamental role in the creation of the universe led a prominent scientist to rename it the God particle. The name has stuck, but makes Higgs wince and raises the hackles of other theorists. "I wish he hadn't done it," he says. "I have to explain to people it was a joke. I'm an atheist, but I have an uneasy feeling that playing around with names like that could be unnecessarily offensive to people who are religious." Ian Sample, 'The God of Small Things', The Guardian, November 17, 2007, Weekend pages, Pg. 44.
- ↑ Lucas Garron (ডিসেম্বর ২০১০)। "Background & Currents"। NATIONAL SOCIALISM AND THE DEATH OF GERMAN MATHEMATICS (পিডিএফ)। পৃষ্ঠা 8। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৯ জুলাই ২০১২।
Hilbert was famously atheist, but mathematics at the time often bordered on philosophy
- ↑ "Mathematics is a presuppositionless science. To found it I do not need God, as does Kronecker, or the assumption of a special faculty of our understanding attuned to the principle of mathematical induction, as does Poincaré, or the primal intuition of Brouwer, or, finally, as do Russell and Whitehead, axioms of infinity, reducibility, or completeness, which in fact are actual, contentual assumptions that cannot be compensated for by consistency proofs." David Hilbert, Die Grundlagen der Mathematik, Hilbert's program, 22C:096, University of Iowa.
- ↑ Michael R. Matthews (২০০৯)। Science, Worldviews and Education। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 129। আইএসবিএন 9789048127795।
As is well known, Hilbert rejected Leopold Kronecker's God for the solution of the problem of the foundations of mathematics.
- ↑ Liberato Cardellini: "A final and more personal question: You defined yourself as “an atheist who is moved by religion”. Looking at the tenor of your life and the many goals you have achieved, one wonders where your inner force comes from." Roald Hoffmann: "The atheism and the respect for religion come form the same source. I observe that in every culture on Earth, absolutely every one, human beings have constructed religious systems. There is a need in us to try to understand,to see that there is something that unites us spiritually. So scientists who do not respect religion fail in their most basic task—observation. Human beings need the spiritual. The same observation reveals to me a multitude of religious constructions—gods of nature, spirits, the great monotheistic religions. It seems to me there can’t be a God or gods; there are just manifestations of a human-constructed spirituality." Liberato Cardellini, Looking for Connections: An Interview with Roald Hoffmann, page 1634.
- ↑ "A reader who has suffered me so far will have realised how much of my mental energy had been hitherto absorbed in a fruitless search for an intellectually compelling rationale to rescue some fragments from the wreckage of my family faith. The mood of liberation I experienced when I finally discarded the last remnant of theism was no less exhilarating than that of Bunyan's Pilgrim when the burden of sin fell from his back. [...] In retrospect, the final steps seem as sudden as they were painless. [...] As I looked upward [at the night sky], I realised that the sole prospect was limitless expanse of unthreatening and impersonal emptiness — but for unapproachable galaxies — of a universe without purpose of punishment or reward for a lately arrived animal species, free to make or mar its own destiny without help or hindrance from above." Lancelot Hogben, Lancelot Hogben: Scientific Humanist: An Unauthorised Autobiography, edited by Adrian and Ann Hogben. Merlin Press, 1998.
- ↑ American Society for Cell Biology Member Profile https://www.ascb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/brigid_hogan.pdf
- ↑ Hildebrand, Joe (১১ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০০৮)। "Fred Hollows remembered at ceremony in Bourke"। The Daily Telegraph। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৫ মে ২০১৩।
- ↑ Jane Gregory (২০০৫)। "Fighting for space"। Fred Hoyle's Universe। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 143। আইএসবিএন 9780191578465।
According to Hoyle: "I am an atheist, but as far as blowing up the world in a nuclear war goes, I tell them not to worry."
- ↑ "Russell A. Hulse"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৭ জুলাই ২০১২।
I consider myself a very moral person but I do not need a religion for that.
- ↑ "He has worked with monkeys in laboratories and in the wild. He has been a media don, a campaigner against nuclear weapons and the holder of a chair in parapsychological research who was dedicated to debunking even the possibility of telepathy or survival after death. He is an atheist, and the man who suggested to Richard Dawkins the analogy of viruses of the mind for religions; yet nowadays he talks as if spirituality were the thing that makes us human." Andrew Brown interviewing Humphrey, 'A life in science: The human factor', The Guardian, July 29, 2006, Review Pages, Pg. 13.
- ↑ "Despite his atheism Huxley could appreciate Teilhard de Chardin's vision of evolution, and like his grandfather T. H. Huxley he believed progress could be described in biological terms." Robert Olby, 'Huxley, Sir Julian Sorell (1887–1975)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edition, May 2007 (accessed May 2, 2008).
- ↑ http://www.nndb.com/people/020/000204405/
- ↑ Siegman, Aron Wolfe.,and Stanley Feldstein. Nonverbal Behavior and Communication. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1978. Print.
- ↑ Thomas Steven Molnar (১৯৮০)। Theists and Atheists: A Typology of Non-belief। Walter de Gruyter। পৃষ্ঠা 59। আইএসবিএন 9789027977885।
The biologist Francois Jacob (who shared the Nobel Prize with Jacques Monod) admits that he is an atheist, but he finds, parallel to the material nature of the universe, another aspect — in man — which is not reductible to the first.
- ↑ "Raised in a completely nonreligious family, Joliot never attended any church and was a thoroughgoing atheist all his life." Perrin, Francis: "Joliot, Frédéric", Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography Vol. 7 p. 151. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.
- ↑ "Irène Joliot-Curie"। Making the Modern World। ১৯৫৬-০৩-১৭। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১২-০৬-০৩।
- ↑ "Scientists in Britain, where the film will premiere at next month's London Film Festival, with general release in December, dismissed the intelligent design lobby's expropriation of the film. Steve Jones, professor of genetics at University College London and an atheist, said: 'I find it sad that people with intrinsically foolish viewpoints don't recognise this as a naturally beautiful film, but have to attach their absurd social agendas to it.' " David Smith, 'How the penguin's life story inspired the US religious right: Antarctic family values', The Observer, September 18, 2005, News Pages, Pg. 3.
- ↑ On the side of the atheists were Steve Jones, professor of genetics at University College London, [...] Jones, meanwhile, revealed that he would "love to believe in God", because it would offer some degree of comfort. But he said he stopped believing in God as a child as soon as he discovered that what he was learning in school biology classes conflicted with the kind of things he had been taught in Sunday school – like dinosaurs and humans walking the earth at the same time." If Darwin has really killed God, when was the funeral?', Guardian Unlimited, 13 May 2009 (accessed 26 May 2009).
- ↑ "The Law of Serialitity"। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ জুলাই ২০১২।
The paradox is that he thought of himself as a hard-boiled philosophical materialist. He was also what one may call a devoted atheist; a freemason; a member of the Austrian Socialist Party; and a regular contributor to the Monisticshe Monatshelfe, the monthly published by the German league of Monists.
- ↑ "Paul Kammerer"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ "Sam Karlin, mathematician who improved DNA analysis, dies"। Stanford Report। জানুয়ারি ১৬, ২০০৮। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২১ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
Karlin was born in Yonova, Poland, in 1924. His family immigrated to Chicago when he was a small child and struggled financially through the Great Depression. He was raised in a strict Orthodox Jewish household but broke with religion in his early teens and remained an atheist for the rest of his life.
- ↑ "TSN: Stuart Kauffman"। Thesciencenetwork.org। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১২-০৬-০৩।
- ↑ Citi, Sandra; Berg, Douglas E. "Grete Kellenberger-Gujer: Molecular biology research pioneer". Bacteriophage. 6 (2): 1–12. doi:10.1080/21597081.2016.1173168. "Grete became an atheist and relinquished her affiliation to the Church"
- ↑ Todd Tucker (২০০৮)। The Great Starvation Experiment: Ancel Keys and the Men Who Starved for Science। U of Minnesota Press। পৃষ্ঠা 146। আইএসবিএন 978-0-8166-5161-0।
Max's advocates made up a diverse cast of characters, from the Jewish Peace Fellowship leader Rabbi Isador Hoffman to the atheist Ancel Keys, who wrote the committee that Max “proved to be a highly reliable and conscientious man who comported himself well under the most rigorous and demanding circumstances."
- ↑ "Kinsey was also shown to be an atheist who loathed religion and its constraints on sex." 'Kinsey' critics ready, Cheryl Wetzstein, The Washington Times. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
- ↑ Michael Martin (২০০৭)। The Cambridge Companion to Atheism। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 310। আইএসবিএন 9780521842709।
Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including...Melanie Klein...
- ↑ "Dillwyn [Knox, son of an Evangelical bishop] was from his student years an unwavering atheist." Alan Hollinghurst, "The Victory of Penelope Fitzgerald" (a review of Hermione Lee, Penelope Fitzgerald [a niece of Alfred Dillwyn Knox]: A Life, Knopf, 488 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXI, no. 19 (December 4, 2014), p. 8. (The article comprises pp. 8, 10, 12.)
- ↑ Padgaonkar, D. (2013). Kosambi’s uplifting idea Of India."Both were pious — his mother a Hindu, his father a Buddhist — while he himself remained an atheist."
- ↑ "...I had the opportunity to participate in several exciting panel discussions at the World Science Festival in New York City. But the most dramatic encounter took place at the panel strangely titled 'Science, Faith and Religion.'... I ended up being one of two panelists labeled 'atheists.'..." God and Science Don't Mix: A scientist can be a believer. But professionally, at least, he can't act like one., Lawrence M. Krauss, The Wall Street Journal, page A15, 26 June 2009 (retrieved 22 May 2010). On the 21 June 2012 Colbert Report, the author of A Universe from Nothing: Why There is Something Rather than Nothing told Colbert: "There is no evidence for any deity.... You don't need him.... There's no need for God." The evolutions of the universe occur "without any supernatural shenanigans."
- ↑ "Lack of understanding is not evidence for God. It is evidence of lack of understanding, and a call to use reason to try and change that." Lawrence M. Krauss, "In Reason We Trust" notice of the Freedom from Religion Foundation, Scientific American, vol. 315, no. 5 (November 2016), p. 19.
- ↑ Kroemer, Herbert। "Herbert Kroemer – Science Video Interview"।
Interviewer: "You have no belief in a afterlife?" Kroemer: "That's correct." Interviewer: "...You don't see the evidence of a designer?" Kroemer: "No, I don't." Interviewer: "Could you say more about it?" Kroemer: "I think it's just wishful thinking."
- ↑ Harold Kroto claims to have four "religions": humanism, atheism, amnesty-internationalism and humourism.[১২]
- ↑ "In his mythic book The Singularity Is Near, Ray Kurzweil, serial inventor, technology enthusiast, and unabashed atheist, announces: "Evolution moves toward greater complexity, greater elegance, greater knowledge, greater intelligence, greater beauty, greater creativity, and greater levels of subtle attributes such as love. In every monotheistic tradition God is likewise described as all of these qualities, only without any limitation.... So evolution moves inexorably toward this conception of God, although never quite reaching this ideal."" – Kevin Kelly, What Technology Wants (2010).
- ↑ Michael Martin (২০০৭)। The Cambridge Companion to Atheism। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 310। আইএসবিএন 9780521842709।
Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including...Jacques Lacan...
- ↑ "Napoleon replies: "How comes it, then, that Laplace was an atheist? At the Institute neither he nor Monge, nor Berthollet, nor Lagrange believed in God. But they did not like to say so." Baron Gaspard Gourgaud, Talks of Napoleon at St. Helena with General Baron Gourgaud (1904), page 274.
- ↑ "He studied at the Jesuit College in Lyon and at this stage he nearly decided to join the Jesuit Order. In fact it was his parents who encouraged him to continue his education by going to Paris to study law, which he did. It is somewhat ironical that Lalande, who would later become renowned as an atheist, should have come so close to becoming a Jesuit." J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, Joseph-Jérôme Lefrançais de Lalande.
- ↑ Henry F. Schaefer (২০০৩)। Science and Christianity: Conflict Or Coherence?। The Apollos Trust। পৃষ্ঠা 9। আইএসবিএন 9780974297507।
I present here two examples of notable atheists. The first is Lev Landau, the most brilliant Soviet physicist of the twentieth century.
- ↑ "Listed as an atheist in NNDB.com." Lev Landau, NNDB.com
- ↑ Pendergrast, Mark. Inside the Outbreaks: The Elite Medical Detectives of the Epidemic Intelligence Service. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010. Print. "She knew that her father was an atheist who did not believe in an afterlife..."
- ↑ "Chris Langton"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ Napoleon said to Laplace: "You have written this huge book on the system of the world without once mentioning the author of the universe [God]." Laplace replied: "Sire, I had no need of that hypothesis." Quoted in Augustus De Morgan, A Budget of Paradoxes, London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1872. As found in http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Quotations/Laplace.html, accessed 13 February 2006.
- ↑ "The Catholic newspaper La Quotidienne [The Daily] announced that Laplace had died in the arms of two curés (priests), implying that he had a proper Catholic end, but this is not credible. To the end, he remained a skeptic, wedded to his deterministic creed and to an uncompromised ethos derived from his vast scientific experience." Roger Hahn, Pierre Simon Laplace, 1749–1827: a determined scientist, page 204.
- ↑ "Laplace Theorizes That the Solar System Originated from a Cloud of Gas." Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery. Encyclopedia.com, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2017. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/laplace-theorizes-solar-system-originated-cloud-gas>. "The two greatest astronomers of Revolutionary and Napoleonic France were Laplace and his rival, Joseph Jérôme Le Français de Lalande (1732–1807), director of the Paris Observatory. Both were atheists. "
- ↑ Dawson, M. Joan. Paul Lauterbur and the Invention of MRI. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2013. Print. "Paul became an atheist, revering intellectual honesty and the quest for truth."
- ↑ http://www.nndb.com/people/110/000125732/
- ↑ Freethought Almanac – June 18: Alphonse Laveran 1845 "he himself “did not believe in spirits.” Both Laveran and... were Atheists."
- ↑ Leakey, Richard; Virginia Morell (সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০১)। Wildlife Wars: My Fight to Save Africa's Natural Treasures। design by Kathryn Parise। পৃষ্ঠা 257। আইএসবিএন 0-312-20626-7।
- ↑ "Although an atheist, Le Dantec was always open to religious discussion. [...] Among his philosophical works are L'athéisme (Paris, 1907); " 'Le Dantec, Félix', Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 8. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, p. 124.
- ↑ Babu Gogineni (জুলাই ১০, ২০১২)। "It's the Atheist Particle, actually"। Postnoon News। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১০ জুলাই ২০১২।
Leon Lederman is himself an atheist and he regrets the term, and Peter Higgs who is an atheist too, has expressed his displeasure, but the damage has been done!
- ↑ "It is a scene I won’t forget in a hurry: Jean-Marie Lehn, French winner of the Nobel prize in chemistry, defending his atheism at a packed public conference at the new Alexandria Library in Egypt." Ehsan Masood, ProspectMagazine.co.uk, Islam’s reformers, 22nd July 2006.
- ↑ "In these years Leslie was an unsuccessful candidate for the chairs of natural philosophy at the universities of St Andrews and Glasgow respectively. He failed at the former because he was then an extreme whig and an atheist who deplored the Erastianism of many of the Scottish clergy." Jack Morrell, 'Leslie, Sir John (1766–1832)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 (accessed May 2, 2008).
- ↑ P. (2016). Rodolfo R. Llinas – Can Science Talk God? Retrieved August 26, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpJ-FpshcsE
- ↑ Venjamin Fedorovič Kagan (১৯৫৭)। N. Lobachevsky and His Contribution to Science। Foreign Languages Publishing House। পৃষ্ঠা 29। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৭।
- ↑ Bardi, Jason (২০০৮)। The Fifth Postulate: How Unraveling a Two Thousand Year Old Mystery Unraveled the Universe। John Wiley & Sons। পৃষ্ঠা 186। আইএসবিএন 978-0-470-46736-7।
- ↑ Rasmussen, Charles, and Rick Tilman. Jacques Loeb: His Science and Social Activism and Their Philosophical Foundations, Volume 229. N.p.: American Philosophical Society, 1998. Print. "An avowed atheist and materialist, he espoused secular humanism..."
- ↑ Stout, Harry S., and D. G. Hart. New Directions in American Religious History. New York: Oxford UP, 1997. Print. Loeb was a forthright atheist..."
- ↑ Gavroglou, Kōstas. Fritz London: a scientific biography. Cambridge: Cambridge U Press, 1995. Print "He was baptized also, but he never made anything out of it, being an atheist".
- ↑ "By that time Longuet-Higgins had become a convinced atheist, although he still respected many of the features of the Church of England." John Murrell, 'Higgins, (Hugh) Christopher Longuet- (1923–2004)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition, Oxford University Press, January 2008 (accessed May 1, 2008).
- ↑ "Paul MacCready, the inventor, defines it thus: "A secular humanist does not believe in God, and doesn't steal."" Paul Kurtz, Is Secular Humanism a Religion?.
- ↑ R. S. Cohen; Raymond J. Seeger (১৯৭৫)। Ernst Mach, Physicist and Philosopher। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 158। আইএসবিএন 978-90-277-0016-2।
And Mach, in personal conviction, was a socialist and an atheist.
- ↑ Gregory Scott Charak (২০০৭)। Between Soul and Precision: Ernst Mach's Biological Empiricism and the Social Democratic Philosophy of Science। ProQuest। পৃষ্ঠা 94। আইএসবিএন 9780549129738।
Both make explicit claims against the pseudo-problems generated by materialism, and although Mach the atheist would have no gripe with “irreligion” per se, as a pacifist and a socialist he was indeed an ardent proponent of “peace.
- ↑ Helge Kragh (২০০৪)। Matter And Spirit In The Universe: Scientific And Religious Preludes To Modern Cosmology। OECD Publishing। পৃষ্ঠা 55। আইএসবিএন 9781860944697।
The Austrian positivist physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach was nominally a Catholic, but in reality he was an atheist and strongly opposed to Christian doctrines.
- ↑ http://upmagazine-tap.com/en/pt_artigos/joao-magueijo-2/
- ↑ Paolo Mantegazza, Ricordi politici di un fantaccino del Parlamento, Bemporad, 1896, p. 72.
- ↑ "Of course, Markov, an atheist and eventual excommunicate of the Church quarreled endlessly with his equally outspoken counterpart Nekrasov. The disputes between Markov and Nekrasov were not limited to mathematics and religion, they quarreled over political and philosophical issues as well." Gely P. Basharin, Amy N. Langville, Valeriy A. Naumov, The Life and Work of A. A. Markov, page 6.
- ↑ Loren R. Graham; Jean-Michel Kantor (২০০৯)। Naming Infinity: A True Story of Religious Mysticism and Mathematical Creativity। Harvard University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 69। আইএসবিএন 978-0-674-03293-4।
Markov (1856–1922), on the other hand, was an atheist and a strong critic of the Orthodox Church and the tsarist government (Nekrasov exaggeratedly called him a Marxist).
- ↑ Michael Martin (২০০৭)। The Cambridge Companion to Atheism। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 310। আইএসবিএন 9780521842709।
Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including G. Stanley Hall, John B. Watson, Carl R. Rogers...Abraham Maslow...Maslow was a second-generation atheist, and his father was a militant freethinker.
- ↑ "He attempted to adopt a scientific attitude in his approach to all problems. His views were liberal, and he was an atheist." Leslie Bairstow, 'Dr. S. Maulik', Nature 166, 422–423 (09 Sep 1950).
- ↑ René Bösch (২০০৭)। Labyrinth of Digressions: Tristram Shandy as Perceived and Influenced by Sterne's Early Imitators। Rodopi। পৃষ্ঠা 265। আইএসবিএন 9789042022911।
Maupertuis was an atheist friend of La Mettrie.
- ↑ Joseph McCabe (১৯৫০)। A rationalist encyclopaedia: a book of reference on religion, philosophy, ethics, and science (2 সংস্করণ)। Watts। পৃষ্ঠা 384। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৭।
He was a member of the firm of Vickers' Sons and Maxim. Maxim was an aggressive Atheist (personal knowledge) and the compiler (with the present writer) of the collection of strong criticisms of religion...
- ↑ The Freethinker, Volume 92। G.W. Foote। ১৯৭২। পৃষ্ঠা 45।
Now Maxim really way a militant atheist!
- ↑ From a Humanist News interview in Autumn 2001: Interviewer: What is your attitude to religion now? JMS: Ever since reading (J. B. S. Haldane's book) Possible Worlds I have been an atheist, and a semi-conscious atheist before that. I think there are two views you can have about religion. You can be tolerant of it and say, I don't believe in this but I don't mind if other people do, or you can say, I not only don't believe in it but I think it is dangerous and damaging for other people to believe in it and they should be persuaded that they are mistaken. I fluctuate between the two. I am tolerant because religious institutions facilitate some very important work that would not get done otherwise, but then I look around and see what an incredible amount of damage religion is doing. [১৩]
- ↑ "An appreciation of biologist Ernst Mayr (1904–2005)"। Wsws.org। ২০০৫-০৫-০৩। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১২-০৬-০৩।
- ↑ "Responding to Richard Dawkins's pestering his fellow atheists to "come out", I mention that I am indeed an atheist. To count oneself as an atheist one need not claim to have a proof that no gods exist. One need merely think that the evidence on the god question is in about the same state as the evidence on the werewolf question." [১৪]
- ↑ "... I believe that a reasonable case can be made for saying, not that we believe in God because He exists but rather that He exists because we believe in Him. [...] Considered as an element of the world, God has the same degree and kind of objective reality as do other products of mind. [...] I regret my disbelief in God and religious answers generally, for I believe it would give satisfaction and comfort to many in need of it if it possible to discover and propound good scientific and philosophic reasons to believe in God. [...] To abdicate from the rule of reason and substitute for it an authentication of belief by the intentness and degree of conviction with which we hold it can be perilous and destructive. [...] I am a rationalist—something of a period piece nowadays, I admit [...]" Peter Medawar, 'The Question of the Existence of God' in his book The Limits of Science (Harper and Row 1984).
- ↑ "I met Jeff at The Amazing Meeting 5.5 in Fort Lauderdale in January. We became friends and I read his blog within hours of each posting. He was a programmer, an astronomer, a pro-bono science educator, a hard-nosed skeptic and an atheist. This random blow against a friendly and generous guy is a typical example of the non-plannedness of things." Martin Rundkvist, Jeff Medkeff 1968–2008, Aardvarchaeology blog, August 4, 2008 (accessed August 5, 2008).
- ↑ "The Dutch Nobel prize-winner, Simon van der Meer expressed this as follows: "As a physicist, you have to have a split personality to be still able to believe in a god."" Alfred Driessen, Antoine Suarez, Mathematical undecidability, quantum nonlocality, and the question of the existence of God (1997).
- ↑ "There is no clear record that he was professionally restricted in Russia because of his lineage, but he sympathized with the problem his Jewish colleagues suffered owing to Russian anti-Semitism; his personal religious commitment was to atheism, although he received strict Christian religious training at home." Alfred I. Tauber, Leon Chernyak, Metchnikoff and the origins of immunology: from metaphor to theory, page 5.
- ↑ A Rough History of Disbelief Official BBC site describing the series
- ↑ Leon M. Lederman; Judith A. Scheppler (২০০১)। "Marvin Minsky: Mind Maker"। Portraits of Great American Scientists। Prometheus Books। পৃষ্ঠা 74। আইএসবিএন 9781573929325।
Another area where he "goes against the flow" is in his spiritual beliefs. As far as religion is concerned, he's a confirmed atheist. "I think it [religion] is a contagious mental disease. . . . The brain has a need to believe it knows a reason for things.
- ↑ "When we reflect on anything for long enough, we're likely to end up with what we sometimes call "basic" questions – ones we can see no way at all to answer. For we have no perfect way to answer even this question: How can one tell when a question has been properly answered? What caused the universe, and why? What is the purpose of life? How can you tell which beliefs are true? How can you tell what is good? These questions seem different on the surface, but all of them share one quality that makes them impossible to answer: all of them are circular! You can never find a final cause, since you must always ask one question more: "What caused that cause?" You can never find any ultimate goal, since you're always obliged to ask, "Then what purpose does that serve?" Whenever you find out why something is good-or is true-you still have to ask what makes that reason good and true. No matter what you discover, at every step, these kinds of questions will always remain, because you have to challenge every answer with, "Why should I accept that answer?" Such circularities can only waste our time by forcing us to repeat, over and over and over again, "What good is Good?" and, "What god made God?" " Marvin Minsky. The Society of Mind.
- ↑ Nobel Biography [১৫].
- ↑ Harmke Kamminga (১৯৯৫)। The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840–1940। Rodopi। পৃষ্ঠা 31। আইএসবিএন 978-90-5183-818-3।
Moleschott's atheism is much more prominent, for example, and he declares absurd Liebig's opinion that insights into the laws of nature inevitably lead us to the notion of a Being knowable only through revelation.
- ↑ "Yet, sailing to Egypt, he had lain on deck, asking his scientists whether the planets were inhabited, how old the Earth was, and whether it would perish by fire or by flood. Many, like his friend Gaspard Monge, the first man to liquefy a gas, were atheists." Vincent Cronin, The View from Planet Earth: Man looks at the Cosmos, page 164.
- ↑ Laure Junot Abrantès (১৮৮১)। Memoirs of Napoleon, His Court and Family, Volume 2। D. Appleton। পৃষ্ঠা 276।
- ↑ "In his final chapter de Duve turns to the meaning of life, and considers the ideas of two contrasting Frenchmen: a priest, Teilhard de Chardin, and an existentialist and atheist, Jacques Monod." Peaks, Dust, & Dappled Spots, by Richard Lubbock, Books in Canada: The Canadian Review of Books. Retrieved July 2, 2007.
- ↑ Costantino Ceoldo (২০১২-১২-৩১)। "Homage to Rita Levi Montalcini"। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০ জুলাই ২০১৩।
Born and raised in a Sephardic Jewish family in which culture and love of learning were categorical imperatives, she abandoned religion and embraced atheism.
- ↑ Joseph Mazzini Wheeler (১৮৮৯)। A biographical dictionary of freethinkers of all ages and nations। Progressive publishing company। পৃষ্ঠা 232। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৭।
Montgolfier (Michel Joseph), aeronaut. b. Aug. 1740. He was the first to ascend in an air balloon, 5 June 1783. A friend of Delambre and La Lalande, he was on the testimony of this last an atheist. Died 26 June 1810.
- ↑ Warren Allen Smith (২০০০)। Who's who in hell: a handbook and international directory for humanists, freethinkers, naturalists, rationalists, and non-theists। Barricade Books। পৃষ্ঠা 762। আইএসবিএন 9781569801581।
Also that year, a Montgolfier balloon sailed over Paris in the first manned free balloon flight. Montgolfier served the Revolution with zeal and was much honored. Lalande, who knew him well, wrote that Montgolfier was an atheist.
- ↑ George Pendle (২০০৬)। Strange Angel: The Otherworldly Life of Rocket Scientist John Whiteside Parsons। Houghton Mifflin Harcourt। পৃষ্ঠা 69। আইএসবিএন 9780156031790। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৭।
The Nobel Prize-winning geneticist and stringent atheist Thomas Hunt Morgan was developing the chromosome theory of heredity by examining his swarm of mutated Drosophila (fruit flies) through a jeweler's loupe.
- ↑ "Morgan's passion for experimentation was symptomatic of his general scepticism and his distaste for speculation. He believed only what could be proven. He was said to be an atheist, and I have always believed that he was. Everything I knew about him—his scepticism, his honesty—was consistent with disbelief in the supernatural." Norman H. Horowitz, T. H. Morgan at Caltech: A Reminiscence, Genetics, Vol. 149, 1629–1632, August 1998, Copyright © 1998.
- ↑ http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/3677/1/Goodstein.pdf
- ↑ http://www.genetics.org/content/149/4/1629.short
- ↑ "[Religion] is not an easy subject to deal with, but as zoologists we must do our best to observe what actually happens rather than listen to what is supposed to be happening. If we do this, we are forced to the conclusion that, in a behavioural sense, religious activities consist of the coming together of large groups of people to perform repeated and prolonged submissive displays to appease a dominant individual. The dominant individual takes many forms in different cultures, but always has the common factor of immense power. [...] If these submissive actions are successful, the dominant individual is appeased. [...] The dominant individual is usually, but not always, referred to as a god. Since none of these gods exist in a tangible form, why have they been invented? To find the answer to this we have to go right back to our ancestral origins." Desmond Morris, The Naked Ape, p.178-179, Jonathan Cape, 1967.
- ↑ "Man's evolution as a neotenous ape has put him in a similar position to the dog's. He becomes sexually mature and yet he still needs a parent — a super-parent, one as impressive to him as a man must be to a dog. The answer was to invent a god — either a female super-parent in the shape of a Mother Goddess, or a male god in the shape of God the Father, or perhaps even a whole family of gods. Like real parents they would both protect, punish and be obeyed. [...] These — the houses of the gods — the temples, the churches and the cathedrals — are buildings apparently made for giants, and a space visitor would be surprised to find on closer examination that these giants are never at home. Their followers repeatedly visit them and bow down before them, but they themselves are invisible. Only their bell-like cries can be heard across the land. Man is indeed an imaginative species." Desmond Morris, The Pocket Guide to Manwatching, p.234-236 Triad Paperbacks, 1982.
- ↑ Lubos Motl, http://motls.blogspot.com/2006/09/oriana-fallaci-force-of-reason.html
- ↑ "[Müller] was an atheist..." Review of Müller's biography, by James Mallet, Quarterly Review of Biology 79:196 (2004). Retrieved July 2, 2007.
- ↑ "Muller, who through Unitarianism had become an enthusiastic pantheist, was converted both to atheism and to socialism." Hermann Joseph Muller. 1890–1967, G. Pontecorvo, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 14, Nov., 1968 (Nov., 1968), pp. 348–389 (Quote from p. 353) Retrieved July 14, 2007.
- ↑ "I was brought up a Lutheran, but I became an atheist"—PZ Myers (February 14, 2007), It's the arrogance, stupid, Pharyngula. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
- ↑ Sylvia Nasar (২০১১)। "Chapter 17: Bad Boys"। A Beautiful Mind। Simon and Schuster। পৃষ্ঠা 143। আইএসবিএন 9781439126493।
In this circle, Nash learned to make a virtue of necessity, styling himself self-consciously as a "free thinker." He announced that he was an atheist.
- ↑ Sylvia Nasar (১৯৯৯)। A Beautiful Mind: A Biography of John Forbes Nash, Jr., Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, 1994। Simon and Schuster। আইএসবিএন 9780684853703।
Nash, by then an atheist, balked at a Catholic ceremony. He would have been happy to get married in city hall.
- ↑ Yuval Ne'eman (২০০৩)। Studies in memory of Issai Schur। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা xxi। আইএসবিএন 9780817642082।
Unfortunately I am a 100% skeptic (an "Epicurus" in Yiddish), an atheist although not in an aggressive connotation.
- ↑ Michael P. Prior (১৯৯৭)। The Bible and Colonialism: A Moral Critique। Continuum International Publishing Group। পৃষ্ঠা 164। আইএসবিএন 978-1-85075-815-0।
Although an atheist, Neeman believes that traditions are important for a revolutionary movement, and he strongly defends the spiritual heritage of the Jewish people, preaches a retum to biblical sources, and is in constant dialogue with the ultra-nationalist-religious groupings.
- ↑ "Nelson's hatred of conventional structure made him difficult to educate. Bored and disgusted by school, he once plotted to stab his seventh-grade teacher with a sharpened screwdriver, but lost his nerve at the last minute and walked out of the classroom, never to return. On his long walk home, he came up with the four maxims that have guided his life: most people are fools, most authority is malignant, God does not exist, and everything is wrong." Warren Allen Smith, Celebrities in Hell, pages 88–89.
- ↑ https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/biographical/articles/russia/
- ↑ Michael Evlanoff; Marjorie Fluor (1969). Alfred Nobel, the loneliest millionaire. W. Ritchie Press. p. 88. "He declared himself an agnostic in his youth, an atheist later, but at the same time, bestowed generous sums to the church..."
- ↑ Cobb, Cathy, and Harold Goldwhite. Creations of Fire: Chemistry's Lively History from Alchemy to the Atomic Age. New York: Plenum, 1995. Print. "But Nobel, both atheist and a socialist..."
- ↑ "I gradually slipped away from religion over several years and became an atheist or to be more philosophically correct, a sceptical agnostic." Nurse's autobiography at Nobelprize.org
- ↑ "It was nice to be honoured but I like ‘Mark’ not ‘Sir Mark’. When one’s young, one’s brash and all-knowing; when one’s old, one realises how little one knows. You asked me earlier if I believed in God and the hereafter. I would tend to say no but when one dies one could well be surprised." Mark Oliphant from an interview in 1996., Sir Mark Oliphant – Reluctant Builder of the Atom Bomb.
- ↑ Neil Schlager; Josh Lauer (২০০০)। Science and its times: understanding the social significance of scientific discovery (illustrated সংস্করণ)। Gale Group। পৃষ্ঠা 112। আইএসবিএন 978-0-7876-3939-6।
Alexander Oparin (1894–1980), an atheist, suggested that natural chemical reactions produced biological molecules that came together to form the first living thing.
- ↑ K. C. Cole (২০১২)। Something Incredibly Wonderful Happens: Frank Oppenheimer and His Astonishing Exploratorium। University of Chicago Press। পৃষ্ঠা 104–105। আইএসবিএন 9780226113470।
For the locals, it was as if aliens had landed. "The normal folks were wearing tight jeans and cowboy hats, and here was a rancher who didn't wear a hat," said Pete Richards, who lived on one of the neighboring ranches at the time. “He was skinnier than a rail, he was really hyper. Both he and Jackie swore like sailors. And they were atheists!”.
- ↑ Dronamraju, Krishna (২০০৮)। Emerging Consequences of Biotechnology: Biodiversity Loss and IPR Issues। World Scientific। পৃষ্ঠা 413। আইএসবিএন 978-981-277-500-9।
Most of them are either atheists like Albert Einstein and Robert Oppenheimer, or agnostics like JBS Haldane.
- ↑ Axelrod, Alan (২০০৯)। Risk: Adversaries and Allies: Mastering Strategic Relationships। Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.। পৃষ্ঠা 127। আইএসবিএন 978-1-4027-5411-1।
He was a Jew and Groves was at least conventionally anti-Semitic; but perhaps worse, Oppenheimer practiced no religion at all and was almost certainly an atheist, whereas Groves was the sincerely believing son of an army chaplain.
- ↑ Jürgen Kocka (২০১০)। Jürgen Kocka, সম্পাদক। Work in a Modern Society: The German Historical Experience in Comparative Perspective। Berghahn Books। পৃষ্ঠা 45। আইএসবিএন 978-1-84545-575-0।
Even Wilhelm Ostwald, who was the most radical atheist among these scholars, uses the instrument of the 'Monistic Sunday Sermons' to spread his ideas on rationality.
- ↑ Park, Robert L. Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science, 2008, Princeton University Press, page viii
- ↑ Originally a Lutheran, Pauling declared his atheism in 1992, two years before his death.
- ↑ Amazon listing of Irreligion: A Mathematician Explains Why the Arguments for God Just Don't Add Up.
- ↑ Pavlov's follower E.M. Kreps asked him whether he was religious. Kreps writes that Pavlov smiled and replied: "Listen, good fellow, in regard to [claims of] my religiosity, my belief in God, my church attendance, there is no truth in it; it is sheer fantasy. I was a seminarian, and like the majority of seminarians, I became an unbeliever, an atheist in my school years." Quoted in George Windholz, "Pavlov's Religious Orientation", Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 25, no. 3 (Sept. 1986), pp. 320–27.
- ↑ W. M. Goss; W. William Miller Goss; Richard X. McGee (২০০৯)। "Last Years"। Under the Radar: The First Woman in Radio Astronomy: Ruby Payne-Scott। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 253। আইএসবিএন 9783642031410।
- ↑ Mathew Philips। "Tragedy and Opportunity: The parents of slain journalist Danny Pearl have devoted their lives to improving Muslim-Jewish relations."। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১২ জুলাই ২০১৩।
I turned secular at the age of 11, by divine revelation. [Laughs.] I was standing on the roof of the house my father built, looking down on the street and suddenly it became very clear to me that there is no God.
- ↑ McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch. The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes' Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy: Yale UP, 2011. Print. "Karl Pearson...was a zealous atheist..."
- ↑ Porter, Theodore M. Karl Pearson: The Scientific Life in a Statistical Age. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2004. Print.
- ↑ Harris, Sam। "Letter to A Christian Nation"। SamHarrisOrg। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৫ জুন ২০১০। Quoting Penrose's blurb for Harris's book Letter to a Christian Nation. and refers to himself as an atheist.
- ↑ "Big Bang follows Big Bang follows Big Bang"। BBC News। ২৫ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১০। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ ডিসে ২০১০।
- ↑ "After retirement, he remained politically active, defending Andrei Sakharov, and was President of the French Atheists' Union." D S Bell, 'Obituary: Francis Perrin', The Independent (London), July 18, 1992, Pg. 44.
- ↑ Bernard Valeur; Jean-Claude Brochon (২০০১)। New Trends in Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Applications to Chemical and Life Sciences। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 17। আইএসবিএন 978-3-540-67779-6।
Jean and Francis Perrin held similar political and philosophical ideas. Both were socialists and atheists.
- ↑ Morris, Kevin (৫ ডিসেম্বর ২০১১)। "Reddit atheists upvote fundraising for Doctors Without Borders"। The Daily Dot। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৪ মার্চ ২০১২।
- ↑ "Dr Perutz, said: "It is one thing for scientists to oppose creationism which is demonstrably false but quite another to make pronouncements which offend people's religious faith – that is a form of tactlessness which merely brings science into disrepute. My view of religion and ethics is simple: even if we do not believe in God, we should try to live as though we did."" Kam Patel, Perutz rubbishes Popper and Kuhn, 25 November 1994.
- ↑ http://experimentalmath.info/blog/2013/02/in-memoriam-robert-r-phelps/ "Bob Phelps was a convinced atheist and, rare for an American, almost militant in his views."
- ↑ "...I'm an atheist..." Enough blasting Dennett and Dawkins, all right?, from Rationally Speaking, the blog of Massimo Pigliucci, October 30, 2006 (Accessed April 15, 2008)
- ↑ "I never outgrew my conversion to atheism at 13, but at various times was a serious cultural Jew." The Guardian Profile (নভেম্বর ৬, ১৯৯৯)। "Steven Pinker: the mind reader"। London: Guardian News and Media Limited। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৬-১২-১০।
- ↑ "During sixty years from 1937 he also wrote over forty articles on the origins, distribution, and nature of life, taking the stance of a 'dogmatic atheist'." David F. Smith, 'Pirie, Norman Wingate [Bill] (1907–1997)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edition, October 2005 (accessed May 2, 2008).
- ↑ "Ronald Plasterk (1957) is a convinced atheist. But he says expressly that he does not strive for atheism. "My own view cannot be gospel which I will defend at any cost. I respect belief, as long as people do not force it." (In Dutch: "Ronald Plasterk (1957) is een overtuigd atheïst. Maar hij zegt er nadrukkelijk bij dat hij niet streeft naar atheïsme. «Mijn eigen opvatting mag geen heilsleer zijn die ik ten koste van alles ga verdedigen. Ik respecteer geloof, zolang mensen het maar niet opdringen.» ") Interview with Ronald Plasterk, «Er is geen verband tussen altruïsme en God» ("There is no connection between altruism and God"), De Groene Amsterdammer, December 22, 2001 (accessed August 6, 2008).
- ↑ Joseph McCabe (1945). A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers. Haldeman-Julius Publications. Retrieved 10 April 2012. "In his last words (published as Last Thoughts, 1913) he entirely rejects Christianity and believes in God only in the sense that he is the moral ideal. In effect he was an atheist."
- ↑ Poincaré, Henri (January 1, 1913). Dernières Pensées. p. 138. Retrieved 10 April 2012. "Les dogmes des religions révélées ne sont pas les seuls à craindre. L'empreinte que le catholicisme a imprimée sur l'âme occidentale a été si profonde que bien des esprits à peine affranchis ont eu la nostalgie de la servitude et se sont efforcés de reconstituer des Eglises ; c'est ainsi que certaines écoles positivistes ne sont qu'un catholicisme sans Dieu. Auguste Comte lui- même rêvait de discipliner les âmes et certains de ses disciples, exagérant la pensée du maître, deviendraient bien vite des ennemis de la science s'ils étaient les plus forts."
- ↑ Galina Weinstein, A Biography of Henri Poincaré – 2012 Centenary of the Death of Poincaré, arXiv:1207.0759, physics.hist-ph, 2012
- ↑ Somma, Ryan. Enlightenment Living, Essays on Living a Virtuous Scientific Life. : ideonexus, 2012. Print.
- ↑ "...my father [Derek] was a British Atheist... from a rather well known Sephardic Jewish family..." de Solla Price, Mark (২০০৭-১২-০৯)। "Are you Jewish?"। ২০০৮-০৪-৩০ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৮-০৮-০১।
- ↑ Provine, William B.; Johnson, Phillip E. (জুন ২, ১৯৯৫)। "Darwinism: Science or Naturalistic Philosophy?, A Debate Between William B. Provine and Phillip E. Johnson at Stanford University, April 30, 1994"। Origins Research। Access Research Network। 16 (1)। Video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7dG9U1vQ_U.
- ↑ Rigden, John S. (১৯৮৭)। Rabi, Scientist and Citizen। Sloan Foundation Series। New York: Basic Books। পৃষ্ঠা 23। আইএসবিএন 0-465-06792-1। ওসিএলসি 14931559।
- ↑ "His tolerance and good humour enabled him to disagree strongly without giving or taking offence, for example with his brother Michael Ramsey whose ordination (he went on to become archbishop of Canterbury) Ramsey, as a militant atheist, naturally regretted." D. H. Mellor, 'Ramsey, Frank Plumpton (1903–1930)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, October 2005 (accessed May 2, 2008).
- ↑ Corey S. Powell (Saturday, July 29, 2006). "The Discover Interview: Lisa Randall". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 17 April 2013. Interviewer: So does your science leave space for untestable faith? Do you believe in God? Randall: There's room there, and it could go either way. Faith just doesn't have anything to do with what I'm doing as a scientist. It's nice if you can believe in God, because then you see more of a purpose in things. Even if you don't, though, it doesn't mean that there's no purpose. It doesn't mean that there's no goodness. I think that there's a virtue in being good in and of itself. I think that one can work with the world we have. So I probably don't believe in God. I think it's a problem that people are considered immoral if they're not religious. That's just not true. This might earn me some enemies, but in some ways they may be even more moral. If you do something for a religious reason, you do it because you'll be rewarded in an afterlife or in this world. That's not quite as good as something you do for purely generous reasons."
- ↑ Ranum, Marcus। "Ranum's supports Dawkins's "out campaign" for atheists."। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১২ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
Generally, I do not get a lot of satisfaction out of being identified with causes or logos. But – a couple of years ago, when Richard Dawkins started his "out campaign" for atheists, I thought that showing my support was not a bad idea.
- ↑ Nicholas Shakespeare (২১ অক্টো ২০০৮)। "Tasmania: Alarmed by bumps in the starlit night"। The Telegraph।
Reber was a diehard atheist, and whatever he understood of those bumps in the night is not certain.
- ↑ Rod Dreher (এপ্রিল ২০, ২০১১)। "Martin J. Rees Wins 2011 Templeton Prize"। Templeton Report। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৪ আগস্ট ২০১৩।
As it turns out, Lord Rees is an atheist, though one who said in a recent interview that he is “not allergic to religion,” and that he enjoys participating in aesthetic and cultural activities of the Anglican church, in which he was raised.
- ↑ Donald De Marco; Donald DeMarco; Benjamin Wiker (২০০৪)। Architects of the Culture of Death। Ignatius Press। পৃষ্ঠা 223। আইএসবিএন 9781586170165।
Wilhelm declared himself a "confirmed atheist" at the age of eight.
- ↑ J. (2011). 50 Renowned Academics Speaking About God (Part 1). Retrieved September 04, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s47ArcQL-XQ "But, I do not believe in an anthropomorphic god..."
- ↑ Hough, Susan Elizabeth. Richter's Scale: Measure of an Earthquake, Measure of a Man. N.p.: Princeton U Press , 2007. Print. "The fact that Richter was devout only about his atheism..." pg. 152
- ↑ "Oscar Riddle"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ "The Nobel Laureate Dr Richard Roberts will give a public lecture entitled A Bright Journey from Science to Atheism..." A bright journey to atheism, or a road that ignores all the signs?, The Irish Times, April 20, 2006. Retrieved July 24, 2007.
- ↑ "...Rich Roberts... delivered a public lecture on his Bright journey from Science to Atheism in April 2006." Events listing on the website of Humani, The Humanist Association of Northern Ireland, Retrieved July 24, 2007.
- ↑ Roberts versus God: No Contest, review of Roberts' talk A Bright Journey from Science to Atheism, written by Les Reid, and published on the Belfast Humanist Group website. Retrieved July 24, 2007.
- ↑ Michael Martin (২০০৭)। The Cambridge Companion to Atheism। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 310। আইএসবিএন 9780521842709।
Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including G. Stanley Hall, John B. Watson, Carl R. Rogers...
- ↑ Jason Fagone (জুলাই ১৫, ২০১১)। "Chain World Videogame Was Supposed to be a Religion—Not a Holy War"। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৩ জুলাই ২০১৩।
Challenge organizer Zimmerman decided that this year’s theme would be Bigger Than Jesus: games as religion. (“My first thought was, oh my God, it couldn’t have been a more inappropriate topic for me to tackle,” Rohrer says. “I’m an atheist.”)
- ↑ "Have you ever broken one of the ten commandments? As an atheist from an early age, I can't readily remember them. But I expect I have." Lifeline: Steven Rose, Lancet Vol. 355 Issue 9213 p. 1472, April 22, 2000.
- ↑ I was Rosenbluth's last student, and collaborated with him on numerous research projects during and after my graduation. Near the end of his life, we more frequently discussed personal and political issues. On more than one occasion, he freely admitted to me that he was an atheist. Statement by J. Candy, 22 January 2009.
- ↑ Russell, Bertrand (১৯৪৭)। "Am I An Atheist or an Agnostic?"। Encyclopedia of Things। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৬ জুলাই ২০০৫।: "I never know whether I should say "Agnostic" or whether I should say "Atheist"... As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one prove (sic) that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think I ought to say that I am an Atheist..."
- ↑ Charlie Rose, interviewing Oliver Sacks, asked him whether he believed in God. Sacks replied, "I can't imagine what it meant.... No, I guess not." Originally aired on Charlie Rose, 23 Feb. 1995; re-aired, in commemoration of Sacks' death, on 11 Sept. 2015.
- ↑ "All of which makes the Wingate Prize a matter of bemusement. "Yes, tell me," he says, frowning. "What is it, and why are they giving it to an old Jewish atheist who has unkind things to say about Zionism?" "Oliver Burkeman interviewing Sacks, 'Inside Story: Sacks appeal', The Guardian, May 10, 2002, Features Pages, Pg. 4.
- ↑ ক খ Achenbach, Joel (২০০৬-০৪-২৩)। "Worlds Away"। Washington Post। পৃষ্ঠা W15।
By most definitions he would be called an atheist, but he hated the term. 'An atheist has to know a lot more than I know. An atheist is someone who knows there is no god. By some definitions atheism is very stupid.'
- ↑ "...he was a confirmed atheist. 'I would lose my integrity if I accepted a belief system that did not stand up to sceptical scrutiny,' he said recently." Ian Katz, 'Sagan, Man Who Brought Cosmos to Earth, Dies', The Guardian, December 21, 1996, Pg. 3.
- ↑ "In the end, Sagan... died an uncompromising atheist." Robin Mckie, 'Beauty is... in the measurements', The Observer, August 24, 1997, Review Pages, Pg. 14.
- ↑ Head, Tom। "Conversations with Carl"। Skeptic। 13 (1): 32–38। Excerpted in Head, Tom, সম্পাদক (২০০৬)। Conversations with Carl Sagan। University of Mississippi Press। আইএসবিএন 1-57806-736-7।
- ↑ Sagan, Carl (১৯৯৬)। The Demon Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark। New York: Ballantine Books। পৃষ্ঠা 278। আইএসবিএন 0-345-40946-9।
- ↑ "They rose (if prayers do rise) to the heaven Sagan had never seen in all his years of searching the sky, and were heard (if prayers are heard) by the God Sagan never called on... But he died in what amounted, for him, to a state of grace: resisting the one temptation to which almost everyone submits in the end, the temptation to believe... For most of the last decade of his life he engaged in a wide-ranging dialogue with religious leaders on the question...: does God exist? He argued the negative, although his formal position was agnostic, awaiting proof... 'You're so smart, why do you believe in God?' [Sagan] once exclaimed to [Rev. Joan Brown Campbell, general secretary of the National Council of Churches]... 'You're so smart, why don't you believe in God?' she answered... His friends prayed harder, but Sagan never wavered in his agnosticism. ¶ 'There was no deathbed conversion,' Druyan says. 'No appeals to God, no hope for an afterlife, no pretending that he and I, who had been inseparable for 20 years, were not saying goodbye forever.' ¶ Didn't he want to believe? she was asked. ¶ 'Carl never wanted to believe,' she replies fiercely. 'He wanted to know.'" "Unbeliever's Quest", by Jerry Adler, Newsweek (United States Edition), March 31, 1997, Pg. 64
- ↑ Santimay Chatterjee; Enakshi Chatterjee (১৯৮৪)। Meghnad Saha, scientist with a vision। National Book Trust, India। পৃষ্ঠা 5। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৭।
Even though he later came to be known as an atheist, Saha was well-versed in all religious texts— though his interest in them was purely academic.
- ↑ Robert S. Anderson (২০১০)। Nucleus and Nation: Scientists, International Networks, and Power in India। University of Chicago Press। পৃষ্ঠা 602। আইএসবিএন 9780226019758।
a self-described atheist, saha loved swimming in the river and his devout wife loved the sanctity of the spot. swimming and walking were among the few things they could do together.
- ↑ Gennady Gorelik; Antonina W. Bouis (২০০৫)। The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 356। আইএসবিএন 9780195156201।
Apparently Sakharov did not need to delve any deeper into it for a long time, remaining a totally nonmilitant atheist with an open heart.
- ↑ Gennadiĭ Efimovich Gorelik; Antonina W. Bouis (২০০৫)। The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 158। আইএসবিএন 9780195156201।
Sakharov was not invited to this seminar. Like most of the physicists of his generation, he was an atheist.
- ↑ Todd K. Shackelford; Viviana A. Weekes-Shackelford, সম্পাদকগণ (২০১২)। The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence, Homicide, and War। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 465। আইএসবিএন 9780199738403।
The Soviet dissident most responsible for defeating communism, Andrei Sakharov, was an atheist.
- ↑ Dan Barker: "When we invited Robert Sapolsky to speak at one of out national conventions to receive our 'Emperor Has No Clothes Award', Robert wrote to me, 'Sure! Get the local Holiday Inn to put up a sign that says Welcome, Hell-bound Atheists!' [...] So, welcome you hell-bound atheist to Freethought Radio, Robert." Sapolsky: "Well, delighted to be among my kindred souls." [...] Annie Laurie Gaylor: So how long have you been a kindred non-soul, what made you an atheist Robert?" Sapolsky: "Oh, I was about fourteen or so... I was brought up very very religiously, orthodox Jewish background and major-league rituals and that sort of thing [...] and something happened when I was fourteen, and no doubt what it was really about was my gonads or who knows what, but over the course of a couple of weeks there was some sort of introspective whatever, where I suddenly decided this was all gibberish. And, among other things, also deciding there's no free will, but not in a remotely religious context, and deciding all of this was nonsense, and within a two week period all of that belief stuff simply evaporated." Freethought Radio podcast (mp3), February 3, 2007 (accessed April 22, 2008).
- ↑ "Wallace Sargent"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৭ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ Manabendra Nath Roy, সম্পাদক (১৯৭৩)। The Radical humanist, Volume 37। Radical Humanist। পৃষ্ঠা 18।
It cannot be said that Dr. Sarkar was a confirmed atheist.
- ↑ du Sautoy, Marcus (২০০৮-১০-২৮)। "Science Extra: Marcus du Sautoy steps into Dawkins' boots"। London: The Guardian। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৮-১০-২৯।
- ↑ http://www.churchmilitant.com/news/article/breaking-schellnhuber-appointed-to-pontifical-academy-of-sciences
- ↑ http://www.investors.com/politics/editorials/pope-francis-science-advisor-is-an-atheist/
- ↑ http://www.jutarnji.hr/joseph-schlessinger--borio-sam-se-za-izrael--izumio-sutent--sad-mogu-natrag-u-svoju-hrvatsku/309456/
- ↑ Walter J. Moore (১৯৯৪)। A Life of Erwin Schrödinger। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 289–290। আইএসবিএন 9780521469340।
In one respect, however, he is not a romantic: he does not idealize the person of the beloved, his highest praise is to consider her his equal. "When you feel your own equal in the body of a beautiful woman, just as ready to forget the world for you as you for her – oh my good Lord – who can describe what happiness then. You can live it, now and again – you cannot speak of it." Of course, he does speak of it, and almost always with religious imagery. Yet at this time he also wrote, "By the way, I never realized that to be nonbelieving, to be an atheist, was a thing to be proud of. It went without saying as it were." And in another place at about this same time: "Our creed is indeed a queer creed. You others, Christians (and similar people), consider our ethics much inferior, indeed abominable. There is that little difference. We adhere to ours in practice, you don't." Whatever problems they may have had in their love affair, the pangs of conscience were not among them. Sheila was as much an unbeliever as Erwin, but in a less complex, more realistic way. She was never entirely convinced by his vedantic theology.
- ↑ Andrea Diem-Lane। Spooky Physics। MSAC Philosophy Group। পৃষ্ঠা 42। আইএসবিএন 9781565430808।
In terms of religion, Schrodinger fits in the atheist camp. He even lost a marriage proposal to his love, Felicie Krauss, not only due to his social status but his lack of religious affiliation. He was known as a freethinker who did not believe in god. But interestingly Schrodinger had a deep connection to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Eastern philosophy in general. Erwin studied numerous books on Eastern thought as well as the Hindu scriptures. He was enthralled with Vedanta thought and connected ideas of oneness and unity of mind with his research on quantum physics, specifically wave mechanics.
- ↑ Moore, Walter (১৯৯৪)। A Life of Erwin Schrödinger। Cambridge University Press। আইএসবিএন 978-0-521-46934-0।
Schopenhauer often called himself an atheist, as did Schrodinger, and if Buddhism and Vedanta can be truly described as atheistic religions, both the philosopher and his scientific disciple were indeed atheists. They both rejected the idea of a "personal God," and Schopenhauer thought that "pantheism is only a euphemism for atheism."
- ↑ Moore, Walter (১৯৮৯)। Schrödinger: Life and Thought। আইএসবিএন 0-521-43767-9।
He rejected traditional religious beliefs (Jewish, Christian, and Islamic) not on the basis of any reasoned argument, nor even with an expression of emotional antipathy, for he loved to use religious expressions and metaphors, but simply by saying that they are naive.
- ↑ Walter J. Moore (১৯৯২)। Schrödinger: Life and Thought। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 4। আইএসবিএন 9780521437677।
He claimed to be an atheist, but he always used religious symbolism and believed his scientific work was an approach to the godhead.
- ↑ "Erwin Schrodinger" (পিডিএফ)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২২ জুন ২০১২।
He claimed to be an atheist, but he used religious symbolism and believed that his scientific work was 'an approach to God'.
- ↑ Laurent Schwartz (২০০১)। A Mathematician Grappling With His Century। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 193। আইএসবিএন 9783764360528।
My parents were atheists, I was an atheist, I never really felt Jewish.
- ↑ http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiogmem/56/401.full.pdf
- ↑ http://www.kavliprize.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2016. "At about the time I got to high school, I lost whatever faith I might have had, and I've been an atheist ever since."
- ↑ "Shannon described himself as an atheist and was outwardly apolitical." William Poundstone, Fortune's Formula, Hill and Wang: New York (2005), page 18.
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=f4PNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA329&lpg=PA329&dq=Claude+Shannon+atheist&source=bl&ots=eo6GuJmy1E&sig=dI1BQPk_2o0a72DKjt7ustli6w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRh8ic04DNAhVFOSYKHbJgA5I4ChDoAQgiMAE#v=onepage&q=Claude%20Shannon%20atheist&f=false
- ↑ Jha, Alok. “Dan Shechtman: 'Linus Pauling said I was talking nonsense'.” Rational heroes, Guardian News and Media, 5 Jan. 2013, www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jan/06/dan-shechtman-nobel-prize-chemistry-interview. "Do you believe in a god? No."
- ↑ "The other day Vernette said he [Shneidman] was blessed. True enough, he thought, but not quite right, not blessed. On a napkin on the TV tray he scribbled down the Greek prefix, eu, for good, and then through association and sound, fell upon doria... this would be the word for his good fortune. Eudoria... gratitude without an object, no one to credit, no one to thank. No Jesus, no Yahweh, Muhammad, Vishnu or Buddha. Because he believes life isn't contingent upon god or upon prayers. There is no heaven, no hell. Happiness lies in te here and now and the satisfaction of living a good life without religion or myth to guide you." Waiting for death, alone and unafraid, Thomas Curwen, Los Angeles Times, 28 February 2009 (Accessed 18 May 2009)
- ↑ Joel N. Shurkin (২০০৮)। Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age। Palgrave Macmillan। পৃষ্ঠা 133। আইএসবিএন 9780230551923।
He considered himself an atheist and never went to church.
- ↑ ক খ Doug Renselle। "A Review of Amy Wallace's The Prodigy"। Quantonics, Inc.। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০ জুন ২০১২।
Rabid atheist by age six. (His father, Boris, was too, but intensely studied great religious works.)
- ↑ Hunter Crowther-Heyck (২০০৫)। Herbert A. Simon: The Bounds of Reason in Modern America। JHU Press। পৃষ্ঠা 22। আইএসবিএন 9780801880254।
His secular, scientific values came well before he was old enough to make such calculating career decisions. For example, while still in middle school, Simon wrote a letter to the editor of the Milwaukee Journal defending the civil liberties of atheists, and by high school he was "certain" that he was "religiously an atheist," a conviction that never wavered.
- ↑ "Oh God no," says Sir Clive Sinclair. "I was once asked [to be a godparent] and I said I can't, I'm an atheist. Actually I think I did have a couple, once, but I can't say I looked after them. Sort of lost them, or forgot about them." Rosie Millard, 'Godparenthood that rests on fame, not faith', The Independent (London), February 28, 1998, Page 15.
- ↑ "Within a year I had gone to Miss Graves to tell her that I no longer believed in God. 'I know,' she said, 'I have been through that myself.' But her strategy misfired: I never went through it." B.F. Skinner, pp. 387–413, E.G. Boring and G. Lindzey's A History of Psychology in Autobiography (Vol. 5), New York: Appleton Century-Crofts, 1967.
- ↑ Steve Batterson (২০০৭)। Steven Smale: The Mathematician Who Broke the Dimension Barrier। American Mathematical Soc.। পৃষ্ঠা 11। আইএসবিএন 9780821826966।
Jack and Norm were religious individuals, whereas Steve was an atheist who had never been inside a church.
- ↑ Smith, Michael. Michael Smith: Autobiography. Nobel Prize.org. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ↑ British Humanist Society, "John Maynard Smith talking to Humanist News in Autumn 2001," from the obituary "John Maynard Smith (1920–2004)," Humanism.org.uk (2004). Retrieved July 31, 2011.
- ↑ "Oliver Smithies Interview: Session 1" (পিডিএফ)। UCLA Oral History of Human Genetics। অক্টোবর ২৭, ২০০৫।
But that tells you about my religious affiliation, which is not very strong, and I must say I’m not even an agnostic. I’m just an atheist in real life.
- ↑ "Another aspect of this is that a scientific cosmology can contain no residue of the idea that the world was constructed by some being who is not a part of it. As the creatures who makes things, it is our most natural impulse to ask: When we come upon something beautifully or intricately structured, who made it? We must learn to give up this impulse if we are to do scientific cosmology. As there can, by definition, be nothing outside the universe, a scientific cosmology must be based on a conception that the universe made itself." Lee Smolin, What is the Future of Cosmology?, pbs.org.
- ↑ Lutzer, Erwin W. 7 reasons why you can trust the Bible. Chicago, IL: Moody Publishers, 2015. Print. "George Smoot, a committed atheist.."
- ↑ "Biblical scholar Jacques Berlinerblau points out, in an interesting recent book, The Secular Bible: Why Nonbelievers Must Take Religion Seriously (2005), that most contemporary atheists and agnostics — myself included, I must confess — are astoundingly ignorant of the details of the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and the Qur'an (not to mention the Bhagavad Gita and the Tripitaka, one could add). ... When all is said and done, I see no reason to amend my judgment that the existence of the Jewish, Christian, Islamic or Hindu gods is about as plausible, given the currently available evidence, as the existence of Zeus or Thor." — Alan Sokal, Beyond the Hoax: Science, Philosophy and Culture (2008).
- ↑ "Dr Spitzer has said repeatedly that as an "atheist Jew" his only interest in the issue is scientific truth, adding that an orthodoxy which forbids acknowledgement of the possibility of change is as flawed as that which labels homosexuality an act of will and morally wrong." Charles Laurence, 'Going straight', Sunday Telegraph, October 12, 2003, Pg. 19.
- ↑ "Stallman's former personal ad"। Stallman.org। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১২-০৬-০৩।
- ↑ Istva ́n Hargittai, Magdolna Hargittai (২০০৬)। Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists। Imperial College Press। পৃষ্ঠা 749। আইএসবিএন 9781860948855।
Jack Steinberger: "I'm now a bit anti-Jewish since my last visit to the synagogue, but my atheism does not necessarily reject religion."
- ↑ Steven G. Krantz (২০০২)। Mathematical Apocrypha: Stories and Anecdotes of Mathematicians and the Mathematical। Mathematical Association of America। পৃষ্ঠা 202। আইএসবিএন 9780883855393।
...Steinhaus answered that, "God is always present." It should be noted that Steinhaus was an outspoken atheist.
- ↑ "God: The Failed Hypothesis: How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist (9781591024811): Victor J. Stenger: Books"। Amazon.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১২-০৬-০৩।
- ↑ [১৬] ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত এপ্রিল ২৪, ২০০৮ তারিখে
- ↑ "Suchet's father Jack, an atheist and eminent surgeon, emigrated from South Africa to England in the 1930s and never spoke about his family's past." 'Suchet traces Russian Jewish roots', The Press Association, 9 September 2008 (accessed 9 September 2008).[অকার্যকর সংযোগ]
- ↑ "I read a few sentences. It was written in beautiful Biblical Hebrew. The language was like that of the Psalms.' One of these was the Isaiah scroll, which I saw recently in the Rockefeller Museum in East Jerusalem: sections of goat-skin parchment, sewn together, 27 feet long. I felt in the presence of something numinous, although I have been a convinced atheist since boyhood. But this document is a testament to the inexplicable persistence of the human mind, in the face of all the evidence, in believing that we are on earth for a divine purpose." Eleazar Sukenik, quoted in Justin Cartwright, 'The indestructible power of belief', The Guardian, May 27, 2000, Saturday Pages, Pg. 3.
- ↑ Sulston, John। "Another 50 Renowned Academics Speaking About God"। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৮ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
I believe atheism makes coherent sense.
- ↑ In a review of Susskind's book The Cosmic Landscape: String Theory and the Illusion of Intelligent Design, Michael Duff writes that Susskind is "a card-carrying atheist." Life in a landscape of possibilities, December 2005. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
- ↑ "God bestaat niet" (Dutch ভাষায়)। Positief Atheïsme। ২০০৫-০৬-০৭। ২০০৮-০৫-১১ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৮-০৫-২২।“Blasphemy is also a pleasant way of living.”
- ↑ Dina Kraft (মার্চ ১৪, ২০১৩)। "'Repairing the world' was Aaron Swartz's calling"। Haaretz। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৩ মার্চ ২০১৩।
And although the young technologist and activist grew up to call himself an atheist, the values he grew up with appeared foundational.
- ↑ "He is a passionate atheist who hates materialistic interpretations of our minds." Interview: Raymond Tallis, The ardent atheist, Guardian Review, April 29, 2006 (accessed April 14, 2008).
- ↑ Vitaliĭ Lazarevich Ginzburg (২০০৫)। About Science, Myself and Others। CRC Press। পৃষ্ঠা 253। আইএসবিএন 9780750309929।
Nowadays, when we are facing manifestations of religious and. more often, pseudoreligious feelings, it is appropriate to mention that Igor Evgenevich was a convinced and unreserved atheist.
- ↑ Евгений Львович Фейнберг (১৯৮৭)। Reminiscences about I.E. Tamm। Nauka। পৃষ্ঠা 82। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৭।
Tamm's circumspect humorous reply: "Generally speaking, I am an atheist but may I give the answer next time?"
- ↑ Evgeniĭ Lʹvovich Feĭnberg; A. V. Leonidov (২০১১)। Physicists: Epoch and Personalities (2 সংস্করণ)। World Scientific। পৃষ্ঠা 86। আইএসবিএন 9789812834164।
- ↑ "They became correspondents and, surprisingly since Tansley was an avowed atheist, friends." – Peter G. Ayres, Shaping Ecology: The Life of Arthur Tansley, page 139.
- ↑ "Most of the Socialist Party members were also in favor of assimilation, and Tarski's political allegiance was socialist at the time. So, along with its being a practical move, becoming more Polish than Jewish was an ideological statement and was approved by many, though not all, of his colleagues. As to why Tarski, a professed atheist, converted, that just came with the territory and was part of the package: if you were going to be Polish then you had to say you were Catholic." Anita Burdman Feferman, Solomon Feferman, Alfred Tarski: Life and Logic (2004), page 39.
- ↑ Rory Carroll (২১ জুন ২০১৩)। "Kip Thorne: physicist studying time travel tapped for Hollywood film"। Guardian News and Media Limited। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৩০ অক্টোবর ২০১৪।
Thorne grew up in an academic, Mormon family in Utah but is now an atheist. "There are large numbers of my finest colleagues who are quite devout and believe in God, ranging from an abstract humanist God to a very concrete Catholic or Mormon God. There is no fundamental incompatibility between science and religion. I happen to not believe in God."
- ↑ Deirdre Barrett (২০১০)। Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose। W. W. Norton & Company। পৃষ্ঠা 21–22। আইএসবিএন 978-0-393-06848-1।
Tinbergen had never been a religious man. Wartime atrocities, however, had highlighted the absence of a deity for him while both sides invoked one aligned with themselves, and this turned him into a militant atheist.
- ↑ "Some say God is living there [in space]. I was looking around very attentively, but I did not see anyone there. I did not detect either angels or gods. ... I don't believe in God. I believe in man-his strength, his possibilities, his reason." Gherman Titov, comments made at World Fair, Seattle, Washington, May 6, 1962, reported in The Seattle Daily Times, May 7, 1962, p. 2.
- ↑ "[I am] completely a-religious—atheist. I find that people seem to think religion brings morals and appreciation of nature. I actually think it detracts from both." Interview: Linus Torvalds in Linux Journal November 1, 1999. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
- ↑ "This loss shattered Turing's religious faith and led him into atheism..." Time 100 profile of Alan Turing, p. 2
- ↑ "He was an atheist..." Alan Turing: Father of the computer, BBC News, April 28, 1999. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
- ↑ "In religion he was raised as a theist, but in 1782, in an Answer to Dr. Priestley, on the Existence of God, a response to Priestley's Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever, he described himself as a freethinker (p. 5). This work, first published under the pseudonym William Hammon, was subsequently republished by Richard Carlile in 1826. In the pamphlet Turner declared that he was an atheist, though he did admit that the 'vis naturae', gravity, and matter's elasticity and repulsive powers demonstrated that the universe was permeated by 'a principle of intelligence and design' (ibid., 17). Despite the 'perpetual industry' of nature, he denied that this intelligence entailed that philosophers needed to posit the existence of a deity extraneous to the material world." E. I. Carlyle, 'Turner, Matthew (d. 1789?)', rev. Kevin C. Knox, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 (accessed May 2, 2008).
- ↑ Text of Answer to Dr. Priestley's Letters to a Philosophical Unbeliever at Project Guttenberg.
- ↑ R. L. Wysong (১৯৭৬)। "5: Origin of Proteins"। The Creation-evolution Controversy (implications, Methodology and Survey of Evidence): Toward a Rational Solution। Wysong Institute। পৃষ্ঠা 75। আইএসবিএন 9780918112026।
Recently, at a seminar, Harold Urey, the noted scientist who won a Nobel prize for his experiments on the origin of life.... ...Dr. Urey, a somewhat outspoken confirmed atheist and evolutionist, answered:...
- ↑ "Harold C. Urey"। NNDB.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ Peter Pringle (২০০৮)। The Murder of Nikolai Vavilov: The Story of Stalin's Persecution of One of the Great Scientists of the Twentieth Century। Simon and Schuster। পৃষ্ঠা 137। আইএসবিএন 978-0-7432-6498-3।
Despite his strict upbringing in the Orthodox Church, Vavilov had been an atheist from an early age. If he worshipped anything, it was science.
- ↑ Steve Kroft asked Venter on CBS' Sixty Minutes, 21 November 2010: "Do you believe in God?" Venter replied, "No. The universe is far more wonderful."
- ↑ Lynn Margulis; Dorion Sagan (২০০০)। What Is Life?। University of California Press। পৃষ্ঠা 170। আইএসবিএন 978-0-520-22021-8।
Both the French paleontologist-priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and the Russian atheist Vladimir Vernadsky agreed that Earth is developing a global mind.
- ↑ Spencer, Nick. Atheists: the Origin of the Species. London: Bloomsbury, 2014. Print.
- ↑ "Jimmy Wales"। What do you believe?। Big Think Media। আগস্ট ১০, ২০০৭। সংগ্রহের তারিখ নভেম্বর ২৭, ২০১১।
I'm a complete non-believer.
- ↑ "A firm atheist, he was interested in, though unconvinced by, the paranormal, and also did research on hypnosis." Ray Cooper, 'Walter, (William) Grey (1910–1977)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, May 2007 (accessed May 2, 2008).
- ↑ http://sola-scriptura.ca/2012/07/kevin-warwick-becoming-a-cyborg-by-david-herbert/ " Dr. Warwick is a true transhumanist. As an atheist..."
- ↑ Buckley, Kerry W. Mechanical Man: John Broadus Watson and the Beginnings of Behaviorism. Guilford Press, 1989.
- ↑ Gregory A. Kimble, Michael Wertheimer, Charlotte White. Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology. Psychology Press, 2013, p. 175. "Watson's outspoken atheism repelled many in Greensville."
- ↑ Michael Martin. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 310. "Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including (...) John B. Watson (...)"
- ↑ Watson is identified as an atheist by his acquaintance, Rabbi Marc Gellman. Trying to Understand Angry Atheists: Why do nonbelievers seem to be threatened by the idea of God?, by Rabbi Marc Gellman, Newsweek, April 28, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
- ↑ JoAnne Viviano (অক্টোবর ১৯, ২০০৭)। "Nobel Prize-winning scientist wows some, worries others"। The Vindicator। জুন ২৮, ২০০৬ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৭-১০-১৯।
- ↑ "We typically never squabbled very much. If we disagreed, it was about scientific issues. He didn't believe the observational evidence for the cosmological constant, and I think it's highly probable. He was raised as an Orthodox Jew and we both attended Temple Beth Emet in Anaheim. He was actually an atheist, who wanted to maintain Jewish traditions. It was another thing we didn't have to disagree about. We both agreed that modern cosmology provided a better picture of the early universe than does the book of Genesis." Virginia Trimble, Weber's wife, quoted in Physics and Society, Vol. 30 No. 4, p.24-25.
- ↑ Azpurua: "Would it be accurate to say that you are an atheist?" Weinberg: "Yes. I don't believe in God, but I don't make a religion out of not believing in God. I don't organize my life around that." In Search of the God Particle, by Ana Elena Azpurua, Newsweek Web Exclusive, March 24, 2008, p. 3 (Accessed March 25, 2008)
- ↑ In a review of Susskind's book The Cosmic Landscape: String Theory and the Illusion of Intelligent Design, string theorist Michael Duff identifies Steven Weinberg as an "arch-atheist".[১৭]
- ↑ In the book The God Delusion, Richard Dawkins identifies Steven Weinberg as an atheist.richarddawkins.net.
- ↑ http://dailyprincetonian.com/news/2007/04/nobel-winning-professor-tells-story-of-his-own-life-in-religion-science/ "Though Nobel prize winning molecular biology professor Eric Wieschaus is an atheist"
- ↑ "...Victor Weisskopf, who describes himself as an atheist Viennese Jew...." Quoting from page 14 of The Prism of Science, by Edna Ullmann-Margalit, Springer, 1986.
- ↑ John Golley (২০১০)। Jet: Frank Whittle and the Invention of the Jet Engine। Eloy Gutierrez। পৃষ্ঠা 34। আইএসবিএন 9781907472008।
Although he had occasionally cut Church Parade, he had once held very strong religious beliefs, but these had eroded to such an extent that he had come to regard himself as an atheist. "By degrees", he said "I was forced to the conclusion that my beliefs were inconsistent with scientific teaching. Once the seeds of doubt were sown the whole structure of my former religious beliefs rapidly collapsed, and I swung to the other extreme".
- ↑ Eugene Paul Wigner; Andrew Szanton (১৯৯২)। Andrew Szanton, সম্পাদক। The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner As Told to Andrew Szanton। Basic Books। পৃষ্ঠা 60–61। আইএসবিএন 9780306443268।
Neither did I want to be a clergyman. I liked a good sermon. But religion tells people how to behave and that I could never do. Clergymen also had to assume and advocate the presence of God, and proofs of God's existence seemed to me quite unsatisfactory. People claimed that He had made our earth. Well, how had He made it? With an earth-making machine? Someone once asked Saint Augustine, "What did the Lord do before he created the world?" And Saint Augustine is said to have answered, "He created Hell for people who ask such questions." A retort perhaps made in jest, but I knew of none better. I saw that I could not know anything of God directly, that His presence was a matter of belief, I did not have that belief, and preaching without belief is repulsive. So I could not be a clergyman, however many people might gain salvation. And my parents never pressed the point.
- ↑ Gregory E. Pence (১৯৯৮)। Who's Afraid of Human Cloning?। Rowman & Littlefield। পৃষ্ঠা 9। আইএসবিএন 978-0-8476-8782-4।
Ian Wilmut is a regular guy. ...Although not a believer in God himself, he believes in ethics.
- ↑ Angier, Natalie (২০০২-১২-২৪)। "The Origin of Religions, From a Distinctly Darwinian View"। New York Times। পৃষ্ঠা F5। ২০০৭-১০-১৬ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৭-০৬-১১।
...I don't believe in God. I tell people I'm an atheist, but a nice atheist.
- ↑ "I grew up in a Jewish family but I gave it all up at 16 when I prayed to God for something I really wanted and it didn't happen. I have been an atheist ever since. I believe in proof and I know of no evidence for the existence of God, but I am in no way hostile to religion provided it does not interfere in the lives of others or come into conflict with science." Easter special: I believe..., Independent on Sunday, April 16, 2006 (accessed April 18, 2008).
- ↑ Wozniak, Steven। "Letters – General Questions Answered"। woz.org। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৭-০৯-২৬।
... I am also atheist or agnostic (I don't even know the difference). I've never been to church and prefer to think for myself. I do believe that religions stand for good things, and that if you make irrational sacrifices for a religion, then everyone can tell that your religion is important to you and can trust that your most important inner faiths are strong.
- ↑ Howard B. Rock; Paul A. Gilje; Robert Asher, সম্পাদকগণ (১৯৯৫)। American Artisans: Crafting Social Identity, 1750–1850। JHU Press। পৃষ্ঠা 115। আইএসবিএন 9780801850295।
Wright was the son of a Connecticut farmer and teacher who moved his family to the Ohio frontier in 1810 to start a farm and open an academy. He was a quirky man who rejected evangelicalism for atheism, and Garrisonianism for the Liberty party, and then the Free Soilers.
- ↑ In Abolitionist, Actuary, Atheist: Elizur Wright and the Reform Impulse, Wright's biographer Lawrence B. Goodheart describes him as "an evangelical atheist, an impassioned actuary, a liberal who advocated state regulation, an individualist who championed social cooperation, and a very private public crusader" (op. cit., page x)
- ↑ "When Wright was nine his father died of leukaemia and he moved with his mother and younger sister to Baton Rouge, Louisiana. There he enrolled in the Episcopal High School and duly became an atheist." Ajesh Partalay interviewing Wright, 'Master of the Universe', The Observer, 14 September 2008 (accessed 15 September 2008).
- ↑ Wilhelm Wundt. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2017.<http://www.nndb.com/people/531/000053372/>.
- ↑ Eliezer Yudkowsky। "Quote by Eliezer Yudkowsky"। goodreads.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৭ জুলাই ২০১২।
[...] intelligent people only have a certain amount of time (measured in subjective time spent thinking about religion) to become atheists. After a certain point, if you're smart, have spent time thinking about and defending your religion, and still haven't escaped the grip of Dark Side Epistemology, the inside of your mind ends up as an Escher painting.
- ↑ Carol Parikh (২০০৮)। The Unreal Life of Oscar Zariski। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 5। আইএসবিএন 9780387094298।
And yet it did, even though since moving into the boarding house he had become an atheist and most of his friends, including his best friend, were Russians.
- ↑ Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich (২০০৪)। R.A. Sunyaev, সম্পাদক। Zeldovich: Reminiscences। CRC Press। পৃষ্ঠা 69। আইএসবিএন 9780415287906।
I think that you know me well enough: I am an absolute atheist, and all days of the week are completely the same to me.
- ↑ Andrei Sakharov: Facets of a Life। Atlantica Séguier Frontières। ১৯৯১। পৃষ্ঠা 599। আইএসবিএন 9782863320969।
Speaking about religion, Yakov Borisovich could say unambiguously, "I'm an absolute atheist".
- ↑ David Klinghoffer। "'Darwin Would Put God Out of Business'"। Beliefnet, Inc.। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২১ মে ২০১৩।
The author is Emile Zuckerkandl of Stanford University. Prof. Zuckerkandl ferociously attacks ID and any belief in a designer, God, or other "superghost".
- ↑ Jane Smiley (২০১০)। The Man Who Invented the Computer: The Biography of John Atanasoff, Digital Pioneer। Random House Digital, Inc.। আইএসবিএন 9780385527132।
Like Alan Turing, Zuse was educated in a system that focused on a child's emotional and philosophical life as well as his intellectual life, and at the end of school, like Turing, Zuse found himself to be something of an outsider—to the disappointment of his very conventional parents, he no longer believed in God or religion.
- ↑ Konrad Zuse (১৯৯৩)। The Computer, My Life। Springer। পৃষ্ঠা 12–13। আইএসবিএন 978-3-540-56453-9।
The only problem was that the progressive spirit at our school did not always correspond to my parents' ideas. This was particularly true for religious instruction, which now and again seemed even to us pupils to be rather too enlightened. After the 'Abitur' my parents wanted to go to communion with me; it was a terrible disappointment to them when I wouldn't go. They had lived under the illusion that I was a good student when it came to religion, too, which wasn't the case. ...I remember a poem presented by a student, which made a great impression on me. The essence of the poem read, "Basically, you are always alone." I have forgotten the name of the poet, but have often experienced the truth of these words in later life."
- ↑ Oliver Knill (১৪ জুলাই ১৯৯৮)। "Supernovae, an alpine climb and space travel."। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২১ জুন ২০১৩।
Zwicky has dealt critically with religion during his whole life. (Source: "Everybody a genius"). In a diary entry of 1971, he writes "To base the unexplainabilty and the immense wonder of nature onto an other miracle God is unnecessary and not acceptable for any serious thinker".
- ↑ Swiss-American Historical Society (২০০৬)। Newsletter, Volumes 42–43। The Society। পৃষ্ঠা 17।
Zwicky has dealt critically with religion during his whole life. A 1971 diary entry states: "To base the inexplainabilty and the immense wonder of nature upon another miracle, God, is unnecessary and not acceptable for any serious thinker." According to one story, Zwicky once discussed the beginning of the universe with a priest. The priest, quoting Scriptures, stated that the universe had started with "and there is light." Zwicky replied that he would buy this, if instead God had said "and there is electronmagnetism".