গ্লোটোলগ
Name | Region[টীকা ১] | Languages |
---|---|---|
Atlantic-Congo | Africa | 1,403 |
Austronesian | Africa, Eurasia, Oceania, South America | 1,270 |
Indo-European | Africa, Australia, Eurasia, North America, Oceania, South America | 581 |
Sino-Tibetan | Eurasia | 498 |
Afro-Asiatic | Africa, Eurasia | 377 |
Nuclear Trans New Guinea | Oceania | 317 |
Pama-Nyungan | Australia, Oceania | 250 |
Otomanguean | North America | 182 |
Austroasiatic | Eurasia | 158 |
Tai-Kadai | Eurasia | 95 |
Dravidian | Eurasia | 81 |
Arawakan | North America, South America | 77 |
Mande | Africa | 75 |
Tupian | South America | 71 |
Uto-Aztecan | North America | 69 |
Central Sudanic | Africa | 63 |
Nilotic | Africa | 55 |
Nuclear Torricelli | Oceania | 55 |
Uralic | Eurasia | 48 |
Algic | North America | 46 |
Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit | North America | 46 |
Pano-Tacanan | South America | 45 |
Quechuan | South America | 44 |
Turkic | Eurasia | 44 |
Cariban | South America | 42 |
Hmong-Mien | Eurasia | 39 |
Kru | Africa | 38 |
Sepik | Oceania | 36 |
Nakh-Daghestanian | Eurasia | 34 |
Mayan | North America | 33 |
Lower Sepik-Ramu | Oceania | 30 |
Nuclear-Macro-Je | South America | 30 |
Chibchan | North America, South America | 27 |
Tucanoan | South America | 26 |
Salishan | North America | 25 |
Timor-Alor-Pantar | Oceania | 23 |
Dogon | Africa | 20 |
Lakes Plain | Oceania | 20 |
Mixe-Zoque | North America | 19 |
Ta-Ne-Omotic | Africa | 19 |
Yam | Oceania | 19 |
Siouan | North America | 18 |
Anim | Oceania | 17 |
Mongolic-Khitan | Eurasia | 17 |
Border | Oceania | 15 |
Japonic | Eurasia, Oceania | 15 |
North Halmahera | Oceania | 15 |
Khoe-Kwadi | Africa | 14 |
Angan | Oceania | 13 |
Eskimo-Aleut | Eurasia, North America | 13 |
Miwok-Costanoan | North America | 13 |
Ndu | Oceania | 13 |
Nubian | Africa | 13 |
Tor-Orya | Oceania | 13 |
Totonacan | North America | 13 |
Tungusic | Eurasia | 13 |
Chapacuran | South America | 12 |
Gunwinyguan | Australia | 12 |
Cochimi-Yuman | North America | 11 |
Iroquoian | North America | 11 |
Surmic | Africa | 11 |
Western Daly | Australia | 11 |
Geelvink Bay | Oceania | 10 |
Great Andamanese | Eurasia, Oceania | 10 |
Heibanic | Africa | 10 |
Ijoid | Africa | 10 |
Maban | Africa | 10 |
Nyulnyulan | Australia | 10 |
Saharan | Africa | 10 |
Sko | Oceania | 10 |
Songhay | Africa | 10 |
Worrorran | Australia | 10 |
Chocoan | South America | 9 |
Dagan | Oceania | 9 |
South Bougainville | Oceania | 9 |
Tuu | Africa | 9 |
Greater Kwerba | Oceania | 8 |
Kiowa-Tanoan | North America | 8 |
Koiarian | Oceania | 8 |
Mailuan | Oceania | 8 |
Narrow Talodi | Africa | 8 |
Bosavi | Oceania | 7 |
Chukotko-Kamchatkan | Eurasia | 7 |
Dajuic | Africa | 7 |
Huitotoan | South America | 7 |
Matacoan | South America | 7 |
Muskogean | North America | 7 |
Pomoan | North America | 7 |
Arawan | South America | 6 |
Baining | Oceania | 6 |
Barbacoan | South America | 6 |
Chumashan | North America | 6 |
East Strickland | Oceania | 6 |
Goilalan | Oceania | 6 |
Kadugli-Krongo | Africa | 6 |
Kiwaian | Oceania | 6 |
Left May | Oceania | 6 |
Lengua-Mascoy | South America | 6 |
Nambiquaran | South America | 6 |
South Bird's Head Family | Oceania | 6 |
Wakashan | North America | 6 |
Yanomamic | South America | 6 |
Zaparoan | South America | 6 |
Abkhaz-Adyge | Eurasia | 5 |
Arafundi | Oceania | 5 |
Caddoan | North America | 5 |
Eleman | Oceania | 5 |
Guahiboan | South America | 5 |
Guaicuruan | South America | 5 |
Kartvelian | Eurasia | 5 |
Keram | Oceania | 5 |
Koman | Africa | 5 |
Kxa | Africa | 5 |
Mirndi | Australia | 5 |
Misumalpan | North America | 5 |
Nimboranic | Oceania | 5 |
Pauwasi | Oceania | 5 |
Sahaptian | North America | 5 |
South Omotic | Africa | 5 |
West Bird's Head | Oceania | 5 |
Xincan | North America | 5 |
Yareban | Oceania | 5 |
Yeniseian | Eurasia | 5 |
Yuat | Oceania | 5 |
Aymaran | South America | 4 |
Blue Nile Mao | Africa | 4 |
Chicham | South America | 4 |
Chinookan | North America | 4 |
Chonan | South America | 4 |
Eastern Jebel | Africa | 4 |
Eastern Trans-Fly | Oceania | 4 |
Huavean | North America | 4 |
Iwaidjan Proper | Australia | 4 |
Kamakanan | South America | 4 |
Maiduan | North America | 4 |
Mangarrayi-Maran | Australia | 4 |
Maningrida | Australia | 4 |
Naduhup | South America | 4 |
North Bougainville | Oceania | 4 |
Sentanic | Oceania | 4 |
Shastan | North America | 4 |
Suki-Gogodala | Oceania | 4 |
Tamaic | Africa | 4 |
Tangkic | Australia | 4 |
Turama-Kikori | Oceania | 4 |
Walioic | Oceania | 4 |
Yokutsan | North America | 4 |
Yukaghir | Eurasia | 4 |
Ainu | Eurasia | 3 |
Bororoan | South America | 3 |
Bulaka River | Oceania | 3 |
Charruan | South America | 3 |
Dizoid | Africa | 3 |
East Bird's Head | Oceania | 3 |
Giimbiyu | Australia | 3 |
Gumuz | Africa | 3 |
Jarrakan | Australia | 3 |
Kalapuyan | North America | 3 |
Kamula-Elevala | Oceania | 3 |
Katla-Tima | Africa | 3 |
Kawesqar | South America | 3 |
Kayagaric | Oceania | 3 |
Kolopom | Oceania | 3 |
Kresh-Aja | Africa | 3 |
Kuliak | Africa | 3 |
Kwalean | Oceania | 3 |
Lepki-Murkim-Kembra | Oceania | 3 |
Mairasic | Oceania | 3 |
Peba-Yagua | South America | 3 |
Saliban | South America | 3 |
Tequistlatecan | North America | 3 |
Tsimshian | North America | 3 |
West Bomberai | Oceania | 3 |
Yangmanic | Australia | 3 |
Zamucoan | South America | 3 |
Amto-Musan | Oceania | 2 |
Araucanian | South America | 2 |
Baibai-Fas | Oceania | 2 |
Bayono-Awbono | Oceania | 2 |
Bogia | Oceania | 2 |
Boran | South America | 2 |
Bunaban | Australia | 2 |
Cahuapanan | South America | 2 |
Chimakuan | North America | 2 |
Chiquitano | South America | 2 |
Coosan | North America | 2 |
Doso-Turumsa | Oceania | 2 |
East Kutubu | Oceania | 2 |
Eastern Daly | Australia | 2 |
Furan | Africa | 2 |
Garrwan | Australia | 2 |
Haida | North America | 2 |
Harakmbut | South America | 2 |
Hatam-Mansim | Oceania | 2 |
Hibito-Cholon | South America | 2 |
Huarpean | South America | 2 |
Hurro-Urartian | Eurasia | 2 |
Inanwatan | Oceania | 2 |
Jarawa-Onge | Eurasia | 2 |
Jicaquean | North America | 2 |
Kakua-Nukak | South America | 2 |
Katukinan | South America | 2 |
Kaure-Kosare | Oceania | 2 |
Keresan | North America | 2 |
Konda-Yahadian | Oceania | 2 |
Koreanic | Eurasia | 2 |
Kwomtari-Nai | Oceania | 2 |
Lencan | North America | 2 |
Limilngan-Wulna | Australia | 2 |
Manubaran | Oceania | 2 |
Marrku-Wurrugu | Australia | 2 |
Mombum-Koneraw | Oceania | 2 |
Namla-Tofanma | Oceania | 2 |
Nivkh | Eurasia | 2 |
North-Eastern Tasmanian | Australia | 2 |
Northern Daly | Australia | 2 |
Nyimang | Africa | 2 |
Otomaco-Taparita | South America | 2 |
Pahoturi | Oceania | 2 |
Palaihnihan | North America | 2 |
Piawi | Oceania | 2 |
Puri-Coroado | South America | 2 |
Rashad | Africa | 2 |
Senagi | Oceania | 2 |
Somahai | Oceania | 2 |
South-Eastern Tasmanian | Australia | 2 |
Southern Daly | Australia | 2 |
Tarascan | North America | 2 |
Taulil-Butam | Oceania | 2 |
Teberan | Oceania | 2 |
Temeinic | Africa | 2 |
Ticuna-Yuri | South America | 2 |
Uru-Chipaya | South America | 2 |
Western Tasmanian | Australia | 2 |
Wintuan | North America | 2 |
Yawa-Saweru | Oceania | 2 |
Yuki-Wappo | North America | 2 |
Abinomn | Oceania | 1 |
Abun | Oceania | 1 |
Adai | North America | 1 |
Aewa | South America | 1 |
Aikanã | South America | 1 |
Alsea-Yaquina | North America | 1 |
Andaqui | South America | 1 |
Andoque | South America | 1 |
Anem | Oceania | 1 |
Arutani | South America | 1 |
Asabano | Oceania | 1 |
Atacame | South America | 1 |
Atakapa | North America | 1 |
Bangime | Africa | 1 |
Basque | Eurasia | 1 |
Beothuk | North America | 1 |
Berta | Africa | 1 |
Betoi-Jirara | South America | 1 |
Bilua | Oceania | 1 |
Bogaya | Oceania | 1 |
Burmeso | Oceania | 1 |
Burushaski | Eurasia | 1 |
Camsá | South America | 1 |
Candoshi-Shapra | South America | 1 |
Canichana | South America | 1 |
Cayubaba | South America | 1 |
Cayuse | North America | 1 |
Chimariko | North America | 1 |
Chitimacha | North America | 1 |
Chono | South America | 1 |
Coahuilteco | North America | 1 |
Cofán | South America | 1 |
Comecrudan | North America | 1 |
Cotoname | North America | 1 |
Cuitlatec | North America | 1 |
Culli | South America | 1 |
Damal | Oceania | 1 |
Dem | Oceania | 1 |
Dibiyaso | Oceania | 1 |
Duna | Oceania | 1 |
Elamite | Eurasia | 1 |
Elseng | Oceania | 1 |
Esselen | North America | 1 |
Etruscan | Eurasia | 1 |
Fasu | Oceania | 1 |
Fulniô | South America | 1 |
Gaagudju | Australia | 1 |
Guachi | South America | 1 |
Guaicurian | North America | 1 |
Guamo | South America | 1 |
Guató | South America | 1 |
Gule | Africa | 1 |
Guriaso | Oceania | 1 |
Hadza | Africa | 1 |
Hattic | Eurasia | 1 |
Hoti | South America | 1 |
Hruso | Eurasia | 1 |
Iberian | Eurasia | 1 |
Irántxe-Münkü | South America | 1 |
Itonama | South America | 1 |
Jalaa | Africa | 1 |
Jirajaran | South America | 1 |
Kaki Ae | Oceania | 1 |
Kanoê | South America | 1 |
Kapori | Oceania | 1 |
Karami | Oceania | 1 |
Karankawa | North America | 1 |
Kariri | South America | 1 |
Karok | North America | 1 |
Kehu | Oceania | 1 |
Kenaboi | Eurasia | 1 |
Kibiri | Oceania | 1 |
Kimki | Oceania | 1 |
Klamath-Modoc | North America | 1 |
Kol (Papua New Guinea) | Oceania | 1 |
Kujarge | Africa | 1 |
Kunama | Africa | 1 |
Kungarakany | Australia | 1 |
Kunza | South America | 1 |
Kuot | Oceania | 1 |
Kusunda | Eurasia | 1 |
Kutenai | North America | 1 |
Kwaza | South America | 1 |
Laal | Africa | 1 |
Lafofa | Africa | 1 |
Laragia | Australia | 1 |
Lavukaleve | Oceania | 1 |
Leco | South America | 1 |
Lule | South America | 1 |
Máku | South America | 1 |
Maratino | North America | 1 |
Marori | Oceania | 1 |
Massep | Oceania | 1 |
Matanawí | South America | 1 |
Mato Grosso Arára | South America | 1 |
Mawes | Oceania | 1 |
Maybrat-Karon | Oceania | 1 |
Meroitic | Africa | 1 |
Mimi-Gaudefroy | Africa | 1 |
Minkin | Australia | 1 |
Mochica | South America | 1 |
Molale | North America | 1 |
Molof | Oceania | 1 |
Mor (Bomberai Peninsula) | Oceania | 1 |
Mosetén-Chimané | South America | 1 |
Movima | South America | 1 |
Mpur | Oceania | 1 |
Muniche | South America | 1 |
Mure | South America | 1 |
Nara | Africa | 1 |
Natchez | North America | 1 |
Nihali | Eurasia | 1 |
Odiai | Oceania | 1 |
Omurano | South America | 1 |
Ongota | Africa | 1 |
Oti | South America | 1 |
Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport | Australia | 1 |
Páez | South America | 1 |
Pankararú | South America | 1 |
Papi | Oceania | 1 |
Pawaia | Oceania | 1 |
Payagua | South America | 1 |
Pele-Ata | Oceania | 1 |
Pirahã | South America | 1 |
Puelche | South America | 1 |
Puinave | South America | 1 |
Pumé | South America | 1 |
Puquina | South America | 1 |
Purari | Oceania | 1 |
Pyu | Oceania | 1 |
Ramanos | South America | 1 |
Salinan | North America | 1 |
Sandawe | Africa | 1 |
Sapé | South America | 1 |
Sause | Oceania | 1 |
Savosavo | Oceania | 1 |
Sechuran | South America | 1 |
Seri | North America | 1 |
Shabo | Africa | 1 |
Shom Peng | Eurasia | 1 |
Siamou | Africa | 1 |
Siuslaw | North America | 1 |
Sulka | Oceania | 1 |
Sumerian | Eurasia | 1 |
Tabo | Oceania | 1 |
Taiap | Oceania | 1 |
Takelma | North America | 1 |
Tallán | South America | 1 |
Tambora | Oceania | 1 |
Tanahmerah | Oceania | 1 |
Taruma | South America | 1 |
Taushiro | South America | 1 |
Timote-Cuica | South America | 1 |
Timucua | North America | 1 |
Tinigua | South America | 1 |
Tiwi | Australia | 1 |
Tonkawa | North America | 1 |
Touo | Oceania | 1 |
Trumai | South America | 1 |
Tunica | North America | 1 |
Tuxá | South America | 1 |
Umbugarla | Australia | 1 |
Urarina | South America | 1 |
Usku | Oceania | 1 |
Vilela | South America | 1 |
Wadjiginy | Australia | 1 |
Wageman | Australia | 1 |
Waorani | South America | 1 |
Warao | South America | 1 |
Washo | North America | 1 |
Wiru | Oceania | 1 |
Xukurú | South America | 1 |
Yale | Oceania | 1 |
Yámana | South America | 1 |
Yana | North America | 1 |
Yele | Oceania | 1 |
Yerakai | Oceania | 1 |
Yetfa | Oceania | 1 |
Yuchi | North America | 1 |
Yuracaré | South America | 1 |
Yurumanguí | South America | 1 |
Zuni | North America | 1 |
গ্লোটোলগ হল বিশ্বের স্বল্প পরিচিত ভাষার একটি গ্রন্থপঞ্জী তথ্যভাণ্ডার, যা জার্মানির লাইপ্ৎসিশের বিবর্তনমূলক নৃবিজ্ঞানের জন্য ম্যাক্স প্ল্যাঙ্ক ইনস্টিটিউটে সর্বপ্রথম ডেভেলপ এবং রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ করা হয়েছিল (জার্মানির জেনাতে মানব ইতিহাসের জন্য ম্যাক্স প্ল্যাঙ্ক ইনস্টিটিউটে ২০১৫ এবং ২০২০ সাল পর্যন্ত)। এর প্রধান তত্ত্বাবধায়কদের মধ্যে রয়েছেন হ্যারাল্ড হ্যামারস্ট্রোম এবং মার্টিন হাসপেলমাথ ।
ওভারভিউ
গ্লোটোলগ বিশ্বের ভাষা এবং ভাষা পরিবারের একটি পঞ্জি এবং বিশ্বের কম বলা ভাষার উপর একটি গ্রন্থপঞ্জি প্রদান করে। এটি বিভিন্ন দিক থেকে অনুরূপ ক্যাটালগ এথনোলগ থেকে ভিন্ন:
- এটি শুধুমাত্র সেই ভাষাগুলোকে গ্রহণ করার চেষ্টা করে যেগুলোর ব্যাপারে সম্পাদকরা নিশ্চিত করতে সক্ষম হয়েছে যে, সেগুলো একইসাথে বিদ্যমান এবং স্বতন্ত্র। যে উৎস নিশ্চিত করা হয়নি, কিন্তু অন্য উত্স থেকে উত্তরাধিকারসূত্রে প্রাপ্ত, সেগুলোকে "অনুসন্ধানী" বা "অপ্রমাণিত " হিসাবে ট্যাগ করা হয়েছে৷
- এটি শুধুমাত্র ভাষাগুলোকে পরিবারগুলোতে শ্রেণীবদ্ধ করার চেষ্টা করে, যেগুলো বৈধ বলে প্রমাণিত হয়েছে।
- গ্রন্থপঞ্জী সংক্রান্ত তথ্য প্রদান করা হয়, বিশেষ করে কম পরিচিত ভাষার জন্য।
- সীমিত পরিমাণে বিকল্প নামগুলি তাদের ব্যবহার করে এমন উত্স অনুসারে তালিকাভুক্ত করা হয়েছে।
গ্রন্থপঞ্জীতে ব্যবহৃত ভাষার নাম আইএসও ৬৩৯-৩ কোড বা গ্লোটোলগের নিজস্ব কোড (গ্লোটোকোড) দ্বারা চিহ্নিত করা হয়; এর ভৌগলিক কেন্দ্রে মানচিত্রের একটি একক বিন্দু-অবস্থান ছাড়া কোনো নৃতাত্ত্বিক বা জনসংখ্যা সংক্রান্ত তথ্য প্রদান করা হয় না। বহিঃসংযোগগুলো আইএসও, এথনোলগ এবং অন্যান্য অনলাইন ভাষা ডাটাবেজে প্রদান করা হয়
সর্বশেষ সংস্করণটি ৪.৫, ক্রিয়েটিভ কমন্স অ্যাট্রিবিউশন ৪.০ আন্তর্জাতিক লাইসেন্সের অধীনে ২০২১ সালের ডিসেম্বরে প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল।
এটি মানব ইতিহাস বিজ্ঞানের জন্য ম্যাক্স প্ল্যাঙ্ক ইনস্টিটিউট দ্বারা হোস্ট করা ক্রস-লিঙ্গুইস্টিক লিঙ্কড ডেটা প্রকল্পের অংশ।[১]
ভাষা পরিবার
পরিবারের মধ্যে ভাষা এবং গোষ্ঠীর সদস্যপদ প্রতিষ্ঠার ক্ষেত্রে বেশিরভাগ অনলাইন ডাটাবেসের তুলনায় গ্লোটোলগ তার শ্রেণীবিভাগে আরও রক্ষণশীল কিন্তু অশ্রেণীবদ্ধ ভাষাগুলোকে বিচ্ছিন্ন হিসাবে বিবেচনা করার ক্ষেত্রে আরও উদার। সংস্করণ ৪.৪ ৪১৯টি মৌখিক-ভাষা[টীকা ২] পরিবারকে তালিকাভুক্ত করে এবং নিম্নরূপ বিচ্ছিন্ন করে:[২]
Name | Region[টীকা ৩] | Languages |
---|---|---|
Atlantic-Congo | Africa | 1,403 |
Austronesian | Africa, Eurasia, Oceania, South America | 1,270 |
Indo-European | Africa, Australia, Eurasia, North America, Oceania, South America | 581 |
Sino-Tibetan | Eurasia | 498 |
Afro-Asiatic | Africa, Eurasia | 377 |
Nuclear Trans New Guinea | Oceania | 317 |
Pama-Nyungan | Australia, Oceania | 250 |
Otomanguean | North America | 182 |
Austroasiatic | Eurasia | 158 |
Tai-Kadai | Eurasia | 95 |
Dravidian | Eurasia | 81 |
Arawakan | North America, South America | 77 |
Mande | Africa | 75 |
Tupian | South America | 71 |
Uto-Aztecan | North America | 69 |
Central Sudanic | Africa | 63 |
Nilotic | Africa | 55 |
Nuclear Torricelli | Oceania | 55 |
Uralic | Eurasia | 48 |
Algic | North America | 46 |
Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit | North America | 46 |
Pano-Tacanan | South America | 45 |
Quechuan | South America | 44 |
Turkic | Eurasia | 44 |
Cariban | South America | 42 |
Hmong-Mien | Eurasia | 39 |
Kru | Africa | 38 |
Sepik | Oceania | 36 |
Nakh-Daghestanian | Eurasia | 34 |
Mayan | North America | 33 |
Lower Sepik-Ramu | Oceania | 30 |
Nuclear-Macro-Je | South America | 30 |
Chibchan | North America, South America | 27 |
Tucanoan | South America | 26 |
Salishan | North America | 25 |
Timor-Alor-Pantar | Oceania | 23 |
Dogon | Africa | 20 |
Lakes Plain | Oceania | 20 |
Mixe-Zoque | North America | 19 |
Ta-Ne-Omotic | Africa | 19 |
Yam | Oceania | 19 |
Siouan | North America | 18 |
Anim | Oceania | 17 |
Mongolic-Khitan | Eurasia | 17 |
Border | Oceania | 15 |
Japonic | Eurasia, Oceania | 15 |
North Halmahera | Oceania | 15 |
Khoe-Kwadi | Africa | 14 |
Angan | Oceania | 13 |
Eskimo-Aleut | Eurasia, North America | 13 |
Miwok-Costanoan | North America | 13 |
Ndu | Oceania | 13 |
Nubian | Africa | 13 |
Tor-Orya | Oceania | 13 |
Totonacan | North America | 13 |
Tungusic | Eurasia | 13 |
Chapacuran | South America | 12 |
Gunwinyguan | Australia | 12 |
Cochimi-Yuman | North America | 11 |
Iroquoian | North America | 11 |
Surmic | Africa | 11 |
Western Daly | Australia | 11 |
Geelvink Bay | Oceania | 10 |
Great Andamanese | Eurasia, Oceania | 10 |
Heibanic | Africa | 10 |
Ijoid | Africa | 10 |
Maban | Africa | 10 |
Nyulnyulan | Australia | 10 |
Saharan | Africa | 10 |
Sko | Oceania | 10 |
Songhay | Africa | 10 |
Worrorran | Australia | 10 |
Chocoan | South America | 9 |
Dagan | Oceania | 9 |
South Bougainville | Oceania | 9 |
Tuu | Africa | 9 |
Greater Kwerba | Oceania | 8 |
Kiowa-Tanoan | North America | 8 |
Koiarian | Oceania | 8 |
Mailuan | Oceania | 8 |
Narrow Talodi | Africa | 8 |
Bosavi | Oceania | 7 |
Chukotko-Kamchatkan | Eurasia | 7 |
Dajuic | Africa | 7 |
Huitotoan | South America | 7 |
Matacoan | South America | 7 |
Muskogean | North America | 7 |
Pomoan | North America | 7 |
Arawan | South America | 6 |
Baining | Oceania | 6 |
Barbacoan | South America | 6 |
Chumashan | North America | 6 |
East Strickland | Oceania | 6 |
Goilalan | Oceania | 6 |
Kadugli-Krongo | Africa | 6 |
Kiwaian | Oceania | 6 |
Left May | Oceania | 6 |
Lengua-Mascoy | South America | 6 |
Nambiquaran | South America | 6 |
South Bird's Head Family | Oceania | 6 |
Wakashan | North America | 6 |
Yanomamic | South America | 6 |
Zaparoan | South America | 6 |
Abkhaz-Adyge | Eurasia | 5 |
Arafundi | Oceania | 5 |
Caddoan | North America | 5 |
Eleman | Oceania | 5 |
Guahiboan | South America | 5 |
Guaicuruan | South America | 5 |
Kartvelian | Eurasia | 5 |
Keram | Oceania | 5 |
Koman | Africa | 5 |
Kxa | Africa | 5 |
Mirndi | Australia | 5 |
Misumalpan | North America | 5 |
Nimboranic | Oceania | 5 |
Pauwasi | Oceania | 5 |
Sahaptian | North America | 5 |
South Omotic | Africa | 5 |
West Bird's Head | Oceania | 5 |
Xincan | North America | 5 |
Yareban | Oceania | 5 |
Yeniseian | Eurasia | 5 |
Yuat | Oceania | 5 |
Aymaran | South America | 4 |
Blue Nile Mao | Africa | 4 |
Chicham | South America | 4 |
Chinookan | North America | 4 |
Chonan | South America | 4 |
Eastern Jebel | Africa | 4 |
Eastern Trans-Fly | Oceania | 4 |
Huavean | North America | 4 |
Iwaidjan Proper | Australia | 4 |
Kamakanan | South America | 4 |
Maiduan | North America | 4 |
Mangarrayi-Maran | Australia | 4 |
Maningrida | Australia | 4 |
Naduhup | South America | 4 |
North Bougainville | Oceania | 4 |
Sentanic | Oceania | 4 |
Shastan | North America | 4 |
Suki-Gogodala | Oceania | 4 |
Tamaic | Africa | 4 |
Tangkic | Australia | 4 |
Turama-Kikori | Oceania | 4 |
Walioic | Oceania | 4 |
Yokutsan | North America | 4 |
Yukaghir | Eurasia | 4 |
Ainu | Eurasia | 3 |
Bororoan | South America | 3 |
Bulaka River | Oceania | 3 |
Charruan | South America | 3 |
Dizoid | Africa | 3 |
East Bird's Head | Oceania | 3 |
Giimbiyu | Australia | 3 |
Gumuz | Africa | 3 |
Jarrakan | Australia | 3 |
Kalapuyan | North America | 3 |
Kamula-Elevala | Oceania | 3 |
Katla-Tima | Africa | 3 |
Kawesqar | South America | 3 |
Kayagaric | Oceania | 3 |
Kolopom | Oceania | 3 |
Kresh-Aja | Africa | 3 |
Kuliak | Africa | 3 |
Kwalean | Oceania | 3 |
Lepki-Murkim-Kembra | Oceania | 3 |
Mairasic | Oceania | 3 |
Peba-Yagua | South America | 3 |
Saliban | South America | 3 |
Tequistlatecan | North America | 3 |
Tsimshian | North America | 3 |
West Bomberai | Oceania | 3 |
Yangmanic | Australia | 3 |
Zamucoan | South America | 3 |
Amto-Musan | Oceania | 2 |
Araucanian | South America | 2 |
Baibai-Fas | Oceania | 2 |
Bayono-Awbono | Oceania | 2 |
Bogia | Oceania | 2 |
Boran | South America | 2 |
Bunaban | Australia | 2 |
Cahuapanan | South America | 2 |
Chimakuan | North America | 2 |
Chiquitano | South America | 2 |
Coosan | North America | 2 |
Doso-Turumsa | Oceania | 2 |
East Kutubu | Oceania | 2 |
Eastern Daly | Australia | 2 |
Furan | Africa | 2 |
Garrwan | Australia | 2 |
Haida | North America | 2 |
Harakmbut | South America | 2 |
Hatam-Mansim | Oceania | 2 |
Hibito-Cholon | South America | 2 |
Huarpean | South America | 2 |
Hurro-Urartian | Eurasia | 2 |
Inanwatan | Oceania | 2 |
Jarawa-Onge | Eurasia | 2 |
Jicaquean | North America | 2 |
Kakua-Nukak | South America | 2 |
Katukinan | South America | 2 |
Kaure-Kosare | Oceania | 2 |
Keresan | North America | 2 |
Konda-Yahadian | Oceania | 2 |
Koreanic | Eurasia | 2 |
Kwomtari-Nai | Oceania | 2 |
Lencan | North America | 2 |
Limilngan-Wulna | Australia | 2 |
Manubaran | Oceania | 2 |
Marrku-Wurrugu | Australia | 2 |
Mombum-Koneraw | Oceania | 2 |
Namla-Tofanma | Oceania | 2 |
Nivkh | Eurasia | 2 |
North-Eastern Tasmanian | Australia | 2 |
Northern Daly | Australia | 2 |
Nyimang | Africa | 2 |
Otomaco-Taparita | South America | 2 |
Pahoturi | Oceania | 2 |
Palaihnihan | North America | 2 |
Piawi | Oceania | 2 |
Puri-Coroado | South America | 2 |
Rashad | Africa | 2 |
Senagi | Oceania | 2 |
Somahai | Oceania | 2 |
South-Eastern Tasmanian | Australia | 2 |
Southern Daly | Australia | 2 |
Tarascan | North America | 2 |
Taulil-Butam | Oceania | 2 |
Teberan | Oceania | 2 |
Temeinic | Africa | 2 |
Ticuna-Yuri | South America | 2 |
Uru-Chipaya | South America | 2 |
Western Tasmanian | Australia | 2 |
Wintuan | North America | 2 |
Yawa-Saweru | Oceania | 2 |
Yuki-Wappo | North America | 2 |
Abinomn | Oceania | 1 |
Abun | Oceania | 1 |
Adai | North America | 1 |
Aewa | South America | 1 |
Aikanã | South America | 1 |
Alsea-Yaquina | North America | 1 |
Andaqui | South America | 1 |
Andoque | South America | 1 |
Anem | Oceania | 1 |
Arutani | South America | 1 |
Asabano | Oceania | 1 |
Atacame | South America | 1 |
Atakapa | North America | 1 |
Bangime | Africa | 1 |
Basque | Eurasia | 1 |
Beothuk | North America | 1 |
Berta | Africa | 1 |
Betoi-Jirara | South America | 1 |
Bilua | Oceania | 1 |
Bogaya | Oceania | 1 |
Burmeso | Oceania | 1 |
Burushaski | Eurasia | 1 |
Camsá | South America | 1 |
Candoshi-Shapra | South America | 1 |
Canichana | South America | 1 |
Cayubaba | South America | 1 |
Cayuse | North America | 1 |
Chimariko | North America | 1 |
Chitimacha | North America | 1 |
Chono | South America | 1 |
Coahuilteco | North America | 1 |
Cofán | South America | 1 |
Comecrudan | North America | 1 |
Cotoname | North America | 1 |
Cuitlatec | North America | 1 |
Culli | South America | 1 |
Damal | Oceania | 1 |
Dem | Oceania | 1 |
Dibiyaso | Oceania | 1 |
Duna | Oceania | 1 |
Elamite | Eurasia | 1 |
Elseng | Oceania | 1 |
Esselen | North America | 1 |
Etruscan | Eurasia | 1 |
Fasu | Oceania | 1 |
Fulniô | South America | 1 |
Gaagudju | Australia | 1 |
Guachi | South America | 1 |
Guaicurian | North America | 1 |
Guamo | South America | 1 |
Guató | South America | 1 |
Gule | Africa | 1 |
Guriaso | Oceania | 1 |
Hadza | Africa | 1 |
Hattic | Eurasia | 1 |
Hoti | South America | 1 |
Hruso | Eurasia | 1 |
Iberian | Eurasia | 1 |
Irántxe-Münkü | South America | 1 |
Itonama | South America | 1 |
Jalaa | Africa | 1 |
Jirajaran | South America | 1 |
Kaki Ae | Oceania | 1 |
Kanoê | South America | 1 |
Kapori | Oceania | 1 |
Karami | Oceania | 1 |
Karankawa | North America | 1 |
Kariri | South America | 1 |
Karok | North America | 1 |
Kehu | Oceania | 1 |
Kenaboi | Eurasia | 1 |
Kibiri | Oceania | 1 |
Kimki | Oceania | 1 |
Klamath-Modoc | North America | 1 |
Kol (Papua New Guinea) | Oceania | 1 |
Kujarge | Africa | 1 |
Kunama | Africa | 1 |
Kungarakany | Australia | 1 |
Kunza | South America | 1 |
Kuot | Oceania | 1 |
Kusunda | Eurasia | 1 |
Kutenai | North America | 1 |
Kwaza | South America | 1 |
Laal | Africa | 1 |
Lafofa | Africa | 1 |
Laragia | Australia | 1 |
Lavukaleve | Oceania | 1 |
Leco | South America | 1 |
Lule | South America | 1 |
Máku | South America | 1 |
Maratino | North America | 1 |
Marori | Oceania | 1 |
Massep | Oceania | 1 |
Matanawí | South America | 1 |
Mato Grosso Arára | South America | 1 |
Mawes | Oceania | 1 |
Maybrat-Karon | Oceania | 1 |
Meroitic | Africa | 1 |
Mimi-Gaudefroy | Africa | 1 |
Minkin | Australia | 1 |
Mochica | South America | 1 |
Molale | North America | 1 |
Molof | Oceania | 1 |
Mor (Bomberai Peninsula) | Oceania | 1 |
Mosetén-Chimané | South America | 1 |
Movima | South America | 1 |
Mpur | Oceania | 1 |
Muniche | South America | 1 |
Mure | South America | 1 |
Nara | Africa | 1 |
Natchez | North America | 1 |
Nihali | Eurasia | 1 |
Odiai | Oceania | 1 |
Omurano | South America | 1 |
Ongota | Africa | 1 |
Oti | South America | 1 |
Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport | Australia | 1 |
Páez | South America | 1 |
Pankararú | South America | 1 |
Papi | Oceania | 1 |
Pawaia | Oceania | 1 |
Payagua | South America | 1 |
Pele-Ata | Oceania | 1 |
Pirahã | South America | 1 |
Puelche | South America | 1 |
Puinave | South America | 1 |
Pumé | South America | 1 |
Puquina | South America | 1 |
Purari | Oceania | 1 |
Pyu | Oceania | 1 |
Ramanos | South America | 1 |
Salinan | North America | 1 |
Sandawe | Africa | 1 |
Sapé | South America | 1 |
Sause | Oceania | 1 |
Savosavo | Oceania | 1 |
Sechuran | South America | 1 |
Seri | North America | 1 |
Shabo | Africa | 1 |
Shom Peng | Eurasia | 1 |
Siamou | Africa | 1 |
Siuslaw | North America | 1 |
Sulka | Oceania | 1 |
Sumerian | Eurasia | 1 |
Tabo | Oceania | 1 |
Taiap | Oceania | 1 |
Takelma | North America | 1 |
Tallán | South America | 1 |
Tambora | Oceania | 1 |
Tanahmerah | Oceania | 1 |
Taruma | South America | 1 |
Taushiro | South America | 1 |
Timote-Cuica | South America | 1 |
Timucua | North America | 1 |
Tinigua | South America | 1 |
Tiwi | Australia | 1 |
Tonkawa | North America | 1 |
Touo | Oceania | 1 |
Trumai | South America | 1 |
Tunica | North America | 1 |
Tuxá | South America | 1 |
Umbugarla | Australia | 1 |
Urarina | South America | 1 |
Usku | Oceania | 1 |
Vilela | South America | 1 |
Wadjiginy | Australia | 1 |
Wageman | Australia | 1 |
Waorani | South America | 1 |
Warao | South America | 1 |
Washo | North America | 1 |
Wiru | Oceania | 1 |
Xukurú | South America | 1 |
Yale | Oceania | 1 |
Yámana | South America | 1 |
Yana | North America | 1 |
Yele | Oceania | 1 |
Yerakai | Oceania | 1 |
Yetfa | Oceania | 1 |
Yuchi | North America | 1 |
Yuracaré | South America | 1 |
Yurumanguí | South America | 1 |
Zuni | North America | 1 |
ক্রেওলসকে সেই ভাষা দিয়ে শ্রেণীবদ্ধ করা হয় যেটি তাদের মৌলিক অভিধান সরবরাহ করেছে।
উপরে তালিকাভুক্ত পরিবার এবং বিচ্ছিন্নতা ছাড়াও, গ্লোটোলগ বিভিন্ন ভাষার জন্য বেশ কিছু অ-বংশগত পরিবার ব্যবহার করে:[৩]
- পিজিনস (৮৩ ভাষা)
- মিশ্র ভাষা (11)
- কৃত্রিম ভাষা (31)
- স্পিচ রেজিস্টার (15)
- সাংকেতিক ভাষা (210টি, 1টি পিজিন সহ, [৪] 4টি সহায়ক সাইন সিস্টেম, [৫] এবং 2টি অশ্রেণীবদ্ধ সাইন ভাষা) [৬]
- শ্রেণিবিন্যাসযোগ্য সত্যায়িত ভাষা (121)
- অপ্রমাণিত ভাষা (68)
- বুককিপিং: বানোয়াট ভাষা, যেমন অবসরপ্রাপ্ত ISO এন্ট্রি; হিসাবরক্ষণের উদ্দেশ্যে রাখা হয়েছে (৩৯৪টি সাংকেতিক ভাষা সহ) [৭]
মন্তব্য
- ↑ Geographic regions include "Papunesia" (a portmanteau of Papua (New Guinea) and Austronesia), which refers to the islands of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania, excluding Australia. Here it is replaced with 'Oceania'.
- ↑ Sign languages are listed together, including those grouped typologically as village sign languages, as are pidgins and unclassified languages, but without a claim that they are necessarily related.
- ↑ Geographic regions include "Papunesia" (a portmanteau of Papua (New Guinea) and Austronesia), which refers to the islands of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania, excluding Australia. Here it is replaced with 'Oceania'.
তথ্যসূত্র
- ↑ "Cross-Linguistic Linked Data"। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২০-০২-২২।
- ↑ "Glottolog Families"। glottolog.org। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১৯-১২-০৭।
- ↑ "Glottolog: About Languoids"। glottolog.org। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১৯-০১-২৭।
- ↑ "Glottolog Language: Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language"। glottolog.org। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১৯-০১-২৭।
- ↑ "Glottolog Subfamily: Auxiliary Sign Systems"। glottolog.org। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১৯-০১-২৭।
- ↑ "Glottolog Subfamily: Unclassified Deaf Sign Language"। glottolog.org। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১৯-০১-২৭।
- ↑ "Glottolog Family: Bookkeeping"। glottolog.org। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২১-০৫-২১।