বঙ্গ: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

উইকিপিডিয়া, মুক্ত বিশ্বকোষ থেকে
ইতিহাস ব্রাউজ করুন
← পূর্বের পার্থক্যপরবর্তী পার্থক্য →
বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে
দৃশ্যমানউইকিপাঠ্য
Wolf~bnwiki (আলোচনা | অবদান)
১,২৭৪টি সম্পাদনা
সম্পাদনা সারাংশ নেই
Wolf~bnwiki (আলোচনা | অবদান)
১,২৭৪টি সম্পাদনা
৭৪ নং লাইন: ৭৪ নং লাইন:
==ইতিহাস==
==ইতিহাস==
{{মূল নিবন্ধ|বঙ্গের ইতিহাস}}
{{মূল নিবন্ধ|বঙ্গের ইতিহাস}}
<!--[[Image:IndianBuddha11.JPG|thumb|[[Buddha]] and [[Bodhisattva]]s, [[11th century]], [[Pala Empire]]]]
[[Image:Clive.jpg|right|thumb|[[Robert Clive]], of British East India Company, after winning the<br> [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757.]]
[[Image:Bengalpresidency 1858.jpg|right|thumb|The Bengal Presidency at its greatest extent in 1858]]
[[Image:Bengal map 1893.JPG|right|thumb|Map of the Bengal province, 1893]]

Remnants of human settlement in the Bengal region date back 4,000 years,<ref name=bsahistory>{{cite web
| url = http://www.orgs.ttu.edu/saofbangladesh/history.htm
| title = History of Bangladesh
| accessdate = 2006-10-26
| publisher = Bangladesh Student Association
}}</ref><ref name=xinhua>{{cite news
| publisher = Xinhua
| date = 2006-March
| title = 4000-year old settlement unearthed in Bangladesh
| url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-03/12/content_4293312.htm
}}</ref> when the region was settled by [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]], [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] and [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] peoples. After the arrival of [[Indo-Aryans]], the kingdom of [[Magadha]] was formed in 7th century BCE, consisting of the Bihar and Bengal regions. It was one of the four main kingdoms of [[India]] at the time of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] and consisted of several [[Janapadas]].<ref name=settlements/> One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is the mention of a land named [[Gangaridai]] by the [[Greeks]] around 100 BCE, speculated to be an area in Bengal.<ref name=Gangaridai>{{cite web
| url = http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/G_0019.htm
| title = Gangaridai
| accessdate = 2006-09-08
| last = Chowdhury
| first = AM
| work = [[Banglapedia]]
| publisher = Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
}}</ref> From the 3rd to the 6th centuries [[Common Era|CE]], the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the [[Gupta Empire]].

The first recorded independent king of Bengal was [[Shashanka]], reigning around early 7th century.<ref name=shashankabanglaped>{{cite web
| url = http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/S_0122.htm
| title = Shashanka
| accessdate = 2006-10-26
| work = [[Banglapedia]]
| publisher = Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
}}</ref> After a period of anarchy, the native [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[Pala Empire]] ruled the region for four hundred years, and expanded across the northern [[Indian subcontinent]] into [[Afghanistan]] during the reigns of [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharmapala]] and [[Devapala]]. The Pala dynasty was followed by a shorter reign of the [[Hindu]] [[Sena dynasty]]. [[Islam]] was introduced to Bengal in the twelfth century by [[Sufism|Sufi]] missionaries. Subsequent [[Muslim conquests]] helped spread Islam throughout the region.<ref name=islambanglaped>{{cite web
| url = http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/I_0103.htm
| title = Islam (in Bengal)
| accessdate = 2006-10-26
| work = [[Banglapedia]]
| publisher = Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
}}</ref> [[Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiar Khilji]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] general of the [[Slave dynasty]] of [[Delhi Sultanate]], defeated [[Lakshman Sen]] of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal. Consequently, the region was ruled by dynasties of [[sultan]]s and feudal lords under the Delhi Sultanate for the next few hundred years. In the sixteenth century, Mughal general [[Islam Khan]] conquered Bengal. However, administration by governors appointed by the court of the [[Mughal Empire]] gave way to semi-independence of the area under the [[Nawab]]s of [[Murshidabad]], who nominally respected the sovereignty of the Mughals in [[Delhi]].

European traders arrived late in the fifteenth century. Their influence grew until the [[British East India Company]] gained taxation rights in Bengal ''[[subah]]'', or province, following the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, when [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], the last independent Nawab, was defeated by the British.<ref name=sirajbanglaped>{{cite web
| url = http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/S_0411.htm
| title = Sirajuddaula
| accessdate = 2006-10-26
| last1 = Chaudhury
| first1 = S
| last2 = Mohsin
| first2 = KM
| work = [[Banglapedia]]
| publisher = Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
}}</ref> The [[Bengal Presidency]] was established by 1765, eventually including all British territories north of the [[Central Provinces]] (now [[Madhya Pradesh]]), from the mouths of the Ganges and the [[Brahmaputra]] to the [[Himalaya]]s and the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. The [[Bengal famine of 1770]] claimed millions of lives.<ref name=famine1770>{{cite web
| url = http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fiske/john/f54u/chapter9.html
| title = The Famine of 1770 in Bengal
| accessdate = 2006-10-26
| last = Fiske
| first = John
| work = The Unseen World, and other essays
| publisher = University of Adelaide Library Electronic Texts Collection
}}</ref> Calcutta was named the capital of [[British India]] in 1772. The [[Bengal Renaissance]] and [[Brahmo Samaj]] socio-cultural reform movements had great impact on the cultural and economic life of Bengal. The failed [[Indian rebellion of 1857]] started near Calcutta and resulted in transfer of authority to the [[British monarchy|British Crown]], administered by the [[Viceroy of India]].<ref name=baxter2>{{Harv|Baxter|1997|pp=30-32}}</ref> Between 1905 and 1911, an [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|abortive attempt]] was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones.<ref name=baxter3>{{Harv|Baxter|1997|pp=39-40}}</ref>

Bengal played a major role in the [[Indian independence movement]], in which [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary groups]] were dominant. Armed attempts against to overthrow the [[British Raj]] reached a climax when [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] led the [[Indian National Army]] against the British. Bengal was also central in the rising political awareness of the Muslim population &mdash; [[Muslim League]] was established in Dhaka in 1906. In spite of a last ditch effort to form a United Bengal,<ref name=unitedbengal>{{cite web
| url = http://www.banglapedia.net/HT/U_0020.HTM
| title = United Bengal Movement
| accessdate = 2007-02-06
| author = Chitta Ranjan Misra
| work = [[Banglapedia]]
| publisher = Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
}}</ref> when India [[History of the Republic of India|gained independence]] in 1947, Bengal was [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partitioned]] along religious lines.<ref name=parttionbanglaped>{{cite web
| url = http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/P_0101.htm
| title = Partition of Bengal, 1947
| accessdate = 2006-10-26
| author = Harun-or-Rashid
| work = [[Banglapedia]]
| publisher = Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
}}</ref> The western part went to India (and was named West Bengal) while the eastern part joined [[Pakistan]] as a province called [[East Bengal]] (later renamed [[East Pakistan]], giving rise to [[Bangladesh]] in 1971). The circumstances of partition was bloody, with widespread religious riots in Bengal.<ref name=parttionbanglaped>{{cite web
| url = http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/P_0101.htm
| title = Partition of Bengal, 1947
| accessdate = 2006-10-26
| author = Harun-or-Rashid
| work = [[Banglapedia]]
| publisher = Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
}}</ref><ref name=calcuttakilling>{{cite web
| url = http://www.banglapedia.net/HT/C_0019.HTM
| title = Calcutta Riots (1946)
| accessdate = 2007-02-06
| author = Suranjan Das
| work = [[Banglapedia]]
| publisher = Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
}}</ref>

The post-partition political history of East and West Bengal diverged for the most part. Starting from the [[Language Movement]] of 1952.<ref name=baxter4>{{Harv|Baxter|1997|pp=62-63}}</ref>, political dissent against [[West Pakistan]]i domination grew steadily. [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]], led by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], emerged as the political voice of the Bengali-speaking population of East Pakistan by 1960s.<ref name=baxter5>{{Harv|Baxter|1997|pp=78-79}}</ref> In 1971, the crisis deepened when Rahman was arrested and a [[Operation Searchlight|a sustained military assault]] was launched on East Pakistan.<ref name=salik>{{cite book
| last = Salik
| first = Siddiq
| year = 1978
| title = Witness to Surrender
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| id = ISBN 0-19-577264-4
}}</ref> Most of the Awami League leaders fled and set up a government-in-exile in West Bengal. The [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] [[Mukti Bahini]] and Bengali regulars eventually received support from the [[Indian Armed Forces]] in December 1971, resulting in a decisive victory over Pakistan on [[16 December]] in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref name=burke>{{cite journal
| last = Burke
| first = S
| year = 1973
| title = The Postwar Diplomacy of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
| journal = Asian Survey
| volume = 13
| issue = 11
| pages = 1036-1049
}}</ref> The post independence history of Bangladesh was strife with conflict, with a long history of political assassinations and [[military coup|coups]] before parliamentary democracy was established in 1991. Since then, the political environment has been relatively stable.

[[West Bengal]], the western part of Bengal, became a state in India. In the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent [[Naxalite|Marxist-Naxalite]] movement damaged much of the state's infrastructure, leading to a period of economic stagnation. The [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971 resulted in the influx of millions of refugees to West Bengal, causing significant strains on its infrastructure.<ref name="londonanthology">{{Harv|Bennett|Hindle|1996|pp=63-70}}</ref> West Bengal politics underwent a major change when the [[Left Front]] won the 1977 assembly election, defeating the incumbent [[Indian National Congress]]. The Left Front, led by [[CPI(M)]] has governed for the last three decades.<ref name=longcommu>{{cite news
|first = Soutik
|last = Biswas
|title = Calcutta's colourless campaign
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4909832.stm
|publisher = [[BBC]]
|date = 2006-04-16
|accessdate = 2006-08-26
}} </ref> The state's economic recovery gathered momentum after [[economic reforms in India]] were introduced in the mid-1990s by the [[Government of India|central government]], aided by election of a new reformist [[Chief Minister]] in 2000.

==Geography==
{{See also|Geography of West Bengal}}
[[Image:Panthera tigris.jpg|thumb|The Bengal Tiger]]
Most of the Bengal region in the low-lying [[Ganges]]–[[Brahmaputra]] River Delta or [[Ganges Delta]]. The Ganges Delta arises from the confluence of the rivers [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers and their respective tributaries. The total area of Bengal is 232752 &nbsp;sq km &mdash; West Bengal is 88,752&nbsp;sq km and Bangladesh 144,000&nbsp;sq km.

Most parts of Bangladesh are within 10 meters (33&nbsp;ft) above the sea level, and it is believed that about 10% of the land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by 1 metre (3&nbsp;ft).<ref name=ali>{{cite journal
| last = Ali
| first = A
| year = 1996
| title = Vulnerability of Bangladesh to climate change and sea level rise through tropical cyclones and storm surges
| journal = Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
| volume = 92
| issue = 1-2
| pages = 171-179
}}</ref>
The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at 1,052&nbsp;[[metre]]s (3,451&nbsp;[[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] to the southeast of the country.<ref>[http://www.sol.co.uk/v/viewfinder/elevmisquotes.html#keok Summit Elevations: Frequent Internet Errors.] Retrieved 2006-04-13.</ref> A major part of the coastline comprises a [[marsh]]y [[jungle]], the [[Sundarbans]], the largest [[mangrove]] forest in the world and home to diverse flora and fauna, including the [[Royal Bengal Tiger]]. In 1997, this region was declared endangered.<ref name=sundarbans>{{cite journal
| last = IUCN
| year = 1997
| title = Sundarban wildlife sanctuaries Bangladesh
| journal = World Heritage Nomination-IUCN Technical Evaluation
}}</ref>

West Bengal is on the eastern bottleneck of India, stretching from the [[Himalaya]]s in the north to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south. The state has a total area of {{Unit area|sqkm|88752}}.<ref name=area>{{cite web
| url = http://www.indianmirror.com/geography/geo9.html| title = Statistical Facts about India
| accessdate = 2006-10-26| publisher = www.indianmirror.com
}}</ref> The [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] in the northern extreme of the state belongs to the eastern [[Himalaya]]. This region contains [[Sandakfu]] ({{Unit length|m|3636}})&mdash;the highest peak of the state.<ref name=sandak>{{cite web
| url = http://yhaindia.org/sandakphu_trek.htm
| title = National Himalayan Sandakphu-Gurdum Trekking Expedition: 2006| accessdate = 2006-10-26
| publisher = Youth Hostels Association of India: West Bengal State Branch
}}</ref> The narrow [[Terai region]] separates this region from the plains, which in turn transitions into the [[Ganges delta]] towards the south. The [[Rarh region]] intervenes between the Ganges delta in the east and the [[western plateau and high lands]]. A small coastal region is on the extreme south, while the [[Sundarbans]] [[mangrove]] forests form a remarkable geographical landmark at the Ganges delta.

==Demographics==
{{main|Bengali people}}
[[Image:Dhaka-panorama.jpg|thumb|Dhaka is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world]]

About 210 million people live in Bengal, around 60% of them in Bangladesh and the remainder in West Bengal.<ref name=censuswb>{{cite web
| url = http://www.censusindia.net/profiles/wbe.html
| title = Provisional Population Totals: West Bengal
| accessdate = 2006-08-26
| work = Census of India, 2001
| publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
}}</ref><ref>Adjusted population, p.4,
{{cite web
| url = http://www.bbsgov.org/Population%20Census%202001.PDF
| publisher = Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
| title = Population Census 2001, Preliminary Report
| date = 2001-08
}}</ref> The population density in the area is more than 900/km²; making it among the most densely populated areas in the world.<ref name=censuswb/><ref name="WorldBank">[[World Bank Group|World Bank]] Development Indicators Database, 2006.</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the main language spoken in Bengal. [[English language|English]] is often used for official work. There are small minorities who speak [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Chakma language|Chakma]], and several other tribal languages. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] is spoken primarily by the [[Gorkha]]s of [[Darjeeling district]] of West Bengal.

Two major religions practiced in Bengal are [[Islam]] and [[Hinduism]]. In Bangladesh 88% of the population is Muslim (US State Department est. 2005) and 11% are Hindus (US State Dept. 2005). In West Bengal, Hindus are the majority with 72.5% of the population while [[Muslim]]s comprise 25%, and other religions make up the remainder.<ref name=relegionindia>{{cite web
| url = http://www.censusindia.net/religiondata/
| title = Data on Religion
| accessdate = 2006-08-26
| work = Census of India (2001)
| publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
}}</ref> Other religious groups include [[Buddhism in Bangladesh|Buddhists]], [[Christianity|Christians]], and [[animism|Animists]]. About 2% of the population is tribal.<ref name=hdrchap1/>

Life expectancy is around 63 years, and are almost same for the men and women.<ref name=expectancytogether>{{cite web
| url = http://www.indiatogether.org/health/infofiles/life.htm
| title = An Indian life: Life expectancy in our nation
| accessdate = 2006-08-26
| work = India Together
| publisher = Civil Society Information Exchange Pvt. Ltd
}}</ref><ref name=who>{{cite web
| url = http://www.who.int/whr/2005/en/
| title = World Health Report 2005
| publisher = World Health Organization
}}</ref> In terms of literacy, West Bengal leads with 69.22% literacy rate,<ref name=censuswb/> in Bangladesh the rate is approximately 41%.<ref name=undp>{{cite web
| url = http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/countries.cfm?c=BGD
| title = 2005 Human Development Report
| publisher = [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]]
}}</ref> The level of poverty is high, the proportion of people living below the poverty line is more than 30%.<ref name="unicef_stats">[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/bangladesh_bangladesh_statistics.html Bangladesh Country Statistics], [[United Nations Children's Fund|Unicef]]</ref> <ref name=hdrchap1>{{cite book
|title=West Bengal Human Development Report 2004
|origyear= 2004
|origmonth= May
|url= http://www.undp.org.in/hdrc/shdr/WB/
|format= PDF
|accessdate= 2006-08-26
|publisher= Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal
|id=ISBN 81-7955-030-3
|pages= pp4&ndash;6
|chapter= Introduction and Human Development Indices for West Bengal
|chapterurl= http://www.undp.org.in/hdrc/shdr/WB/WB%20HDR%202004/Chap1.pdf
}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[Image:BDricefield.jpg|thumb|Worker in a [[Paddy field|paddy]], a common scene all over Bengal]]
Agriculture is the leading occupation in the region. [[Rice]] is the staple food crop. Other food crops are pulses, vegetables, potato, maize, oil seeds etc. [[Jute]] is the principal [[cash crop]]. Tea is also produced commercially; the region is well known for [[Darjeeling tea|Darjeeling]] and other high quality teas. The [[service sector]] is the largest contributor to the [[gross domestic product]] of West Bengal, contributing 51% of the state domestic product compared to 27% from agriculture and 22% from industry.<ref name=IBEF1>{{cite web
| url = http://www.arc.unisg.ch/org/arc/web.nsf/1176ad62df2ddb13c12568f000482b94/43cf0caeed566faac12571d30061daac/$FILE/India%20Symposium_IBEF_State%20Reports_Westbengal.pdf
| title = The State Economy| accessdate = 2006-09-07| format = PDF| work = Indian States Economy and Business: West Bengal
| publisher = [[India Brand Equity Foundation]], [[Confederation of Indian Industry]]| pages = 9}}</ref> State industries are localized in the Kolkata region and the mineral-rich western highlands. Durgapur&ndash;Asansol colliery belt is home to a number of major steel plants.<ref name=webindiaeconomy>{{cite web
| url = http://www.webindia123.com/westbengal/economy/economy.htm| title = Economy| accessdate = 2006-09-07
| work = West Bengal| publisher = Suni System (P) Ltd}}</ref>
West Bengal has the third largest economy (2003&ndash;2004) in India, with a [[Net domestic product|net state domestic product]] of [[United States dollar|US$]] 21.5 billion.<ref name=IBEF1/> During 2001&ndash;2002, the state's average SDP was more than 7.8% &mdash; outperforming the National GDP Growth.<ref name=wbidc1>{{cite web
| url = http://www.wbidc.com/about_wb/index.html| title = Basic Information| accessdate = 2006-09-07| work = About West Bengal
| publisher = West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation}}</ref> The state has promoted [[foreign direct investment]], which has mostly come in the software and electronics fields;<ref name=Dasgupta>{{cite web| url=http://www-scf.usc.edu/~efinnega/econ.html| title=Dasgupta, 2002| accessdate=2006-04-11}}</ref> Kolkata is becoming a major hub for the [[Information technology]] (IT) industry. Owing to the boom in Kolkata's and the overall state's economy, West Bengal is now the third fastest growing economy in the country.<ref name=usconsulate>{{cite web| url=http://calcutta.usconsulate.gov/19oct2005.html| title=Consul General Henry V. Jardine to The Indo-American Chamber of Commerce, October 19, 2005| accessdate=2006-04-11}}</ref>

Since 1990, Bangladesh has achieved an average annual growth rate of 5% according to the World Bank, despite the hurdles. The [[middle class]] and the [[consumer]] industry have seen some growth. Bangladesh has seen a sharp increase in [[foreign direct investment]]. A number of [[multinational corporation]]s, including [[Unocal Corporation]] and [[Tata]], have made major investments, the [[natural gas]] sector being a priority. In December 2005, the [[Bangladesh Bank|Central Bank of Bangladesh]] projected GDP growth around 6.5%.<ref name="bdbank1">[http://www.bangladesh-bank.org/pub/annual/anreport/annual.html Annual Report 2004-2005, Bangladesh Bank]</ref> Although two-thirds of Bangladeshis are farmers, more than three quarters of Bangladesh’s export earnings come from the [[garment industry]],<ref name=garments>{{cite news
| last = Roland
| first = B
| date = 2005
| title = Bangladesh Garments Aim to Compete
| publisher = BBC
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4118969.stm
}}</ref>
which began attracting foreign investors in the 1980s due to cheap labour and low conversion cost. In 2002, the industry exported US$5 billion worth of products.<ref name=rahman>{{cite journal
| last = Rahman
| first = S
| year = 2004
| title = Global Shift: Bangladesh Garment Industry in Perspective
| journal = Asian Affairs
| volume = 26
| issue = 1
| Pages = 75-91
}}</ref>
The industry now employs more than 3 million workers, 90% of whom are women.<ref name=begum>{{cite book
| last = Begum
| first = N
| chapter = Enforcement of Safety Regulations in Garment sector in Bangladesh
| title = Proc. Growth of Garment Industry in Bangladesh: Economic and Social dimension
| year = 2001
| pages = 208-226
}}</ref>
A large part of foreign currency earnings also comes from the remittances sent by [[expatriate]]s living in other countries.

One significant contributor to the development of the economy of Bangladesh has been the widespread propagation of [[microcredit]] by [[Grameen Bank]] and other similar orgamizations. Together, these organizations had about 5 million members by late 1990s.<ref name=schreiner>{{cite journal
| last = Schreiner
| first = Mark
| year = 2003
| title = A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh,
| journal = Development Policy Review
| volume = 21
| issue = 3
| pages = 357-382
}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[Image:394 baul-singers-sml.jpg|thumb|Baul singers at [[Basanta-Utsab]], [[Shantiniketan]]]]
[[Image:Pohela boishakh 2.jpg|right|thumb|[[Pohela Baishakh]] celebration in Dhaka]]
[[Image:Bengali wedding edit1.jpg|right|thumb|Bride and groom wearing traditional [[Bengali wedding]] costumes]]
The common [[Bengali language]] and culture anchors the shared tradition of two parts of politically divided Bengal. Bengal has a long tradition in folk literature, evidenced by the ''[[Charyapada]]'', ''[[Mangalkavya]]'', ''[[Shreekrishna Kirtana]]'', ''[[Maimansingha Gitika]]'' or ''[[Thakurmar Jhuli]]''. Bengali literature in the medieval age was often either religious (e.g. [[Chandidas]]), or adaptations from other languages (e.g. [[Alaol]]). During the [[Bengal Renaissance]] of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, [[Bengali literature]] was modernized through the works of authors such as [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]].

The [[Baul]] tradition is a unique heritage of Bangla folk music.<ref name=baulbengalonline>{{cite web
| url = http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp?art=baul
| title = The Bauls of Bengal
| accessdate = 2006-10-26
| work = Folk Music
| publisher = BengalOnline
}}</ref> Other folk music forms include [[Gombhira]], [[Bhatiali]] and [[Bhawaiya]]. Folk music in Bengal is often accompanied by the [[ektara]], a one-stringed instrument. Other instruments include the [[dotara]], [[dhol]], [[flute]], and [[tabla]]. The region also has an active heritage in [[Hindustani classical music|North Indian classical music]].

Rice and fish are traditional favorite foods, leading to a saying that in Bengali, ''machhe bhate bangali'', that translates as "fish and rice make a Bengali".<ref name=machhe>{{cite web
| url = http://govdocs.aquake.org/cgi/reprint/2003/1201/12010300.pdf
| title = Development of freshwater fish farming and poverty alleviation: A case study from Bangladesh
| accessdate = 2006-10-22
| author = Gertjan de Graaf, Abdul Latif
| publisher = Aqua KE Government
}}</ref> Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes [[Hilsa]] preparations, a favorite among Bengalis. Bengalis make distinctive [[confectionary|sweetmeat]]s from milk products, including ''[[Rasgulla|Rôshogolla]]'', ''Chômchôm'', and several kinds of ''[[Pithe]]''.

Bengali women commonly wear the ''[[sari|shaŗi]]'' and the [[salwar kameez]], often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs. In urban areas, many women and men wear Western-style attire. Among men, European dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the ''[[kurta|panjabi]]'' with ''[[dhoti|dhuti]]'' or ''[[pyjama]]'', often on religious occasions. The [[lungi]], a kind of long skirt, is widely worn by Bangladesh men.

The greatest religious festivals are the two [[Eid]]s ([[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Eid ul-Adha]]) for the Muslims, and the autumnal [[Durga|Durga Puja]] for Hindus.<ref name=durgapuja>{{cite web
| url = http://www.wbtourism.com/fairs_festivals/durga.htm
| title = Durga Puja
| accessdate = 2006-10-28
| work = Festivals of Bengal
| publisher = West Bengal Tourism, Government of West Bengal
}}</ref> [[Christmas]] (called ''Bôŗodin'' (Great day) in Bangla), [[Vesak|Buddha Purnima]] are other major religious festivals. Other festivities include [[Pohela Baishakh]] (the Bengali New Year), [[Basanta-Utsab]], [[Nobanno]], and ''Poush parbon'' (festival of [[Poush]]).

[[Bengali cinema]] are made both in Kolkata and Dhaka. The Kolkata film industry is older and particularly well known for its [[art film]]s. Its long tradition of film making has produced acclaimed [[Film director|directors]] like [[Satyajit Ray]], while contemporary directors include [[Buddhadev Dasgupta]] and [[Aparna Sen]]. Dhaka also has a vibrant commercial industry and more recently has been home to critically acclaimed directors like [[Tareque Masud]]. Mainstream Hindi films of [[Bollywood]] are also quite popular in West Bengal and Bangladesh. Around 200 dailies are published in Bangladesh, along with more than 1800 periodicals. West Bengal had 559 published newspapers in 2005,<ref name=rniindia>{{cite web
| url = https://rni.nic.in/pii.htm
| title = General Review
| accessdate = 2006-09-01
| publisher = Registrar of Newspapers for India
}}</ref> of which 430 were in Bangla.<ref name=rniindia/> [[Cricket]] and [[Football (soccer)|football]] are popular sports in the Bengal region. Local games include sports such as [[Kho Kho]] and [[Kabaddi]], the later being the national sport of Bangladesh. Recently, a Indo-Bangladesh ''Bangla Games'' was organized among the athletes of the Bengali speaking areas of the two countries.<ref name=indobangla>{{cite web
| url = http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=356408&sid=REG
| title = Indo-Bangla games inaugurated
| accessdate = 2007-09-02
| publisher = Zee News
}}</ref> --!>

==আরও দেখুন==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* [[পশ্চিমবঙ্গ]]
* [[বাংলাদেশ]]
* [[পূর্ব বাংলা]]
* [[বাঙালি জাতি]]
* [[বাঙালির তালিকা]]
* [[বাংলা ভাষা]]
* [[বাংলা খাবার]]
{{col-2}}
* [[বঙ্গীয় সংস্কৃতি]]
* [[বঙ্গের ধর্ম]]
* [[বাংলা সঙ্গীত]]
* [[বাংলা সিনেমা]]
* [[বঙ্গের ললিতকলা]]
* [[বঙ্গের স্হাপত্য]]
{{col-end}}


==তথ্যসূত্র==
==তথ্যসূত্র==

০৮:৫৪, ১৩ এপ্রিল ২০০৭ তারিখে সংশোধিত সংস্করণ

বঙ্গ

বঙ্গ ক্ষেত্রের মানচিত্র: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ ও বাংলাদেশ
সবচেয়ে বড় শহর ঢাকা
২৩°২৫′ উত্তর ৯০°১৩′ পূর্ব / ২৩.৪২° উত্তর ৯০.২২° পূর্ব / 23.42; 90.22
রাষ্ট্রভাষা বাংলা
ক্ষেত্রফল ৪৫,১১০ বর্গকিমি 
জনসংখ্যা (২০০১) ২০৯,৪৬৮,৪০৪[১][২]
ঘনত্ত্ব ৯৫১.৩/বর্গকিমি[১][২]
বাচ্চাদের মৃত্যুর মাপ ৫৫.৯১%[৩][৪]
ওয়েবসাইটসমূহ wbgov.com ও bangladesh.gov.bd

বঙ্গ, বাংলা, বঙ্গদেশ কিংবা বাংলাদেশ, একটি উত্তরপূর্ব দক্ষিণ এশিয়াতে ঐতিহাসিক এবং ভৌগোলিক ক্ষেত্র। আজ প্রধানত বঙ্গ বাংলাদেশের স্বতন্ত্র রাষ্ট্র (পূর্ব বাংলা) এবং ভারতের আন্তঃপ্রাদেশিক সাধারণতন্ত্রের অসাংবিধানিক রাজ্য পশ্চিমবঙ্গের তৈরী, কিন্তু অল্প বঙ্গের আগের সাম্রাজ্যের অঞ্চলগুলি (ব্রিটিশ রাজ এবং ক্ষেত্রীয় অংশীয় আমলের সময়ে) এখন আশপাশের ভারতীয় রাজ্যের অংশ (বিহার, ত্রিপুরা ও ওড়িশা) হয় গেছে। বঙ্গের অধিজন বাঙালি জাতি এবং প্রধানত বাংলা কথা বলা হয়।

বঙ্গের ক্ষেত্র একটি বিশ্বের সবচেয়ে ঘনত্ত্বের হিসেবে জনসংখ্যায় বেশি, যেখানে জনসংখ্যার ঘনত্ত্ব ৯০০/বর্গকিমি। ক্ষেত্রটির অধিকাংশ গঙ্গা–ব্রহ্মপুত্র নদী বদ্বীপ বা গঙ্গা বদ্বীপে রয়েছে, বিশ্বের সবচেয়ে বড় বদ্বীপ। দক্ষিণ বদ্বীপের অংশটিতে সুন্দরবন রয়েছে — পৃথিবীর সবচেয়ে বড় গরান অরণ্য এবং প্রসিদ্ধ বেঙ্গল বাঘের আদি। যদিও ক্ষেত্রের জনসংখ্যা হচ্ছে মুখ্যত গ্রামী, কলকাতা এবং ঢাকা — দুটি মহানগর বঙ্গ অঞ্চলটিতে অবস্হিত। ক্ষেত্রটি ভারতীয় সমাজের সমাজ-সাংস্কৃতিক আন্দোলন এবং ভারতের স্বাধীনতার জন্য সংঘটিত বিপ্লবী আন্দোলনে অগ্রণী ভূমিকা পালন করে।

ব্যুৎপত্তি ও জাতিতত্ত্ব

বাংলা বা বেঙ্গল শব্দগুলির অবিকল আদি হচ্ছে অজ্ঞাত, কিন্তু বিশ্বাস করা হয় যে শব্দটি Bang, একটি দ্রাবিড়ীয়-ভাষী উপজাতি (tribe) থেকে নিষ্পন্ন হয়েছে। Bang গড়পড়তা ১০০০ খ্রিস্টপুর্ব-তে ক্ষেত্রে অধিষ্ঠিত করেছিলেন।[৫]

অন্য তত্ত্ব বলছে যে শব্দটি ভাঙ্গা (বঙ্গ) থেকে নিষ্পন্ন হয়েছে, যেটি অস্ট্রীয় শব্দ "বঙ্গা" থেকে এসেছিল, মানে অংশুমালী। শব্দটি ভাঙ্গা এবং অন্য শব্দ যে বঙ্গ কথাটি অভিহিত করতে জল্পিত (যেমন অঙ্গ) প্রাচীন ভারতীয় গ্রন্থে পাওয়া যায়, যেমনঃ বেদ, জৈন গ্রন্থে, মহাভারত এবং পুরাণে। "ভাঙ্গালা" (বঙ্গাল/বঙ্গল)-এর সবচেয়ে পুরনো উল্লেখ রাষ্ট্রকূট গোবিন্দ ৩-এর নেসারি প্লেট্‌সে উদ্দিষ্ট (৮০৫ খ্রিস্ট-আগে) যেখানে ভাঙ্গালার রাজা ধর্মপলের বৃত্তান্ত লেখা আছে।[৬]

আদ্য-অস্ট্রালয়ডেরা একটি বঙ্গের সবচেয়ে প্রথম অধিবাসী।[৭] দ্রাবিড়ীয় জাতি দক্ষিণ ভারত থেকে বঙ্গে প্রবাস করেছিলেন, যখন তিব্বতী-বার্মিজ জাতি হিমালয় থেকে প্রবাস করেছিলেন,[৭] ও তারপরে ইন্দো-আর্য জাতি অনুকরণ করেছিলেন উত্তরপশ্চিম ভারত থেকে। অধুনাতন বাঙালিরা এই জাতিগুলির বিকৃত। পাশতুনেরা, ইরানিরা, আরবেরা এবং তুর্কীরাদেরও বিকৃত, যাঁড়া এইখানে পরের মেডিভাল সময়ে প্রবাস করেন, এবং ইসলাম ধর্মকে অনুকীর্ণ করেন।

ইতিহাস

মূল নিবন্ধ: বঙ্গের ইতিহাস
  1. ↑ ক খ "Provisional Population Totals: West Bengal"। Census of India, 2001 (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। অফিস অফ দ রেজিস্ট্রার গেনেরাল & সেন্সাস কমিশনার, ভারত। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৬-০৮-২৬। 
  2. ↑ ক খ ওয়ার্ল্ড ব্যাঙ্ক ডিভেলপমেন্ট ইন্ডিকেটর্স ডেটাবেস, ২০০৬।
  3. ↑ "West Bengal - Human development fact sheet" (এচটিএমএল সংরুপে পিডিএফ) (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। ইউনাইটেড নেশন্স ডিভেলপমেন্ট প্রোগ্রাম। ২০০১। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৭-০৩-০১। 
  4. ↑ "The World Factbook - Bangladesh" (এচটিএমএল) (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। এইআইএ ওয়ার্ল্ড ফ্যাক্টবুক। ২০০১। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৭-০৩-০১। 
  5. ↑ জেম্‌স হাইট্‌স্‌ম্যান ও রবার্ট এল. ওয়ার্ডেন, সম্পাদক (১৯৮৯)। "Early History, 1000 B. C.-A. D. 1202"। Bangladesh: A country study (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। লাইব্রেরি অফ কংগ্রেস। 
  6. ↑ "Vangala"। বাংলাপিডিয়া (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। এশিয়াটিক সোসায়টি অফ বাংলাদেশস। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৭-০৪-১৩। 
  7. ↑ ক খ সুলতান, সাবিহা। "Settlement in Bengal (Early Period)"। বাংলাপিডিয়া (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। এশিয়াটিক সোসায়টি অফ বাংলাদেশস। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৭-০৩-০৪। 
'https://bn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=বঙ্গ&oldid=136561' থেকে আনীত