বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে

রৈখিক

১৯:৪৩, ১৪ আগস্ট ২০২২ তারিখে সংশোধিত সংস্করণ

আর্য-স্বাদেশিকতাবাদ (ইংরেজি: Indigenous Aryanism) বা স্বদেশীয় আর্য তত্ত্ব (ইংরেজি: Indigenous Aryans theory; সংক্ষেপে: IAT) ও ভারত থেকে অভিপ্রয়াণ তত্ত্ব (ইংরেজি: Out of India theory; সংক্ষেপে OIT) হল এমন একটি মতবিশ্বাস,^[১] যা আর্যদের ভারতের উপমহাদেশের আদি বাসিন্দা^[২] এবং ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষাগুলিকে ভারতে একটি উৎসস্থল থেকে উৎসারিত হয়ে সেগুলির বর্তমান অবস্থানে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল।^[২] এটি ভারতীয় ইতিহাস সম্পর্কে একটি "ধর্মীয়-জাতীয়তাবাদী" দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি।^[৩]^[৪] এই দৃষ্টিভঙ্গিটিকে ইন্দো-আর্য অভিপ্রয়াণ তত্ত্বের^[৫] (যে মতে পন্টিক-কাস্পিয়ান স্তেপ অঞ্চলটিকে ইন্দো-আর্য ভাষাগুলির উৎসস্থল মনে করা হয়^[৬]^[৭]^[৮]^{[note ১]}) একটি বিকল্প বিসেবে প্রচার করা হয়।

পৌরাণিক কালপঞ্জির ভিত্তিতে প্রথাগত ভারতীয় দৃষ্টিভঙ্গিটিরই^[৩] প্রতিফলন ঘটিয়ে স্বাদেশিকতাবাদীরা বৈদিক যুগের যে তারিখ প্রস্তাব করেন তা সাধারণভাবে স্বীকৃত মতের তুলনায় প্রাচীনতর। শুধু তাই নয়, তাঁরা সিন্ধু সভ্যতাকেও বৈদিক সভ্যতা মনে করেন। এই মতে, "ভারতীয় সভ্যতাকে নিশ্চিতভাবেই দেখতে হবে সিন্ধু-সরস্বতী প্রথার প্রাচীনতম যুগ (খ্রিস্টপূর্ব ৭০০০ বা ৮০০০ অব্দ) থেকে নিরবিচ্ছিন্নভাবে চলে আসা একটি ধারা হিসেবে।"^[৯]

আর্য-স্বাদেশিকতাবাদের সমর্থকেরা অধিকাংশই হিন্দুধর্ম এবং ভারতের ইতিহাস ও প্রত্নতত্ত্বের একদল ভারতীয় বিশেষজ্ঞ।^[১০]^[১১]^[১২]^[১৩]^[৫] এঁরা হিন্দুত্ববাদী রাজনীতিতে একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা গ্রহণ করেন।^[১৪]^[১৫]^[৩]^{[web ১]}^{[web ২]} মূলধারার গবেষকদের মধ্যে এই তত্ত্বের প্রাসঙ্গিকতা বা এর প্রতি কোনও সমর্থন কিছুই নেই।^{[note ২]}

ঐতিহাসিক পটভূমি

ইন্দো-আর্য পরিযায়ী তত্ত্ব অনুসারে এই ইন্দো-আর্য জনগোষ্ঠী উত্তর-পশ্চিম ভারতে মোটামুটি ১৫০০ খ্রিস্টপূর্বাব্দে প্রবেশ করেছিল। কিন্তু দেশীয় ধারণাটি এই সময়কালকে পুরোপুরি বিরোধিতা করে। সাম্প্রতিক কালে এই তত্ত্বটি জনসমক্ষে একটি বিতর্কের বিষয় হিসাবে উঠে এসেছে।

ইন্দো-আর্য পরিযায়ী তত্ত্ব

ইন্দো-আর্য পরিযায়ী তত্ত্বটি বলে যে ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষাভাষী মানুষেরা উরাল পর্বতের পাদদেশ থেকে পরবর্তীকালে ইউরোপ, পূর্ব ভূমধ্যসাগরীয় অঞ্চল, দক্ষিণ এবং পূর্ব এশিয়ায় ছড়িয়ে পড়েছিল।

দেশীয় আর্য

হরপ্পা সভ্যতা আবিষ্কারের পরে "দেশীয়" তত্ত্বটি ধীরে ধীরে মজবুত হতে শুরু করলো। কারণ এটি বৈদিক সভ্যতার থেকেও প্রাচীন। এই তত্ত্ব অনুসারে, আর্যরা সম্পূর্ণ ভারতীয় এবং সিন্ধু সভ্যতা আসলে বৈদিক সভ্যতার একটি প্রাচীন সংস্করণ, চতুর্বেদ দুসহস্র খ্রিস্টপূর্বাব্দের থেকেও প্রাচীন, উত্তরের ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় অংশ এবং দক্ষিণের দ্রাবিড় অংশের মধ্যে কোনো পার্থক্য নেই, এবং ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষাগুলি বর্তমান বাসস্থান ভারত থেকেই উদ্ভূত হয়েছিল।

এই ধারণাগুলি পুরাণ, মহাভারত এবং রামায়ণের উপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছে, কারণ এই গ্রন্থগুলিতে তদকালীন দেশীয় রাজ্যের রাজাদের নাম এবং তাদের বংশতালিকা দেওয়া আছে, যেগুলি ভারতের প্রাচীন ইতিহাস ক্রমানুসারে সাজাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

=পাদটীকা

↑ Entry of the Indo-Aryans:
* Lowe (2015, pp. 1–2): "... the eastward migration of the Indo-Aryan tribes from the mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across the Punjab into north India."
* Dyson (2018, pp. 14–15): "Although the collapse of the Indus valley civilization is no longer believed to have been due to an ‘Aryan invasion’ it is widely thought that, at roughly the same time, or perhaps a few centuries later, new Indo-Aryan-speaking people and influences began to enter the subcontinent from the north-west. Detailed evidence is lacking. Nevertheless, a predecessor of the language that would eventually be called Sanskrit was probably introduced into the north-west sometime between 3,900 and 3,000 years ago. This language was related to one then spoken in eastern Iran; and both of these languages belonged to the Indo-European language family."
* Pinkney (2014, p. 38): "According to Asko Parpola, the Proto-Indo-Aryan civilization was influenced by two external waves of migrations. The first group originated from the southern Urals (c. 2100 BCE) and mixed with the peoples of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC); this group then proceeded to South Asia, arriving around 1900 BCE. The second wave arrived in northern South Asia around 1750 BCE and mixed with the formerly arrived group, producing the Mitanni Aryans (c. 1500 BCE), a precursor to the peoples of the Ṛgveda."
↑ উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <ref> ট্যাগ বৈধ নয়; no support নামের সূত্রটির জন্য কোন লেখা প্রদান করা হয়নি

উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "chariot" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।

উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Vedas" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।

তথ্যসূত্র

↑ Bryant 2001, পৃ. 4।
↑ ^ক ^খ Trautmann 2005, পৃ. xxx।
↑ ^ক ^খ ^গ Witzel 2001, পৃ. 95।
↑ Jamison 2006।
↑ ^ক ^খ উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <ref> ট্যাগ বৈধ নয়; Elst_2016 নামের সূত্রটির জন্য কোন লেখা প্রদান করা হয়নি
↑ Trautmann 2005, পৃ. xiii।
↑ Anthony 2007।
↑ Parpola 2015।
↑ Kak 2001b।
↑ Bryant 2001, পৃ. 292-293।
↑ Bryant ও Patton 2005।
↑ Singh 2008, পৃ. 186।
↑ Bresnan 2017, পৃ. 8।
↑ Fosse 2005, পৃ. 435-437।
↑ Ravinutala 2013, পৃ. 6।
↑ Parpola 2020।

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ওয়েবসাইট-ভিত্তিক সূত্র

↑ উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <ref> ট্যাগ বৈধ নয়; Doniger_2017 নামের সূত্রটির জন্য কোন লেখা প্রদান করা হয়নি
↑ উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <ref> ট্যাগ বৈধ নয়; Shahane_2019 নামের সূত্রটির জন্য কোন লেখা প্রদান করা হয়নি

উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Daniyal2018" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Kazanas-Collapse" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Pattanaik2020" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Subramanian2018_Royal" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Thapar2019" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "ToI" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।

উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "VF-Intro" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।

বহিঃসংযোগ

টেমপ্লেট:Proto-Indo-European language

[Entry_of_the_Indo-Aryans-9] Entry of the Indo-Aryans:
* Lowe (2015, pp. 1–2): "... the eastward migration of the Indo-Aryan tribes from the mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across the Punjab into north India."
* Dyson (2018, pp. 14–15): "Although the collapse of the Indus valley civilization is no longer believed to have been due to an ‘Aryan invasion’ it is widely thought that, at roughly the same time, or perhaps a few centuries later, new Indo-Aryan-speaking people and influences began to enter the subcontinent from the north-west. Detailed evidence is lacking. Nevertheless, a predecessor of the language that would eventually be called Sanskrit was probably introduced into the north-west sometime between 3,900 and 3,000 years ago. This language was related to one then spoken in eastern Iran; and both of these languages belonged to the Indo-European language family."
* Pinkney (2014, p. 38): "According to Asko Parpola, the Proto-Indo-Aryan civilization was influenced by two external waves of migrations. The first group originated from the southern Urals (c. 2100 BCE) and mixed with the peoples of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC); this group then proceeded to South Asia, arriving around 1900 BCE. The second wave arrived in northern South Asia around 1750 BCE and mixed with the formerly arrived group, producing the Mitanni Aryans (c. 1500 BCE), a precursor to the peoples of the Ṛgveda."

[no_support-19] উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <ref> ট্যাগ বৈধ নয়; no support নামের সূত্রটির জন্য কোন লেখা প্রদান করা হয়নি

[FOOTNOTEBryant20014-1] Bryant 2001, পৃ. 4।

[FOOTNOTETrautmann2005xxx-2] ক ^খ Trautmann 2005, পৃ. xxx।

[FOOTNOTEWitzel200195-3] ক ^খ ^গ Witzel 2001, পৃ. 95।

[FOOTNOTEJamison2006-4] Jamison 2006।

[Elst_2016-5] ক ^খ উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <ref> ট্যাগ বৈধ নয়; Elst_2016 নামের সূত্রটির জন্য কোন লেখা প্রদান করা হয়নি

[FOOTNOTETrautmann2005xiii-6] Trautmann 2005, পৃ. xiii।

[FOOTNOTEAnthony2007-7] Anthony 2007।

[FOOTNOTEParpola2015-8] Parpola 2015।

[FOOTNOTEKak2001b-10] Kak 2001b।

[FOOTNOTEBryant2001292-293-11] Bryant 2001, পৃ. 292-293।

[FOOTNOTEBryantPatton2005-12] Bryant ও Patton 2005।

[FOOTNOTESingh2008186-13] Singh 2008, পৃ. 186।

[FOOTNOTEBresnan20178-14] Bresnan 2017, পৃ. 8।

[FOOTNOTEFosse2005435-437-15] Fosse 2005, পৃ. 435-437।

[FOOTNOTERavinutala20136-16] Ravinutala 2013, পৃ. 6।

[FOOTNOTEParpola2020-20] Parpola 2020।

[Doniger_2017-17] উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <ref> ট্যাগ বৈধ নয়; Doniger_2017 নামের সূত্রটির জন্য কোন লেখা প্রদান করা হয়নি

[Shahane_2019-18] উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <ref> ট্যাগ বৈধ নয়; Shahane_2019 নামের সূত্রটির জন্য কোন লেখা প্রদান করা হয়নি

[১]

[২]

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[৪]

[৫]

[৬]

[৭]

[৮]

[note ১]

[৯]

[১০]

[১১]

[১২]

[১৩]

[১৪]

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[web ১]

[web ২]

[note ২]

@@ ১৯ নং লাইন: / ১৯ নং লাইন: @@
 এই ধারণাগুলি পুরাণ, মহাভারত এবং রামায়ণের উপর ভিত্তি করে গড়ে উঠেছে, কারণ এই গ্রন্থগুলিতে তদকালীন দেশীয় রাজ্যের রাজাদের নাম এবং তাদের বংশতালিকা দেওয়া আছে, যেগুলি ভারতের প্রাচীন ইতিহাস ক্রমানুসারে সাজাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
+==পাদটীকা=
-== নোট==
+{{reflist|group=note|2|refs=
+<!-- chariot -->
+{{refn|group=note|name=chariot|These carts dubbed as "chariots" does not however have any spokes on the wheels like the chariots(Sanskrit: ''[[Ratha]]'') mentioned in Vedic literature.{{sfn|Parpola|2020}}}}
+<!-- "Entry of the Indo-Aryans" -->
+{{refn|group=note|name="Entry of the Indo-Aryans"|Entry of the Indo-Aryans:<br>* {{harvtxt|Lowe|2015|pp=1–2}}: "... the eastward migration of the Indo-Aryan tribes from the mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across the Punjab into north India."<br>* {{harvtxt|Dyson|2018|pp=14–15}}: "Although the collapse of the Indus valley civilization is no longer believed to have been due to an ‘Aryan invasion’ it is widely thought that, at roughly the same time, or perhaps a few centuries later, new Indo-Aryan-speaking people and influences began to enter the subcontinent from the north-west. Detailed evidence is lacking. Nevertheless, a predecessor of the language that would eventually be called Sanskrit was probably introduced into the north-west sometime between 3,900 and 3,000 years ago. This language was related to one then spoken in eastern Iran; and both of these languages belonged to the Indo-European language family."<br>* {{harvtxt|Pinkney|2014|p=38}}: "According to [[Asko Parpola]], the Proto-Indo-Aryan civilization was influenced by two external waves of migrations. The first group originated from the southern Urals (c. 2100 BCE) and mixed with the peoples of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC); this group then proceeded to South Asia, arriving around 1900 BCE. The second wave arrived in northern South Asia around 1750 BCE and mixed with the formerly arrived group, producing the Mitanni Aryans (c. 1500 BCE), a precursor to the peoples of the ''Ṛgveda''."}}
+<!-- "Vedas" -->
+{{refn|group=note|name="Vedas"|Vedas:<br>* {{harvtxt|Lowe|2015|pp=1–2}}: "It consists of 1,028 hymns (suktas), highly crafted poetic compositions originally intended for recital during rituals and for the invocation of and communication with the Indo-Aryan gods. Modern scholarly opinion largely agrees that these hymns were composed between around 1500&nbsp;BCE and 1200&nbsp;BCE, during the eastward migration of the Indo-Aryan tribes from the mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across the Punjab into north India."<br>* {{harvtxt|Witzel|2006b|pp=158–190, 160}}: "The Vedas were composed (roughly between 1500-1200 and 500 BCE) in parts of present-day Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and northern India. The oldest text at our disposal is the ''Rgveda (RV)''; it is composed in archaic Indo-Aryan (Vedic Sanskrit)."<br>* {{harvtxt|Pinkney|2014|p=38}}: " [[Michael Witzel]] has assigned an approximate chronology to the strata of Vedic languages, arguing that the language of the ''Ṛgveda'' changed through the beginning of the Iron Age in South Asia, which started in the Northwest (Punjab) around 1000 BCE. On the basis of comparative philological evidence, Witzel has suggested a five-stage periodization of Vedic civilization, beginning with the ''Ṛgveda''. On the basis of internal evidence, the ''Ṛgveda'' is dated as a late Bronze Age text composed by pastoral migrants with limited settlements, probably between 1350 and 1150 BCE in the Punjab region."}}
+}}
+{{reflist|group=subnote}}
-== তথ্যসূত্র==
+==তথ্যসূত্র==
+<!-- To add a reference simply enclose the text you want to appear here inside a pair in the correct place in the body of the article.-->
+{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}
+==উল্লেখপঞ্জি==
-{{সূত্র তালিকা}}
+;মুদ্রিত সূত্র
+<!---There are breaks between the sections, on alphabetical order, to improve the readability of this section when editing it--->
+{{refbegin}}
+<!-- A -->
+* {{cite book |last=Anthony |first=David W. |date=2007 |title=The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World |publisher=Princeton University Press}}
+* {{cite book |last=Anthony |first=David W. |year=2019 |chapter=Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split |title=Dispersals and Diversification |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004416192_003 |pages=21–53|isbn=9789004416192 |s2cid=213909442 }}
+* {{Citation | last =Anthony | first =David | year =2021 | work =Migration, ancient DNA, and Bronze Age pastoralists from the Eurasian steppes | editor-last =Daniels | editor-first =Megan | title =Homo Migrans: Modeling Mobility and Migration in HUman HIstory | publisher =SUNY Press}}
+* {{cite book |last=Arvidsson |first=Stefan |date=2006 |title=Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}
+<!-- B -->
+* {{Citation | last=Basu | year=2003 | title=Ethnic India: A Genomic View, With Special Reference to Peopling and Structure | journal=Genome Research |volume=13 | issue=10 |pages=2277–2290 | doi=10.1101/gr.1413403 | pmid=14525929 | pmc=403703 |ref={{sfnref|Basu et al.|2003}}}}
+* {{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |date=2009 |author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2994-1}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Bergunder |first=Michael |title=Contested Past: Anti-Brahmanical and Hindu nationalist reconstructions of Indian prehistory |journal=Historiographia Linguistica |volume=31 |number=1 |date=2004 |pages=59–104 |url= http://theologie.uni-hd.de/rm/online-artikel/bergunder-2004-contested-past.pdf |doi=10.1075/hl.31.1.05ber}}
+* {{cite book |date=1997 |editor-last=Blench |editor-first=Roger |editor1-link=Roger Blench |editor2-last=Spriggs |editor2-first=Matthew |title=Archaeology and Language |place=London |publisher=Routledge |volume=I: ''Theoretical and Methodological Orientations''}}
+* {{cite book |last=Boehmer |first=Elleke |date=2010 |title=Empire, the National, and the Postcolonial, 1890–1920: Resistance in Interaction |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
+* {{Citation | last =Bresnan | first =Patrick S. | year =2017 | title =Awakening: An Introduction to the History of Eastern Thought | edition =6th | publisher =Routledge}}
+* {{cite book | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes| year =2007 | title =Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India | publisher =BRILL}}
+* {{cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin F. |date=1996 |title=Linguistic Substrata and the Indigenous Aryan Debate}}
+* {{cite thesis |last=Bryant |first=Edwin |date=1997|author-link=Edwin Bryant (author) |title=The indigenous Aryan debate |publisher=Columbia University}}
+* {{cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin |date=2001 |author-link=Edwin Bryant (author) |title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-513777-9}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Bryant |first1=Edwin F. |last2=Patton |first2=Laurie L. |date=2005 |title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History |publisher=Routledge}}
+<!-- C -->
+* {{cite book |last=Danino |first=Michel |date=2010 |title=The Lost River: On the Trail of the Sarasvati |publisher=Penguin Books India}}
+* {{cite book |last=Darian |first=Steven G. |date=2001 |chapter=5. Ganga and Sarasvati: The Transformation of Myth |title=The Ganges in Myth and History |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1757-9}}
+<!-- D -->
+* {{cite book |last=Dyson |first=Tim|year=2018|title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day  |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-882905-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}
+<!-- E -->
+* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica [b] |year=n.d. |title=Other sources: the process of "Sanskritization" |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |series=The history of Hinduism " Sources of Hinduism " Non-Indo-European sources " The process of "Sanskritization" |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266312/Hinduism/8975/Non-Indo-European-sources#ref50490|ref={{sfnref|Sanskritization (Encyclopedia Britannica)}}}}
+* {{cite book |last=Elst |first=Koenraad |author-link=Koenraad Elst |date=1999 |title=Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate |place=New Delhi |publisher=[[Aditya Prakashan]] |isbn=81-86471-77-4 |url= http://www.bharatvani.org/books/ait/ |access-date=2006-12-21 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130807014007/http://www.bharatvani.org/books/ait/ |archive-date=2013-08-07 |url-status=dead}}
+* {{cite book |last=Elst |first=Koenraad |chapter=Linguistic Aspects of the Aryan Non-Invasion Theory |editor-last1=Bryant |editor-first1=Edwin |editor-last2=Patton |editor-first2=Laurie L. |date=2005 |title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History |publisher=Routledge}}
+* {{cite book | last =Erdosy | first =George | chapter =The prelude to Urbanization: Ethnicity and the Rise of Late Vedic Chiefdoms | editor-last1 =Allchin |editor-first1 =F. R. | year =1995 | title =The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
+* {{cite book |last=Erdosy |date=2012 |title=The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity |isbn=9783110816433 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OZ0gAAAAQBAJ&q=indigenous+aryans&pg=PR10}}
+<!-- F -->
+* {{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |date=1996 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
+* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin | year =2013 | orig-year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
+* {{cite book |last=Fosse |first=Lars Martin |date=2005 |chapter=Aryan Past and Post-colonial Present: The Polemics and Politics of Indigenous Aryanism |editor-last1=Bryant |editor-first1=Edwin |editor-last2=Patton |editor-first2=Laurie L. |title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History |publisher=Routledge}}
+* {{Cite book | last =Friese  |first =Kai |year =2019 | chapter =The Complications of Genetics |editor1=R. Thapar |editor2=M. Witzel |editor3=J. Menon |editor4=K. Friese |editor5=R. Khan | title =Which of Us Are Aryans? | publisher =ALEPH}}
+* {{cite book |last=Fritze |first=Ronald H. |authorlink=Ronald H. Fritze |year=2009 |title=Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-religions |location=London |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]]}}
+<!-- G -->
+* {{cite journal |last=Giosan |date=2012 |title=Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization |journal=PNAS |volume=109 |issue=26 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1112743109 |pages=E1688–E1694|display-authors=etal |pmid=22645375 |pmc=3387054 |bibcode=2012PNAS..109E1688G|doi-access=free }}
+* {{cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |date=1998 |author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |title=Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism |publisher=New York University |isbn=0-8147-3111-2}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Guha |first=Sudeshna |date=2007 |title=Reviewed Work: ''The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History'' by Edwin F. Bryant, Laurie Patton |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |series=Third Series |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=340–343 |doi=10.1017/S135618630700733X|s2cid=163092658 }}
+<!-- H -->
+* {{cite book |last=Hancock |first=Graham |date=2002 |title=Underworld: Flooded Kingdoms of the Ice Age |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0-7181-4400-7}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Thomas Blom |author-link=Thomas Blom Hansen |title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=1999 |isbn=978-1-4008-2305-5}}
+* {{cite book |last=Heehs |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heehs |date=2008 |title=The Lives of Sri Aurobindo |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EZTFrMZFOvcC&pg=PA255 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14098-0}}
+* {{cite book |last=Hewson |first=John |date=1997 |title=Tense and Aspect in Indo-European Languages |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing}}
+* {{cite book |last=Hickey |first=Raymond |date=2010 |chapter=Contact and Language Shift |editor-last=Hickey |editor-first=Raymond |title=The Handbook of Language Contact |publisher=John Wiley & Sons}}
+<!-- J -->
+* {{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |date=1996 |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=978-1-85065-301-1}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Jamison |first=Stephanie W. |title=''The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History'' (Book Review) |url= http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Bryant_Patton.review.pdf |journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies |volume=34 |date=2006 |pages=255–261}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Jha |first=D. N. |date=1998 |author-link=D. N. Jha |title=Against Communalising History |journal=Social Scientist |volume=26 |issue=9/10 |pages=52–62 |doi=10.2307/3517941 |jstor=3517941}}
+<!-- K -->
+* {{cite journal |last1=Kak |first1=Subhash |date=1987 |title=On the Chronology of Ancient India |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |issue=22 |pages=222–234 |url= http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005abf_222.pdf |access-date=29 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122061952/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005abf_222.pdf |archive-date=2015-01-22}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Kak |first1=Subhash |date=1996 |title=Knowledge of Planets in the Third Millennium BC |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=37 |pages=709–715 |bibcode=1996QJRAS..37..709K |url= http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/plan.pdf}}
+* {{cite book |last=Kak |first=Subhash |date=2001 |title=The Wishing Tree: Presence and Promise of India |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=0-595-49094-8}}
+* {{Citation | last =Kak | first =Subhash | year =2001b | title =On the Chronological Framework for Indian Culture | journal =Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research | url =http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/chro.pdf}}
+* {{cite magazine |last=Kak |first=Subhash |date=2015 |title=The Mahabharata and the Sindhu-Sarasvati Tradition |magazine=Sanskrit Magazine |url= http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/MahabharataII.pdf |access-date=22 January 2015}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Kazanas |first=Nicholas |date=2001 |title=A new date for the Rgveda |issue=special issue |journal=Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research | url =https://omilosmeleton.gr/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/rie.pdf}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Kazanas |first=N. |date=2002 |title=Indigenous Indo-Aryans and the ''Rigveda'' |journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies |volume=30 | pages =275–334 |url =https://omilosmeleton.gr/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/IIR.pdf |access-date=30 December 2009 }}
+* {{cite journal |last=Kazanas |first=N. |date=2003 |title=Final Reply |journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies |volume=31 |pages=187–240 |url= http://www.omilosmeleton.gr/pdf/en/indology/Final%20Reply.pdf |access-date=30 December 2009}}
+* {{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Kenneth A. R. |date=2000 |title=God-apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology of South Asia |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=9780472110131 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNavWlsC&q=jim+shaffer+aryan}}
+* {{Citation | last =Kennedy | first =Kenneth A.R. | year =2012 | chapter =Have Aryans been identified in the prehistorical skeletal record from South Asia? Biological anthropology and cocnepts of ancient races | editor-last =Erdosy | editor-first =George | title =The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity | publisher =Walter de Gruyter}}
+* {{Citation | last =Khan | first =Razib | year =2019 |editor1=R. Thapar |editor2=M. Witzel |editor3=J. Menon |editor4=K. Friese |editor5=R. Khan | chapter =Genetic origins of Indo-Aryans | title =Which of Us Are Aryans? | publisher =ALEPH}}
+* {{cite book |last=Kreisburg |first=Glenn |date=2012 |title=Mysteries of the Ancient Past: A Graham Hancock Reader |publisher=Bear and Company |isbn=978-1-59143-155-8}}
+* {{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Senthil |date=2012 |title=Read Indussian: The Archaic Tamil from c. 7000 BCE |publisher=Amarabharathi Publications & Booksellers}}
+* {{Cite book |url=http://www.ebrary.com/| title =A place at the multicultural table the development of an American Hinduism |last=Kurien |first=Prema A |date=2007 |publisher=Rutgers University Press| isbn=9780813540559|pages=255|language=en|oclc=703221465}}
+* {{cite book |last=Kuz'mina |first=Elena Efimovna |author-link=Elena Efimovna Kuzmina |date=1994 |title=Откуда пришли индоарии? |language=ru |trans-title=Whence came the Indo-Aryans? |place=Moscow |publisher=Российская академия наук ([[Russian Academy of Sciences]])}}
+* {{cite book |last=Kuz'mina |first=Elena Efimovna |author-link=Elena Efimovna Kuzmina |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |editor-first=James Patrick |editor-last=Mallory |editor-link=J. P. Mallory |title=The Origin of the Indo-Iranians |series=Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series |location=Leiden}}
+<!-- L -->
+* {{cite book |last=Lal |first=B. B. |author-link=B. B. Lal |date=1984 |title=Frontiers of the Indus Civilization}}
+* {{cite book |last =Lal | first =B.B. | year =1998 | title =New Light on the Indus Civilization | publisher =Aryan Books | place =Delhi}}
+* {{Citation | last =Lazaridis | first =Iosif | year =2016 | title =Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East | journal = Nature| volume =536 | issue =7617 | pages =419–424 | doi =10.1038/nature19310 | pmid =27459054 | ref={{sfnref|Lazaridis et al.|2016}}| pmc =5003663 | bibcode =2016Natur.536..419L }}
+* {{cite book |last=Lowe |first=John J. |year=2015|title=Participles in Rigvedic Sanskrit: The syntax and semantics of adjectival verb forms |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-100505-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L07CBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2}}
+<!-- M -->
+* {{cite book |last=Mallory |first=J. P. |author-link=J. P. Mallory |date=1989 |title=In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth |place=London |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-27616-1 |url-access=registration |url= https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma}}.
+* {{cite book |last=Mallory |first=J. P. |author-link=J. P. Mallory |date=1998 |chapter=A European Perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia |editor=Mair |title=The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia |publisher=Institute for the Study of Man |place=Washington DC}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Mallory |first=J. P. |author-link=J. P. Mallory |date=2002 |title=Editor's Note |journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies |volume=30 |page=274}}
+* {{Citation | last=Mallory | first=J.P. | year=2002b | chapter=Archaeological models and Asian Indo-Europeans | editor-last=Sims-Williams | editor-first=Nicholas | title=Indi-Iranian Languages and Peoples | publisher=Oxford University Press}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P |author1-link=J. P. Mallory |last2=Adams |first2=D.Q. |date=2006 |title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
+* {{Citation | last =Mallory | first =J.P. | year =2013 | title =Twenty-first century clouds over Indo-European homelands | journal =Journal of Language Relationship |volume=9 | pages =145–154 | doi =10.31826/jlr-2013-090113 | s2cid =212689004 | url =https://www.proto-indo-european.ru/ie-cradle/_pdf/clouds-over-ie-homelands-nallory.pdf| doi-access =free }}
+* {{Citation | last=McGetchin | first=Douglas T. | year=2015 | chapter='Orient' and 'Occident', 'East' and 'West' in the Doscourse of German Orientalists, 1790–1930 | editor-last1=Bavaj | editor-first1=Riccardo | editor-last2=Steber | editor-first2=Martina | title=Germany and 'The West': The History of a Modern Concept | publisher=Berghahn Books}}
+* {{citation | last1=Metspalu | first1=Mait | year=2011 | title=Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia| last2=Gallego Romero | first2=Irene |last3=Yunusbayev |first3=Bayazit |last4=Chaubey |first4=Gyaneshwer |last5=Mallick |first5=Chandana Basu |last6=Hudjashov |first6=Georgi |last7=Nelis |first7=Mari |last8=Mägi |first8=Reedik |last9=Metspalu |first9=Ene |last10=Remm |first10=Maido |last11=Pitchappan |first11=Ramasamy |last12=Singh |first12=Lalji |last13=Thangaraj |first13=Kumarasamy |last14=Villems |first14=Richard |last15=Kivisild |first15=Toomas | journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics | volume=89 | issue=6 | pages=731–744 | issn=0002-9297 | doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010 |ref={{sfnref|Metspalu et al.|2011}} | pmid=22152676 | pmc=3234374}}
+<!-- N -->
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+* {{cite journal|last1=Saag|first1=Lehti|last2=Varul|first2=Liivi|last3=Scheib|first3=Christiana Lyn|last4=Stenderup|first4=Jesper|last5=Allentoft|first5=Morten E.|last6=Saag|first6=Lauri|last7=Pagani|first7=Luca|last8=Reidla|first8=Maere|last9=Tambets|first9=Kristiina|last10=Metspalu|first10=Ene|last11=Kriiska|first11=Aivar|last12=Willerslev|first12=Eske|last13=Kivisild|first13=Toomas|last14=Metspalu|first14=Mait|title=Extensive Farming in Estonia Started through a Sex-Biased Migration from the Steppe|journal=Current Biology|volume=27|issue=14|year=2017|pages=2185–2193.e6|issn=0960-9822|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022|pmid=28712569|doi-access=free}}
+{{refend}}
+;ওয়েবসাইট-ভিত্তিক সূত্র
+{{reflist|group=web|refs=
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+}}
 ==আরও পড়ুন==