উত্তরপ্রদেশের ইতিহাস: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য
SUSMITA2511 (আলোচনা | অবদান) নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}} {{HistoryOfSouthAsia}} ভারতের রাজ্যসমূহ ও কেন্... |
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১৩:৪৭, ২৭ আগস্ট ২০২০ তারিখে সংশোধিত সংস্করণ
এই নিবন্ধ থেকে {{Use Indian English}} সরান। এটি বাংলা উইকিপিডিয়া, ইংরেজি উইকিপিডিয়া নয়। টেমপ্লেট:Use dmy dates
ভারতের রাজ্যউত্তরপ্রদেশের ইতিহাস, যা আগে উত্তর ভারত বলেই পরিচিত ছিল, আগ্রা ও অযোধ্যার উত্তর-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলগুলিকে নিয়ে তার গঠন হয়েছিল ১৯৩৭ সালের ১লা এপ্রিল। কিন্তু এই অঞ্চলগুলিতে মানবজাতির বসবাস শুরু হয়েছিল ৮৫ থেকে ৭৩ হাজার বছর আগে। মনে করা হয়, প্রায় খৃষ্টপূর্ব ৬ হাজার বর আগে এখানে মানুষ স্থায়ীভাবে বসতি স্থাপন করেছিল।
The early modern period in the region started in 1526 after Babur invaded the Delhi Sultanate, and established the Mughal Empire covering large parts of modern Uttar Pradesh. The remnants of the Mughal Empire include their monuments, most notably Fatehpur Sikri, Allahabad Fort, Agra Fort, and the Taj Mahal.
The region was the site of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, with revolts at Meerut, Kanpur, and Lucknow. The region was also a site for the Indian Independence movement with the Indian National Congress.
After independence in 1947, the United Provinces were renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950.
In 2000, the state of Uttarakhand was carved out from Uttar pradesh
Prehistory
Archeological finds have indicated the presence of Stone Age Homo sapiens hunter-gatherers in Uttar Pradesh[১][২][৩] between around[৪] 85 and 73 thousand years old. Other pre-historical finds have included Middle and Upper Paleolithic artifacts dated to 21–31 thousand years old[৫] and Mesolithic/Microlithic hunter-gatherer's settlement, near Pratapgarh, from around 10550–9550 BC. Villages with domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats and evidence of agriculture began as early as 6000 BC, and gradually developed between c. 4000 and 1500 BC beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization and Harappa Culture to the Vedic period; extending into the Iron Age.[৬][৭][৮]
![Painting of goddess Rama alongside Sita and Laxman](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Rama_in_forest.jpg/170px-Rama_in_forest.jpg)
![Ravana](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Deogarh01.jpg/220px-Deogarh01.jpg)
The kingdom of Kosala, in the Mahajanapada era, was located within the regional boundaries of modern-day Uttar Pradesh.[৯] According to Hindu legend, the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned in Ayodhya, the capital of Kosala.[১০] Krishna, another divine king of Hindu legend, who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation (Avatar) of the Hindu god Vishnu, is said to have been born in the city of Mathura, in Uttar Pradesh.[৯] The aftermath of the Mahabharata yuddh is believed to have taken place in the area between the Upper Doab and Delhi, (in what was Kuru Mahajanapada), during the reign of the Pandava king Yudhishthira. The kingdom of the Kurus corresponds to the Black and Red Ware and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in North-west India, around 1000 BC.[৯]
Middle Kingdoms (c. 200 BCE – c. 1200 CE)
Most of the invaders of south India passed through the Gangetic plains of what is today Uttar Pradesh. Control over this region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the Maurya (320–200 BC), Kushan (100–250 CE), Gupta (350–600 CE), and Gurjara-Pratihara (650–1036 CE) empires.[১১] Following the Huns invasions that broke the Gupta empire, the Ganges-Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj.[১২]
During the reign of Harshavardhana (590–647), the Kannauj empire reached its zenith.[১২] It spanned from Punjab in the north and Gujarat in the west to Bengal in the east and Odisha in the south.[৯] It included parts of central India, north of the Narmada River and it encompassed the entire Indo-Gangetic plain.[১৩] Many communities in various parts of India claim descent from the migrants of Kannauj.[১৪] Soon after Harshavardhana's death, his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, which were invaded and ruled by the Gurjara-Pratihara empire, which challenged Bengal's Pala Empire for control of the region.[১৩] Kannauj was several times invaded by the south Indian Rashtrakuta Dynasty from the 8th century to the 10th century.[১৫][১৬]
Late Medieval and Early Modern period (c. 1200-1858 CE)
Delhi Sultanate
The Delhi Sultanate ruled much of North India between 1206 and 1526 CE.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img05.jpg/220px-Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img05.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg/220px-Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg)
Mughal Empire
In the 16th century, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire, covering India, along with modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh[১৭] The Mughals were descended from Persianised Central Asian Turks (with significant Mongol admixture). In the Mughal era, Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of the empire.[১৪] Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun ruled from Agra.[১৮][১৯]
In 1540 an Afghan, Sher Shah Suri, took over the reins of Uttar Pradesh after defeating the Mughal king Humanyun.[২০] Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at Gwalior.[২১] After the death of Islam Shah Suri, his prime minister Hemu became the de facto ruler of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and the western parts of Bengal. He was bestowed the title of Vikramaditya at his coronation in Purana Quila in Delhi. Hemu died in the Second Battle of Panipat, and Uttar Pradesh came under Emperor Akbar's rule.[২২] Akbar ruled from Agra and his newly established city, Fatehpur Sikri.[২৩] He was succeeded by his son Jahangir.
Jahangir was succeeded by his son Shah Jahan. Shah Jahan is famous for building the Taj Mahal, a mausoleum for his queen Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is considered one of the most significant examples of Indo-Islamic architecture. Shah Jahan was succeeded by his son Aurangzeb, who did not share the religious tolerance of his ancestors, and was infamous for the destruction of temples.
Maratha Empire
In the 18th century, after the fall of Mughal authority, the power vacuum was filled by the Maratha Empire, in the mid 18th century, the Maratha army invaded the Uttar Pradesh region, which resulted in Rohillas losing control of Rohillkhand to the Maratha rulers Raghunath Rao and Malharao Holkar. The conflict between Rohillas and Marathas came to an end on 18 December 1788 with the arrest of Ghulam Qadir, the grandson of Najeeb-ud-Daula, who was defeated by the Maratha general Mahadaji Scindia. In 1803, following the Second Anglo-Maratha War, when the British East India Company defeated the Maratha Empire, much of the region came under British suzerainty.[২৪]
British Colonial period (1858-1947 CE)
Company Rule and Indian Rebellion of 1857
Timeline of reorganization & name changes of UP[২৫] | |
---|---|
1807 | Ceded and Conquered Provinces |
14 November 1834 | Presidency of Agra |
1 January 1836 | North-Western Provinces |
3 April 1858 | Oudh taken under British control, Delhi Territory taken away from NWP and merged into Punjab |
1 April 1871 | Ajmer, Merwara & Kekri made separate commissioner-ship |
15 February 1877 | Oudh added to North-Western Provinces |
22 March 1902 | Renamed United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |
3 January 1921 | Renamed United Provinces of British India |
1 April 1937 | Renamed United Provinces |
1 April 1946 | Self rule granted |
15 August 1947 | Part of independent India |
24 January 1950 | Renamed Uttar Pradesh |
9 November 2000 | Uttaranchal state, now known as Uttarakhand, created from part of Uttar Pradesh |
Starting from Bengal in the second half of the 18th century, a series of battles for north Indian lands finally gave the British East India Company accession over the state's territories.[২৬] Ajmer and Jaipur kingdoms were also included in this northern territory, which was named the "North-Western Provinces" (of Agra). Although UP later became the fifth largest state of India, NWPA was one of the smallest states of the British Indian empire.[২৭] Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad.[তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন]
Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of North India; Bengal regiment's sepoy stationed at Meerut cantonment, Mangal Pandey, is widely credited as its starting point.[২৮] It came to be known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Direct British rule (1858-1947 CE)
After the revolt failed, the British attempted to divide the most rebellious regions by reorganizing the administrative boundaries of the region, splitting the Delhi region from 'NWFP of Agra' and merging it with Punjab, while the Ajmer- Marwar region was merged with Rajputana and Oudh was incorporated into the state. The new state was called the 'North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh', which in 1902 was renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.[২৯] It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP.[৩০][৩১]
In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to Lucknow. The high court continued to be at Allahabad, but a bench was established at Lucknow. Allahabad continues to be an important administrative base of today's Uttar Pradesh and has several administrative headquarters.[৩২] Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of the Indian independence movement. Uttar Pradesh hosted modern educational institutions such as the Benaras Hindu University, Aligarh Muslim University and the Darul Uloom Deoband. Nationally known figures such as Chandra Shekhar Azad were among the leaders of the movement in Uttar Pradesh, and Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Madan Mohan Malaviya and Gobind Ballabh Pant were important national leaders of the Indian National Congress. The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was formed at the Lucknow session of the Congress on 11 April 1936, with the famous nationalist Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first President,[৩৩] in order to address the longstanding grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the zamindari landlords attacks on their occupancy rights, thus sparking the Farmers movements in India.[৩৪] During the Quit India Movement of 1942, Ballia district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administration under Chittu Pandey. Ballia became known as "Baghi Ballia" (Rebel Ballia) for this significant role in India's independence movement.[৩৫]
Post-Independence (1947 CE - present)
1950-2000
After India's independence, the United Provinces were reorganized as Uttar Pradesh in 1950. The state has provided seven of India's prime ministers and is the source of the largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha. Despite its political influence, its poor economic development and administrative record, organised crime and corruption kept it amongst India's backward states. The state has been affected by repeated episodes of caste and communal violence.[৩৬]
There were incidents of communal violence in 1980 and 1987. 1992, a large group of Hindu activists demolished the 16th-century Babri Mosque in the city of Ayodhya, which is claimed to be the site of Ram Janmabhoomi. The Ayodhya dispute triggered massive protests across the state as well as nationally and internationally.
2000 - present
In 2000, northern districts of the state were separated to form the state of Uttarakhand.[৩৭]
See also
References
- ↑ Virendra N. Misra, Peter Bellwood (১৯৮৫)। Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory: proceedings of the international symposium held at Poona। পৃষ্ঠা 69। আইএসবিএন 90-04-07512-7। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৩ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ Bridget Allchin, Frank Raymond Allchin (২৯ জুলাই ১৯৮২)। The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 58। আইএসবিএন 0-521-28550-X। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৩ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal Sankalia; Shantaram Bhalchandra Deo; Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar (১৯৮৫)। Studies in Indian Archaeology: Professor H.D. Sankalia Felicitation Volume। Popular Prakashan। পৃষ্ঠা 96। আইএসবিএন 0-86132-088-3। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৩ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ Confidence limits for the age are 85 (±11) and 72 (±8) thousand years ago.
- ↑ Gibling, Sinha; Sinha, Roy; Roy, Tandon; Tandon, Jain; Jain, M (২০০৮)। "Quaternary fluvial and eolian deposits on the Belan river, India: paleoclimatic setting of Paleolithic to Neolithic archeological sites over the past 85,000 years"। Quaternary Science Reviews। 27 (3–4): 391। ডিওআই:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.11.001।
- ↑ Kenneth A. R. Kennedy (২০০০)। God-apes and Fossil Men। University of Michigan Press। পৃষ্ঠা 263। আইএসবিএন 0-472-11013-6। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৩ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ Bridget Allchin, Frank Raymond Allchin (১৯৮২)। The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 119। আইএসবিএন 0-521-28550-X। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৩ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ "Prehistoric human colonization of India" (PDF)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৫ এপ্রিল ২০১২।
- ↑ ক খ গ ঘ Sailendra Nath Sen (১ জানুয়ারি ১৯৯৯)। Ancient Indian History And Civilization। New Age International। পৃষ্ঠা 105–106। আইএসবিএন 978-81-224-1198-0। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ অক্টোবর ২০১২।
- ↑ William Buck (১ জানুয়ারি ২০০০)। Ramayana। Motilal Banarsidass। আইএসবিএন 978-81-208-1720-3। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ অক্টোবর ২০১২।
- ↑ Richard White (৮ নভেম্বর ২০১০)। The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815। Cambridge University Press। আইএসবিএন 978-1-107-00562-4। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ অক্টোবর ২০১২।
- ↑ ক খ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০৭)। World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia। Marshall Cavendish। পৃষ্ঠা 331–335। আইএসবিএন 978-0-7614-7631-3। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ অক্টোবর ২০১২।
- ↑ ক খ Pran Nath Chopra (১ ডিসেম্বর ২০০৩)। A Comprehensive History of Ancient India। Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd। পৃষ্ঠা 196। আইএসবিএন 978-81-207-2503-4। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ অক্টোবর ২০১২।
- ↑ ক খ John Stewart Bowman (২০০০)। Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
। Columbia University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 273। আইএসবিএন 978-0-231-11004-4। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২ আগস্ট ২০১২।
- ↑ The History of India by Kenneth Pletcher p.102
- ↑ The City in South Asia by James Heitzman p.37
- ↑ The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire) ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ২৭ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১১ তারিখে
- ↑ Annemarie Schimmel (৫ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০০৪)। The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture
। Reaktion Books। আইএসবিএন 978-1-86189-185-3। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ অক্টোবর ২০১২।
- ↑ Babur (Emperor of Hindustan); Dilip Hiro (১ মার্চ ২০০৬)। Babur Nama: Journal of Emperor Babur। Penguin Books India। আইএসবিএন 978-0-14-400149-1। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ অক্টোবর ২০১২।
- ↑ Carlos Ramirez-Faria (১ জানুয়ারি ২০০৭)। Concise Encyclopeida Of World History। Atlantic Publishers & Dist। পৃষ্ঠা 171। আইএসবিএন 978-81-269-0775-5। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২ আগস্ট ২০১২।
- ↑ Stronge, Susan (১৬ অক্টোবর ২০১২)। Mughal Hindustan is renowned for its opulence। London: The Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms (V&A 1999)। পৃষ্ঠা 255। আইএসবিএন 9788174366962। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৩ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ Ashvini Agrawal (১ জানুয়ারি ১৯৮৩)। Studies In Mughal History। Motilal Banarsidass। পৃষ্ঠা 30–46। আইএসবিএন 978-81-208-2326-6। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৭ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ Fergus Nicoll, Shah Jahan: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor (2009)
- ↑ Mayaram, Shail। Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history। Columbia University Press, 2003। আইএসবিএন 978-0-231-12731-8।
- ↑ "Archived copy"। ৩ মে ২০১৭ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৩ মে ২০১৭।
- ↑ Gyanesh Kudaisya (১৯৯৪)। Region, nation, "heartland": Uttar Pradesh in India's body-politic। LIT Verlag Münster। পৃষ্ঠা 126–376। আইএসবিএন 978-3-8258-2097-8।
- ↑ K. Sivaramakrishnan (৩ ডিসেম্বর ১৯৯৯)। Modern Forests: Statemaking and Environmental Change in Colonial Eastern India। Stanford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 240–276। আইএসবিএন 978-0-8047-4556-7। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৬ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ Rudrangshu Mukherjee (১ জুন ২০০৫)। Mangal Pandey: brave martyr or accidental hero?। Penguin Books। আইএসবিএন 978-0-14-303256-4। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ অক্টোবর ২০১২।
- ↑ United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (India); D.L. Drake-Brockman (১৯৩৪)। District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: supp.D.Pilibhit District। Supdt., Government Press, United Provinces। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ অক্টোবর ২০১২।
- ↑ Dilip K. Chakrabarti (১ জুন ১৯৯৭)। Colonial Indology: sociopolitics of the ancient Indian past। Michigan: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.। পৃষ্ঠা 257। আইএসবিএন 978-81-215-0750-9। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৬ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ Bernard S. Cohn (১৯ আগস্ট ১৯৯৬)। Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India। Princeton University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 189। আইএসবিএন 978-0-691-00043-5। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৬ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ K. Balasankaran Nair (১ জানুয়ারি ২০০৪)। Law Of Contempt Of Court In India। Atlantic Publishers & Dist। পৃষ্ঠা 320। আইএসবিএন 978-81-269-0359-7। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৬ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ Śekhara, Bandyopādhyāya (২০০৪)। From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India। Orient Longman। পৃষ্ঠা 407। আইএসবিএন 978-81-250-2596-2।
- ↑ Bandyopādhyāya, Śekhara (২০০৪)। From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India। Orient Longman। পৃষ্ঠা 406। আইএসবিএন 978-81-250-2596-2।
- ↑ Bankim Chandra Chatterji (১৫ জানুয়ারি ২০০৬)। Anandamath। Orient Paperbacks। পৃষ্ঠা 168। আইএসবিএন 978-81-222-0130-7। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৬ জুলাই ২০১২।
- ↑ "Communal violence"। Business Standard। Ananda Publishers। Kotak Mahindra Bank। ৬ আগস্ট ২০১৪। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৫ আগস্ট ২০১৪।
- ↑ J. C. Aggarwal; S. P. Agrawal (১৯৯৫)। Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future। Concept Publishing Company। পৃষ্ঠা 391। আইএসবিএন 978-81-7022-572-0।
Bibliography
For Paleolithic & Neolithic period:
- Kennedy, Kenneth Adrian Raine (২০০০)। God-Apes and Fossil Men: Palaeoanthropology of South Asia। Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press।
- James, Hannah V. A.; Petraglia, Michael D. (ডিসেম্বর ২০০৫)। "Modern Human Origins and the Evolution of Behavior in the Later Pleistocene Record of South Asia" (পিডিএফ)। Current Anthropology। 46 (Supplement): S3। ডিওআই:10.1086/444365। ১৯ আগস্ট ২০০৬ তারিখে মূল (PDF) থেকে আর্কাইভ করা।
- Misra, V. N. (নভেম্বর ২০০১)। "Prehistoric human colonization of India" (PDF)। Journal of Biosciences। 26 (4): 491–531। ডিওআই:10.1007/BF02704749। পিএমআইডি 11779962।
For Copper Hoard culture:
- Sharma, Deo Prakash, 2002. Newly Discovered Copper Hoard, Weapons of South Asia (C. 2800–1500 BC), Delhi, Bharatiya Kala Prakashan,182 p.
- Yule, P. 1985. Metalwork of the Bronze Age in India. C.H. Beck, Munich আইএসবিএন ৩-৪০৬-৩০৪৪০-০
- Yule, P./Hauptmann, A./Hughes, M. 1989 [1992]. The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation, Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 36, 193–275, ISSN 0076-2741
- Gupta, S.P. (ed.). 1995. The lost Sarasvati and the Indus Civilization. Kusumanjali Prakashan, Jodhpur.
For Painted Grey Ware culture:
- Bryant, Edwin (২০০১)। The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture। Oxford University Press। আইএসবিএন 0-19-513777-9।
- Chakrabarti, D.K. 1968. The Aryan hypothesis in Indian archaeology. Indian Studies Past and Present 4, 333–358.
- Jim Shaffer. 1984. The Indo-Aryan Invasions: Cultural Myth and Archaeological Reality. In: J.R. Lukak. The People of South Asia. New York: Plenum. 1984.
- Kennedy, Kenneth 1995. "Have Aryans been identified in the prehistoric skeletal record from South Asia?", in George Erdosy, ed.: The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia, pp. 49–54.
For Cemetery H culture:
- Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (১৯৯১)। "Urban Process in the Indus Tradition: A preliminary model from Harappa"। Meadow, R. H.। Harappa Excavations 1986–1990: A multidiscipinary approach to Third Millennium urbanism। Madison, WI: Prehistory Press। পৃষ্ঠা 29–60।
- http://www.harappa.com
- https://web.archive.org/web/20060908052731/http://pubweb.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp/indus/english/3_1_01.html
For Vedic Period:
- Basham, A. L. (২০০৮), The Wonder That Was India: A survey of the history and culture of the Indian sub-continent before the coming of the Muslims, Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan, আইএসবিএন 978-1-59740-599-7
- Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (১৯৯৮), A History of India, Routledge, আইএসবিএন 978-0-415-32920-0
- Singh, Upinder (২০০৮), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Pearson Education India, আইএসবিএন 978-81-317-1120-0
- Guruge, Ananda W. P. (১৯৯১), The Society of Rāmāyaṇa, Abhinav Publications, আইএসবিএন 978-81-7017-265-9
For Indo-Schynthians
- Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 BC to AD 250. Paris, UNESCO Publishing.
- Hill, John E. 2004. The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu. Draft annotated English translation.
"The Han Histories"। Depts.washington.edu। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৮-০২। - Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD. Draft annotated English translation.
"Weilue: The Peoples of the West"। Depts.washington.edu। ২০০৪-০৫-২৩। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৮-০২। - Liu, Xinru 2001 "Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies." Journal of World History, Volume 12, No. 2, Fall 2001. University of Hawaii Press, pp. 261–292.
"Project MUSE – Journal of World History"। Muse.jhu.edu। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৮-০২। . - Watson, Burton. Trans. 1961. Records of the Grand Historian of China: Translated from the Shih chi of Ssu-ma Ch'ien. Chapter 123: The Account of Ta-yüan, p. 265. Columbia University Press. আইএসবিএন ০-২৩১-০৮১৬৭-৭
For Kushans:
- Avari, Burjor (২০০৭)। India: The Ancient Past। London: Routledge। আইএসবিএন 978-0-415-35616-9।
- Bopearachchi, Osmund (২০০৩)। De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale (French ভাষায়)। Lattes: Association imago-musée de Lattes। আইএসবিএন 2-9516679-2-2।
- Faccenna, Domenico (1980). Butkara I (Swāt, Pakistan) 1956–1962, Volume III 1 (in English). Rome: IsMEO (Istituto Italiano Per Il Medio Ed Estremo Oriente).
- Falk, Harry. 1995–1996. Silk Road Art and Archaeology IV.
- Falk, Harry. 2001. "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣāṇas." Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, pp. 121–136.
- Falk, Harry. 2004. "The Kaniṣka era in Gupta records." Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology X, pp. 167–176.
- Goyal, S. R. "Ancient Indian Inscriptions" Kusumanjali Book World, Jodhpur (India), 2005.
- Hill, John E. 2004. The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu. Draft annotated English translation.
"The Han Histories"। Depts.washington.edu। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৮-০২। - Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD. Draft annotated English translation.
"Weilue: The Peoples of the West"। Depts.washington.edu। ২০০৪-০৫-২৩। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১০-০৮-০২। - Keay, John (২০০০)। India: A History। New York: Grove Press। আইএসবিএন 0-8021-3797-0।
- Lebedynsky, Iaroslav (২০০৬)। Les Saces। Paris: Editions Errance। আইএসবিএন 2-87772-337-2।
- Rosenfield, John M. (১৯৯৩)। The Dynastic Art of the Kushans। New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal। আইএসবিএন 81-215-0579-8।
- Sivaramamurti, C. (১৯৭৬)। Śatarudrīya: Vibhūti of Śiva's Iconography। Delhi: Abhinav Publications।
Further reading
- R. C. Majumdar and A. D. Pusalker (editors): The History and Culture of the Indian People. Volume I, The Vedic age. Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 1951
- R.C. Majumdar et al. An Advanced History of India, MacMillan, 1967.
- Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak "The Arctic Home in the Vedas", Messrs Tilak Bros., 1903