বিষয়বস্তুতে চলুন

হামাস: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

উইকিপিডিয়া, মুক্ত বিশ্বকোষ থেকে
ইতিহাস ব্রাউজ করুন
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বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে
দৃশ্যমানউইকিপাঠ্য
MD Fahim sikder (আলোচনা | অবদান)
১৪টি সম্পাদনা
সম্পাদনা সারাংশ নেই
ট্যাগ: দৃশ্যমান সম্পাদনা মোবাইল সম্পাদনা মোবাইল ওয়েব সম্পাদনা
সম্পাদনা সারাংশ নেই
১ নং লাইন: ১ নং লাইন:
{{Infobox political party
{{কাজ চলছে}}{{Infobox political party
|country = ফিলিস্তিন
|country = ফিলিস্তিন
|name_english = হামাস
|name_english = হামাস
|name_native = ''{{lang|ar|<big>حركة المقاومة الاسلامية</big>}}''
|name_native = {{lang|ar|<big>حركة المقاومة الاسلامية</big>}}
|colorcode = {{Hamas/meta/color}}
|colorcode = {{Hamas/meta/color}}
|logo = হামাসের লোগো.png
|logo = হামাসের লোগো.png
১১ নং লাইন: ১১ নং লাইন:
|spokesperson = ফাওজি বারহুম
|spokesperson = ফাওজি বারহুম
|foundation = {{শুরুর তারিখ|1987}}
|foundation = {{শুরুর তারিখ|1987}}
|founder = শেখ [[আহমেদ ইয়াসিন]], [[আব্দেল আজিজ আল-রন্টিসি]], [[মাহমুদ জাহার]], [[মোহাম্মদ তাহা (হামাস)| মোহাম্মদ তাহ]] আব্দেল ফাত্তাহ দুখান,{{sfn|Abdelal|2016|p=122}} ইব্রাহিম ফারেস আল-ইয়াজুরি,;{{sfn|Dalloul|2017}} 'ইসা আল-নাশশার {{sfn|Abu Amr|1993|p=10}}ইব্রাহিম কুকা,{{sfn|Litvak|1998|p=151}} এবং মোহাম্মদ হাসান, শামা,{{sfn|Barzak|2011}} [[হাসান ইউসুফ (হামাস নেতা) হাসান ইউসুফ]]{{sfn|AFP|2019}}
|founder = শেখ [[আহমেদ ইয়াসিন]], আবদুল আজিজ আর-রানতিসি, [[মাহমুদ জাহার]] এবং আরো ৪ জন
|ideology = {{plainlist|
|ideology = {{plainlist|
* [[ফিলিস্তিনী জাতীয়তাবাদ]]
* [[ফিলিস্তিনী জাতীয়তাবাদ]]
* [[সুন্নি]] [[ইসলামবাদ]]<ref name="Dunning">Tristan Dunning, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vTp-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270 ''Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy: Reinterpreting Resistance in Palestine''], [[Routledge]] 2016 p. 270.</ref>
* [[সুন্নি]] [[ইসলামবাদ]]{{sfn|Dunning|2016|p=270}}
* [[Religious nationalism|ইসলামী জাতীয়তাবাদ]]<ref>Ekaterina Stepanova, [http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf "Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects"] {{ওয়েব আর্কাইভ|ইউআরএল=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310143530/http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf |তারিখ=১০ মার্চ ২০১৬ }}, [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], Oxford University Press 2008, p. 113.</ref><ref>Sujata Ashwarya Cheema, "Hamas and Politics in Palestine:Impact on Peace-Building", in Rajendra Madhukar Abhyankar (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=YopTyDFI1U4C&pg=PA466 ''West Asia and the Region: Defining India's Role''], Academic Foundation 2008 pp. 463–91 [465]: "Hamas considers [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] the main front of ''jihad'' and viewed the uprising as an Islamic way of fighting the Occupation. The leaders of the organization argued that Islam gave the Palestinian people the power to confront Israel and described the Intifada as the return of the masses to Islam. Since its inception, Hamas has tried to reconcile nationalism and Islam. ... Hamas claims to speak as a nationalist movement but with an Islamic-nationalist rather than a secular nationalist agenda."</ref><ref>Meir Litvak, "Religious and Nationalist Fanaticism: The Case of Hamas", in Matthew Hughes & Gaynor Johnson (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=TuaQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 ''Fanaticism and Conflict in the Modern Age''], [[Frank Cass]], London and New York, 2004, pp. 156–57: "Hamas is primarily a religious movement whose nationalist world view is shaped by its religious ideology."</ref>
* [[Religious nationalism|ইসলামী জাতীয়তাবাদ]]<ref>Ekaterina Stepanova, [http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf "Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects"] {{ওয়েব আর্কাইভ|ইউআরএল=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310143530/http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf |তারিখ=১০ মার্চ ২০১৬ }}, [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], Oxford University Press 2008, p. 113.</ref><ref>Sujata Ashwarya Cheema, "Hamas and Politics in Palestine:Impact on Peace-Building", in Rajendra Madhukar Abhyankar (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=YopTyDFI1U4C&pg=PA466 ''West Asia and the Region: Defining India's Role''], Academic Foundation 2008 pp. 463–91 [465]: "Hamas considers [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] the main front of ''jihad'' and viewed the uprising as an Islamic way of fighting the Occupation. The leaders of the organization argued that Islam gave the Palestinian people the power to confront Israel and described the Intifada as the return of the masses to Islam. Since its inception, Hamas has tried to reconcile nationalism and Islam. ... Hamas claims to speak as a nationalist movement but with an Islamic-nationalist rather than a secular nationalist agenda."</ref><ref>Meir Litvak, "Religious and Nationalist Fanaticism: The Case of Hamas", in Matthew Hughes & Gaynor Johnson (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=TuaQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 ''Fanaticism and Conflict in the Modern Age''], [[Frank Cass]], London and New York, 2004, pp. 156–57: "Hamas is primarily a religious movement whose nationalist world view is shaped by its religious ideology."</ref>
* [[ইসলামি মৌলবাদ]]
* [[ইসলামি মৌলবাদ]]
৪১ নং লাইন: ৪১ নং লাইন:
[[চিত্র:Hamas.JPG|thumb|পশ্চিম তীরে হামাসের মুরাল।]]
[[চিত্র:Hamas.JPG|thumb|পশ্চিম তীরে হামাসের মুরাল।]]
ফিলিস্তিনে দুটি দল বেশ সক্রিয়। একটি হামাস, অন্যটি ফাতাহ। এর মধ্যে হামাসের দখলে রয়েছে গাজা এলাকা। ২০০৪ সালে আরাফাতের মৃত্যুর পর হামাস ও ফাতাহ'র মধ্যে সম্পর্কের অবনতি হয় এবং সেটা চরম আকার ধারণ করে ২০০৬ এর নির্বাচনের পর। ঐ নির্বাচনে হামাস জয়ী হয় এবং এর প্রতিক্রিয়ায় যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, ইউরোপীয় ইউনিয়ন ও আরব রাষ্ট্রসমূহ ফিলিস্তিনে সাহায্য বন্ধ করে দেয়। এরপর ২০০৭ সালে হামাস ফাতাহ সরকারের নিরাপত্তা বাহিনীকে পরাজিত করে গাজার দখল নিয়ে নেয়। সেই থেকে গাজা শাসন করছে হামাস।<ref name="dw">''[http://www.dw.de/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AB-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0/a-16454184 হামাস প্রতিষ্ঠার ২৫ বছর]''। ঢাকা থেকে প্রকাশের তারিখ: ১৪-১২-২০১২ খ্রিস্টাব্দ।</ref>
ফিলিস্তিনে দুটি দল বেশ সক্রিয়। একটি হামাস, অন্যটি ফাতাহ। এর মধ্যে হামাসের দখলে রয়েছে গাজা এলাকা। ২০০৪ সালে আরাফাতের মৃত্যুর পর হামাস ও ফাতাহ'র মধ্যে সম্পর্কের অবনতি হয় এবং সেটা চরম আকার ধারণ করে ২০০৬ এর নির্বাচনের পর। ঐ নির্বাচনে হামাস জয়ী হয় এবং এর প্রতিক্রিয়ায় যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, ইউরোপীয় ইউনিয়ন ও আরব রাষ্ট্রসমূহ ফিলিস্তিনে সাহায্য বন্ধ করে দেয়। এরপর ২০০৭ সালে হামাস ফাতাহ সরকারের নিরাপত্তা বাহিনীকে পরাজিত করে গাজার দখল নিয়ে নেয়। সেই থেকে গাজা শাসন করছে হামাস।<ref name="dw">''[http://www.dw.de/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AB-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0/a-16454184 হামাস প্রতিষ্ঠার ২৫ বছর]''। ঢাকা থেকে প্রকাশের তারিখ: ১৪-১২-২০১২ খ্রিস্টাব্দ।</ref>

<!-- পুনলিখন প্র‍্য়জন
== হামাসের সুবিধা ==
[[চিত্র:Pro Hamas Rally in Damascus.jpg|thumb|upright|Pro-Hamas rally in Damascus]]
পুরো মধ্যপ্রাচ্য পাল্টে দিয়েছে আরব-বসন্ত। হামাসের কাছে আছে আরও শক্তিশালী অস্ত্র। হামাসের ছোড়া রকেট ও গোলা থেকে রক্ষা পেতে ইসরায়েলের দিকে যে তোড়জোড়, তা নিয়ে বেশ উল্লাস চলছে সামাজিক যোগাযোগের সাইট ফেসবুকের অনেক পেজে। প্রথমবারের মতো রকেট হামলার হুমকির মুখে পড়েছে ইসরায়েলের রাজধানী [[তেল-আবিব]] ও [[জেরুজালেম]] শহর। কূটনৈতিকভাবেও হামাস বেশ সুবিধা পাচ্ছে । আগে যখন ফিলিস্তিন-ইসরায়েল লড়াই বাঁধত, তখন মিসর ও তিউনিসিয়ার ক্ষমতায় ছিল পশ্চিমা-সমর্থিত স্বৈরশাসকেরা। আরব-বসন্তের গণ-অভ্যুত্থানের মুখে বিদায় নিতে হয়েছে তাদের। এখন কায়রো ও তিউনিসের নতুন শাসকদের ওপর জোরালো প্রভাব রয়েছে ইসলামপন্থীদের। এতে সুবিধা হয়েছে হামাসের।<ref name="p-alo">''[http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2012-11-20/news/306962 বদলে যাওয়া মধ্যপ্রাচ্যে সুবিধা পাচ্ছে হামাস]'', দৈনিক প্রথম আলো। ঢাকা থেকে প্রকাশের তারিখ: ২০-১১-২০১২ খ্রিস্টাব্দ।</ref>
-->
== তথ্যসূত্র ==
== তথ্যসূত্র ==
{{সূত্র তালিকা}}
{{সূত্র তালিকা}}

=== উদ্ধৃতি ===

==== বই ====
{{refbegin|2}}
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* {{cite book|title=Son of Hamas|last=Yousef|first=M.H.|year=2010|publisher=[[Tyndale House]]|page=288|isbn=978-1414333076|author-link=Mosab Hassan Yousef|location=Carol Stream, IL}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fQ3AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|title=The World Almanac of Islamism: 2014|date=30 January 2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|pages=15–|isbn=978-1-4422-3144-3|ref={{sfnref | AFPC | 2014}}|author=American Foreign Policy Council}}
{{refend}}

==== সাময়িকী ====
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite journal|title=Hamas: A Historical and Political Background|last=Abu-Amr|first=Ziad|date=Summer 1993|pages=5–19|doi=10.2307/2538077|jstor=2538077|ref=harv|journal=[[Journal of Palestine Studies]]|volume=22|issue=4}}
*{{cite journal|title=Human Capital and the Productivity of Suicide Bombers|last2=Berrebi|first2=Claude|date=July 1, 2007|publisher=American Economic Association|pages=223–238|doi=10.1257/jep.21.3.223|issn=0895-3309|last1=Benmelech|first1=Efraim|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=21|issue=3}}
* {{cite journal|title=Suicide Bombing as Strategy and Interaction: The Case of the Second Intifada|last2=Araj|first2=B.|date=June 1, 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP)|pages=1969–1986|doi=10.1353/sof.2006.0081|issn=0037-7732|last1=Brym|first1=R. J.|journal=Social Forces|volume=84|issue=4|s2cid=146180585}}
*{{cite journal|title=How to Handle Hamas: The Perils of Ignoring Gaza's Leadership|last=Byman|first=Daniel|date=September–October 2010|pages=45–62|jstor=20788644|ref=harv|author-link=Daniel Byman|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=89|issue=5}}
*{{cite journal|title=The strategic calculus of terrorism: Substitution and competition in the Israel-Palestine conflict|last2=Heger|first2=Lindsay|date=March 2010|pages=6–33|doi=10.1177/0010836709347113|jstor=45084592|ref=harv|first4=Kristian Skrede|last1=Clauset|last4=Gleditsch|volume=45|issue=1|first3=Maxwell|last3=Young|first1=Aaron|s2cid=2091170|journal=[[Cooperation and Conflict]]}}
*{{Cite journal|title=Peace with Hamas? The Transforming Potential of Political Participation|last=Gunning|first=Jeroen|date=March 2004|publisher=[[Royal Institute of International Affairs ]]|pages=233–255|jstor=3569240|ref=harv|journal=International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-)|volume=80|issue=2}}
*{{Cite journal|title=Can Hamas Be Tamed?|last=Herzog|first=Michael|date=March–April 2006|pages=83–94|doi=10.2307/20031913|jstor=20031913|ref=harv|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|volume=85|issue=2}}
*{{cite journal|title=A "New Hamas" through Its New Documents|last=Hroub|first=Khaled|date=Summer 2006|pages=6–27|doi=10.1525/jps.2006.35.4.6|jstor=10.1525/jps.2006.35.4.6|ref={{harvid|Hroub|2006b}}|journal=[[Journal of Palestine Studies]]|volume=35|issue=4}}
*{{cite journal|title=Hamas in Power|last=Klein|first=Menachem|date=Summer 2007|pages=442–459|doi=10.3751/61.3.13|jstor=4330419|ref=harv|journal=[[Middle East Journal]]|volume=61|issue=3}}
*{{cite journal|title=The Islamization of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Case of Hamas|last=Litvak|first=Meir|date=January 1998|pages=148–163|doi=10.1080/00263209808701214|jstor=4283922|ref=harv|author-link=Meir Litvak|journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies]]|volume=34|issue=1}}
*{{Cite journal|title=The Ascendance of Political Islam: Hamas and Consolidation in the Gaza Strip|last=Milton-Edwards|first=Beverley|year=2008|pages=1585–1599|doi=10.1080/01436590802528739|jstor=20455131|ref=harv|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|volume=29|issue=8|s2cid=154386730}}
*{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228748214|title=The Pragmatic Dimension of the Palestinian Hamas: A Network Perspective|last=Mishal|first=Shaul|date=July 2003|publisher=[[Armed Forces & Society]]|pages=569–589|author-link=Shaul Mishal|volume=29|issue=4}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://danieldrezner.com/research/guest/Pape1.pdf|title=The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism|last=Pape|first=Robert A.|date=August 27, 2003|pages=343–361|doi=10.1017/S000305540300073X|issn=1537-5943|access-date=October 27, 2020|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=97|issue=3|hdl=1811/31746}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/JCS/article/view/220|title=The Second Intifada: Background and Causes of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|last=Pressman|first=Jeremy|date=February 21, 2006|issn=1715-5673|access-date=October 29, 2020|journal=Journal of Conflict Studies|volume=23|issue=2}}
*{{cite journal|title=The EU and the Middle East Quartet: A case of (in)effective multilateralism|last=Tocci|first=Nathalie|date=Winter 2013|publisher=[[Middle East Journal]]|pages=29–44|jstor=23361691|ref=harv|volume=67|issue=1}}
*{{cite journal|title=Gaza: New Dynamics of Civic Disintegration|last=Roy|first=Sara|date=Summer 1993|pages=20–31|doi=10.2307/2538078|jstor=2538078|ref=harv|author-link=Sara Roy|journal=[[Journal of Palestine Studies]]|volume=22|issue=4}}
*{{Cite journal|title=The Hamas Victory: Shifting Sands or Major Earthquake?|last=Zweiri|first=Mahjoob|year=2006|pages=675–687|doi=10.1080/01436590600720876|jstor=4017731|ref=harv|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|volume=27|issue=4|s2cid=153346639}}

*{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19370679.2010.12023158|title=Support or Hostility: the Relationship between Arab Countries and Hamas|date=July 17, 2018|pages=100–120|doi=10.1080/19370679.2010.12023158|access-date=October 29, 2020|last1=Chen|first1=Tianshe|orig-date=Offline published in 2010|journal=Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)|volume=4|issue=2}}

{{refend}}

==== অন্যান্য ====
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=79948&page=1|title=Youths' Suicide Mission Stuns Palestinians|last=ABC|date=25 April 2002|publisher=[[ABC News]]|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1479531/middle-east|title=Hamas West Bank leader given six-month detention without trial|last=AFP|date=8 April 2019|publisher=[[Arab News]]|ref=harv|author-link=Agence France-Presse}}
*{{cite news|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/675/re1.htm|title=Running out of time|last=Amayreh|first=Khaled|date=29 January - 4 February 2004|work=[[Al-Ahram]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120061025/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/675/re1.htm|archive-date=January 20, 2010|ref=harv|issue=675}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-hamas-owes-its-from-the-river-to-the-sea-slogan-to-zionists-1.6746730|title=Hamas Owes Its 'Palestine From the River to the Sea' Slogan to Zionism|last=Assi|first=Seraj|date=16 December 2018|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|url=http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/obituaries/articles/2011/06/11/muhammad_hassan_shama_little_known_hamas_founder/|title=Muhammad Hassan Shama, little-known Hamas founder|last=Barzak|first=Ibrahim|date=11 June 2011|publisher=[[Boston Globe]]|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/un-general-assembly-rejects-us-resolution-to-condemn-hamas/a-46623413|title=UN General Assembly rejects US resolution to condemn Hamas|last=DW|date=7 December 2018|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/crs/931014-hamas.htm|title=Hamas: The Organizations, Goals and Tactics of a Militant Palestinian Organization|date=October 14, 1993|publisher=CRS Issue Brief|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106203238/https://fas.org/irp/crs/931014-hamas.htm|archive-date=January 6, 2006|ref={{sfnref|CRS|1993}}}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20171214-interview-with-dr-ibrahim-al-yazouri-a-founder-of-hamas/|title=Interview with Dr Ibrahim Al-Yazouri, a founder of Hamas|last=Dalloul|first=Motasem A|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[Middle East Monitor]]|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2018/02/19/hamas-israel-palestine-conflict/|title=Blowback: How Israel Went From Helping Create Hamas to Bombing It|date=February 19, 2018|website=The Intercept|access-date=October 27, 2020|ref={{sfnref | The Intercept | 2018}}}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123275572295011847|title=How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas|last=Higgins|first=Andrew|date=January 24, 2009|website=WSJ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926212507/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html|archive-date=June 26, 2009|access-date=October 27, 2020}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/22/israel|title=Jordan curbs Hamas|last=Hirst|first=David|date=November 22, 1999|website=The Guardian|access-date=October 28, 2020}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/middle-east/2010/08/israel-palestinian-jerusalem|title=For Arabs in Israel, a house is not a home|last=Platt|first=Edward|date=August 30, 2010|website=New Statesman|access-date=October 27, 2020}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/16/opinion/the-hamas-way-of-death.html|title=The Hamas Way of Death|date=April 16, 1993|website=The New York Times|ref={{sfnref | NYT | 1993}}}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/04/gaza_documents200804|title=The Proof Is in the Paper Trail|last=Rose|first=David|date=March 5, 2008|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|access-date=August 1, 2011|ref=harv}}

{{refend}}


== বহিঃসংযোগ ==
== বহিঃসংযোগ ==
{{Commons and category}}
{{Commons and category}}
{{Wikiquote}}{{sisterlinks|wikt=Hamas|c=Category:Hamas|n=no|s=no|b=no|v=no|d=Q38799|species=no|m=no|mw=no}}
{{Wikiquote}}

* [http://www.hamasinfo.net/ar/#&slider1=1 Hamas official website]{{অকার্যকর সংযোগ|তারিখ=ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৯ |bot=InternetArchiveBot |ঠিক করার প্রচেষ্টা=yes }} (in Arabic)
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|ar}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080704122941/http://www.pmo.gov.ps/ Palestinian National Authority Council of Ministers Web site] (In Arabic)
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9002732/Hamas Britannica]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327103910/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9811/hamas_leaders.html Hamas leaders] [[Council on Foreign Relations|CFR]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327103910/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9811/hamas_leaders.html Hamas leaders] [[Council on Foreign Relations|CFR]]
* [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp Hamas Charter]
* [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp Hamas Charter]
* [http://www.mideastweb.org/hamas.htm The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) (includes interpretation)]
* [http://www.qassam.ps/statement-1319-Twenty_two_years_on_the_start_of_Hamas_movement.html 22 years on the start of Hamas] [[Al-Qassam Brigades]]' Information Office
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/world/middleeast/24gaza.html Hamas Shifts From Rockets to Public Relations] ''The New York Times'', July 23, 2009
* Sherifa Zuhur, [http://www.fas.org/man/eprint/zuhur.pdf Hamas and Israel: Conflicting Strategies of Group-Based Politics (PDF File)] December 2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100728103620/http://www.qassam.ps/statement-1319-Twenty_two_years_on_the_start_of_Hamas_movement.html 22 years on the start of Hamas] [[Al-Qassam Brigades]]' Information Office
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720065737/http://www.phrmg.org/Fatah%20and%20hamas%20abuses%20since%20June%202007%20report%20_2_.pdf Fatah and Hamas Human Rights Violations in the Palestinian Occupied Territories in 2007] by Elizabeth Freed of [[Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group]]
* [[Larbi Sadiki|Sadiki, Larbi]], [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/03/201236102854527714.html Tests and contests: Hamas without Syria]
* Sherifa Zuhur, [https://fas.org/man/eprint/zuhur.pdf Hamas and Israel: Conflicting Strategies of Group-Based Politics] (PDF file) December 2008
* [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3343944,00.html "Hamas threatens attacks on US: Terrorist warns 'Middle East is full of American targets]{{'"}} ''Ynet News''. December 24, 2006. Accessed July 20, 2014.


<br />
<br />

১৮:১২, ৪ ডিসেম্বর ২০২০ তারিখে সংশোধিত সংস্করণ

হামাস
মুখপাত্রফাওজি বারহুম
পলিটিকাল ব্যুরোর প্রধানইসমাইল হানিয়া
পলিটিকাল ব্যুরোর উপ-প্রধানমুসা আবু মারজুক ও খালেদ মিশাল[১]
প্রতিষ্ঠাতাশেখ আহমেদ ইয়াসিন, আব্দেল আজিজ আল-রন্টিসি, মাহমুদ জাহার, মোহাম্মদ তাহ আব্দেল ফাত্তাহ দুখান,[২] ইব্রাহিম ফারেস আল-ইয়াজুরি,;[৩] 'ইসা আল-নাশশার [৪]ইব্রাহিম কুকা,[৫] এবং মোহাম্মদ হাসান, শামা,[৬] হাসান ইউসুফ (হামাস নেতা) হাসান ইউসুফ[৭]
প্রতিষ্ঠা১৯৮৭ (1987)
পূর্ববর্তীফিলিস্তিনী মুসলিম ব্রাদারহুড
সদর দপ্তরগাজা, গাজা ভূখণ্ড, ফিলিস্তিন
ভাবাদর্শ
ধর্মসুন্নি ইসলাম
আন্তর্জাতিক অধিভুক্তিমুসলিম ব্রাদারহুড
আনুষ্ঠানিক রঙGreen
আইন পরিষদ (২০০৬)
৭৪ / ১৩২
দলীয় পতাকা
ওয়েবসাইট
hamas.ps/en

হামাস (আরবি: حماس (আরবি: حماس হামাস, "উদ্দীপনা", حركة المقاومة الاسلامية হারাকাত আল-মুকাওয়ামা আল-ইসলামিয়া, "ইসলামী প্রতিরোধ আন্দোলন" এর একটি সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ) হল ফিলিস্তিনি সুন্নি ইসলামী বা ইসলামী[১৫] রাজনৈতিক দল যে গাজা স্ট্রিপ নিয়ন্ত্রণ করে। হামাসের ইজ্ আদ-দীন আল-কাসসাম ব্রিগেড নামে একটি সামরিক শাখা আছে।[১৬] জানুয়ারী ২০০৬ সালে ফিলিস্তিনি পার্লামেন্ট সংসদীয় নির্বাচনে অধিকাংশ আসন জিতে,জুন ২০০৭ সাল থেকে হামাস ফিলিস্তিন অঞ্চলের গাজা ভূখণ্ড পরিচালিত করছে [১৭][১৮][১৯] এবং তারপর সহিংস সংঘাতের মাধ্যমে ফাতাহ রাজনৈতিক প্রতিষ্ঠানকে পরাজিত করেছে। ইউরোপীয় ইউনিয়ন,[২০][২১][২২] মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র,[২৩] কানাডা, ইস্রায়েল এবং হামাসকে সন্ত্রাসবাদী সংগঠন হিসেবে আখ্যায়িত করেছে,[২৪][২৫]কিন্তু ইরান, রাশিয়া [২৬] এবং তুরস্ক [২৭], চীন হামাসকে সিরিয়া সন্ত্রাসবাদী সংগঠন হিসেবে আখ্যায়িত করেনি।[২৮][২৯][৩০][৩১][৩২]

হামাস ১৯৮৭ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়।[৩৩][৩৪]

গাজা শাসন

পশ্চিম তীরে হামাসের মুরাল।

ফিলিস্তিনে দুটি দল বেশ সক্রিয়। একটি হামাস, অন্যটি ফাতাহ। এর মধ্যে হামাসের দখলে রয়েছে গাজা এলাকা। ২০০৪ সালে আরাফাতের মৃত্যুর পর হামাস ও ফাতাহ'র মধ্যে সম্পর্কের অবনতি হয় এবং সেটা চরম আকার ধারণ করে ২০০৬ এর নির্বাচনের পর। ঐ নির্বাচনে হামাস জয়ী হয় এবং এর প্রতিক্রিয়ায় যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, ইউরোপীয় ইউনিয়ন ও আরব রাষ্ট্রসমূহ ফিলিস্তিনে সাহায্য বন্ধ করে দেয়। এরপর ২০০৭ সালে হামাস ফাতাহ সরকারের নিরাপত্তা বাহিনীকে পরাজিত করে গাজার দখল নিয়ে নেয়। সেই থেকে গাজা শাসন করছে হামাস।[৩৫]

তথ্যসূত্র

  1. ↑ Matthew Levitt, Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad, Yale University Press, 2007 p. 44.
  2. ↑ Abdelal 2016, পৃ. 122।
  3. ↑ Dalloul 2017।
  4. ↑ Abu Amr 1993, পৃ. 10।
  5. ↑ Litvak 1998, পৃ. 151।
  6. ↑ Barzak 2011।
  7. ↑ AFP 2019।
  8. ↑ Dunning 2016, পৃ. 270।
  9. ↑ Ekaterina Stepanova, "Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects" ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ১০ মার্চ ২০১৬ তারিখে, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Oxford University Press 2008, p. 113.
  10. ↑ Sujata Ashwarya Cheema, "Hamas and Politics in Palestine:Impact on Peace-Building", in Rajendra Madhukar Abhyankar (ed.), West Asia and the Region: Defining India's Role, Academic Foundation 2008 pp. 463–91 [465]: "Hamas considers Palestine the main front of jihad and viewed the uprising as an Islamic way of fighting the Occupation. The leaders of the organization argued that Islam gave the Palestinian people the power to confront Israel and described the Intifada as the return of the masses to Islam. Since its inception, Hamas has tried to reconcile nationalism and Islam. ... Hamas claims to speak as a nationalist movement but with an Islamic-nationalist rather than a secular nationalist agenda."
  11. ↑ Meir Litvak, "Religious and Nationalist Fanaticism: The Case of Hamas", in Matthew Hughes & Gaynor Johnson (eds.), Fanaticism and Conflict in the Modern Age, Frank Cass, London and New York, 2004, pp. 156–57: "Hamas is primarily a religious movement whose nationalist world view is shaped by its religious ideology."
  12. ↑ Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Volume 1, ABC CLIO, Richard S. Levy, Dean Phillip Bell, William Collins Donahue, pp. 289, 358
  13. ↑ Cristol, Jonathan। "Don't be fooled by Hamas' rebranding"। CNN.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ জানুয়ারি ৬, ২০১৮। 
  14. ↑ Cooper, Rabbi Abraham (এপ্রিল ৪, ২০১৭)। "Hamas' Extreme (not) Makeover"। HuffingtonPost.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ জানুয়ারি ৬, ২০১৮। 
  15. ↑ * "This is particularly the case in view of the scholarly debate on the compatibility of Islam and democracy but even more so in view of Hamas's self-definition as an Islamic national liberation movement." The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence, by Shaul Mishal & Avraham Sela, 2006, p. xxviii [১]; *In this way the PA has been able to control the economic activities of its political adversaries, including the Hamas and other Islamic opposition groups. Investment in peace: politics of economic cooperation between Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority, by Shaul Mishal, Ranan D. Kuperman, David Boas, 2001, p. 85 [২]; * "Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad (holy war) for the liberation of Palestine ..." Peace and war: the Arab-Israeli military balance enters the 21st century, by Anthony H. Cordesman, 2002, p. 243 [৩]; * "One of the secrets behind the success of Hamas is that it is an Islamic and national movement at one and the same time ..." 'Hamas: Palestinian Identity, Islam, and National Sovereignty', by Meir Litvak, in Challenges to the cohesion of the Arabic State, by Asher Susser, 2008, p. 153. [৪]; * "Hamas is an Islamic fundamentalist movement founded in 1987..." Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues, by Gus Martin, 2009, p. 153 [৫]; * "Hamas is an Islamic jihadist organization..." Why Israel Can't Wait: The Coming War Between Israel and Iran, by Jerome R. Corsi, 2009, p. 39. [৬]; * "The Islamic Resistance Movement (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islam- iyya), known by its acronym Hamas, is an Islamic fundamentalist organization which defines itself as the military wing of the Muslim Brethren." Anti-semitic motifs in the ideology of Hizballah and Hamas, by Esther Webman, 1994, p. 17. [৭]* "Understanding Islamism" ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ৭ মার্চ ২০১৩ তারিখে, Crisis Group Middle East/North Africa Report N°37, 2 March 2005 * "Hamas leader condemns Islamist charity blacklist"। Reuters। ২০০৭-০৮-২৩। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৯-০১-২৮।  * Hider, James (২০০৭-১০-১২)। "Islamist leader hints at Hamas pull-out from Gaza"। London: The Times Online। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৯-০১-২৮।  * The New Hamas: Between Resistance and Participation. Middle East Report. Graham Usher, August 21, 2005 * "Council on Foreign Relations"। Council on Foreign Relations। সংগ্রহের তারিখ মে ২৭, ২০১০। 
  16. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions About Hamas"। Abcnews.go.com। ২০০৬-০১-০৬। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১১-০৮-০২। 
  17. ↑ "Who are Hamas?"। London: BBC News। জানুয়ারি ২৬, ২০০৬। 
  18. ↑ Davis, Richard (২০১৬-০২-০৫)। Hamas, Popular Support and War in the Middle East: Insurgency in the Holy Land (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। Routledge। পৃষ্ঠা ৬৮। আইএসবিএন 978-1-317-40258-9। 
  19. ↑ Mukhimer, Tariq (২০১৩-০১-০১)। Hamas Rule in Gaza: Human Rights Under Constraint (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। Palgrave Macmillan। পৃষ্ঠা vii। আইএসবিএন 978-1-137-31018-7। 
  20. ↑ উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <ref> ট্যাগ বৈধ নয়; eu নামের সূত্রটির জন্য কোন লেখা প্রদান করা হয়নি
  21. ↑ "Hamas declared a terrorist organisation by Europe's highest court"। The Independent (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। ২০১৭-০৭-২৬। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২০-১০-১৬। 
  22. ↑ "EU blacklists Hamas political wing"। BBC News। সেপ্টেম্বর ১১, ২০০৩। 
  23. ↑ "Country reports on terrorism 2005", United States Department of State. Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism. US Dept. of State Publication 11324. April 2006. p 196
  24. ↑ If HAMAS is a Terrorist Organization, What Does That Make Israel? Intifada: The Voice of Palestine. July 11, 2010
  25. ↑ উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <ref> ট্যাগ বৈধ নয়; fox1 নামের সূত্রটির জন্য কোন লেখা প্রদান করা হয়নি
  26. ↑ How to Confront Russia's Anti-American Foreign Policy The Heritage Foundation. June 27, 2007
  27. ↑ Gaza flotilla: Turkey threat to Israel ties over raid[অকার্যকর সংযোগ] BBC News. June 4, 2010
  28. ↑ Davidovich, Joshua। "The China bank is not the issue here, dude"। www.timesofisrael.com (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২০-১০-১৬। 
  29. ↑ "Why Palestine Supports China on the South China Sea"। thediplomat.com (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২০-১০-১৬। 
  30. ↑ "Moscow risks anger over Hamas visit" (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। ২০০৬-০৩-০৩। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২০-১০-১৬। 
  31. ↑ "Erdogan: 'Hamas is not a terrorist organization'"। The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২০-১০-১৬। 
  32. ↑ "The Hamas-Iran alliance remains and expands"। Middle East Monitor (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। ২০১৯-০১-১৪। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২০-১০-১৬। 
  33. ↑ "Fatah agrees to celebrate Hamas anniversary in Gaza"। Jewish Telegraphic Agency (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। ২০১২-১২-০৭। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২০-১০-১৬। 
  34. ↑ Jamal, Amal (২০০৫)। The Palestinian national movement : politics of contention, 1967-2005। Internet Archive। Bloomington : Indiana University Press। আইএসবিএন 978-0-253-34590-5। 
  35. ↑ হামাস প্রতিষ্ঠার ২৫ বছর। ঢাকা থেকে প্রকাশের তারিখ: ১৪-১২-২০১২ খ্রিস্টাব্দ।

উদ্ধৃতি

বই

সাময়িকী

অন্যান্য

  • ABC (২৫ এপ্রিল ২০০২)। "Youths' Suicide Mission Stuns Palestinians"। ABC News। 
  • AFP (৮ এপ্রিল ২০১৯)। "Hamas West Bank leader given six-month detention without trial"। Arab News। 
  • Amayreh, Khaled (২৯ জানুয়ারি – ৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০০৪)। "Running out of time"। Al-Ahram (675)। জানুয়ারি ২০, ২০১০ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। 
  • Assi, Seraj (১৬ ডিসেম্বর ২০১৮)। "Hamas Owes Its 'Palestine From the River to the Sea' Slogan to Zionism"। Haaretz। 
  • Barzak, Ibrahim (১১ জুন ২০১১)। "Muhammad Hassan Shama, little-known Hamas founder"। Boston Globe। 
  • DW (৭ ডিসেম্বর ২০১৮)। "UN General Assembly rejects US resolution to condemn Hamas"। Deutsche Welle। 
  • "Hamas: The Organizations, Goals and Tactics of a Militant Palestinian Organization"। CRS Issue Brief। অক্টোবর ১৪, ১৯৯৩। জানুয়ারি ৬, ২০০৬ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। 
  • Dalloul, Motasem A (১৪ ডিসেম্বর ২০১৭)। "Interview with Dr Ibrahim Al-Yazouri, a founder of Hamas"। Middle East Monitor। 
  • "Blowback: How Israel Went From Helping Create Hamas to Bombing It"। The Intercept। ফেব্রুয়ারি ১৯, ২০১৮। সংগ্রহের তারিখ অক্টোবর ২৭, ২০২০। 
  • Higgins, Andrew (জানুয়ারি ২৪, ২০০৯)। "How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas"। WSJ। জুন ২৬, ২০০৯ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ অক্টোবর ২৭, ২০২০। 
  • Hirst, David (নভেম্বর ২২, ১৯৯৯)। "Jordan curbs Hamas"। The Guardian। সংগ্রহের তারিখ অক্টোবর ২৮, ২০২০। 
  • Platt, Edward (আগস্ট ৩০, ২০১০)। "For Arabs in Israel, a house is not a home"। New Statesman। সংগ্রহের তারিখ অক্টোবর ২৭, ২০২০। 
  • "The Hamas Way of Death"। The New York Times। এপ্রিল ১৬, ১৯৯৩। 
  • Rose, David (মার্চ ৫, ২০০৮)। "The Proof Is in the Paper Trail"। Vanity Fair। সংগ্রহের তারিখ আগস্ট ১, ২০১১। 

বহিঃসংযোগ

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