বর্ণ (মানুষের শ্রেণীবিভাগ): সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

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==তথ্যসূত্র==
==তথ্যসূত্র==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
{{সূত্র তালিকা}}

<ref name="AAAonRace">{{harvnb|AAA|1998}}</ref>

<ref name="aaa">{{harvnb|AAA|1998}}: "For example, 'Evidence from the analysis of genetics (e.g., DNA) indicates that most physical variation, about 94%, lies within so-called racial groups. Conventional geographic "racial" groupings differ from one another only in about 6% of their genes. This means that there is greater variation within 'racial' groups than between them.{{'"}}</ref>

<ref name="AAPA">{{harvnb|AAPA|1996|p=714}} "Pure races, in the sense of genetically homogeneous populations, do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past."</ref>

<ref name="abraham">{{harvnb|Abraham|2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Andreasen 2000">{{harvnb|Andreasen|2000}}</ref>

<ref name="anthropologists">{{cite journal |last1=Kaszycka |first1=Katarzyna A. |last2=Štrkalj |first2=Goran |last3=Strzalko |first3=Jan |date=2009 |title=Current Views of European Anthropologists on Race: Influence of Educational and Ideological Background |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=43–56 |doi=10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01076.x |s2cid=55419265}}</ref>

<ref name="anthropology">{{cite journal |last1=Brace |first1=C. Loring |author-link=C. Loring Brace |date=1995 |title=Region Does not Mean 'Race': Reality Versus Convention in Forensic Anthropology |journal=[[Journal of Forensic Sciences]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=29–33 |doi=10.1520/JFS15336J}}</ref>
<ref name="anthropology12">{{cite journal |last1=Brace |first1=C. Loring |author-link=C. Loring Brace |date=1995 |title=Region Does not Mean 'Race': Reality Versus Convention in Forensic Anthropology |journal=[[Journal of Forensic Sciences]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=171–175 |doi=10.1520/JFS15336J}}</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated">{{Cite journal |last=Gissis |first=S. |title=When is 'race' a race? 1946–2003 |doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.09.006 |journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=437–450 |date=2008 |pmid=19026975}}</ref>

<ref name="banton">{{harvnb|Banton|1977}}</ref>

<ref name="Brace 2005">{{harvnb|Brace|2005|page=326}}</ref>

<ref name="Brace; Gill; Lee">See:
* {{harvnb|Brace|2000a}}
* {{harvnb|Gill|2000a}}
* {{harvnb|Lee|1997}}: "The very naturalness of 'reality' is itself the effect of a particular set of discursive constructions. In this way, discourse does not simply reflect reality, but actually participates in its construction"
</ref>

<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Smedley |first1=Audrey |last2=Takezawa |first2=Yasuko I. |last3=Wade |first3=Peter |title=Race: Human |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/race-human |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="biological">{{cite journal |last1=Štrkalj |first1=Goran |last2=Solyali |first2=Veli |date=2010 |title=Human Biological Variation in Anatomy Textbooks: The Role of Ancestry |journal=Studies on Ethno-Medicine |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=157–161 |publisher=Kamla-Raj Ent. |doi=10.1080/09735070.2010.11886375 |s2cid=73945508 }}</ref>

<ref name="brace2">{{harvnb|Brace|2005|page=27}}</ref>

<ref name="boyd">{{harvnb|Boyd|1950}}</ref>

<ref name="Condit, et al. 2003">{{cite journal |title=Attitudinal barriers to delivery of race-targeted pharmacogenomics among informed lay persons |first1=Celeste |last1=Condit |first2=Alan |last2=Templeton |first3=Benjamin R. |last3=Bates |first4=Jennifer L. |last4=Bevan |first5=Tina M. |last5=Harris |journal=Genetics in Medicine |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=385–392 |date=September 2003 |pmid=14501834 |doi-access=free |doi=10.1097/01.GIM.0000087990.30961.72}} In summary, they argues that, in order to predict the clinical success of pharmacogenomic research, scholars must conduct subsidiary research on two fronts: Science, wherein the degree of correspondence between popular and professional racial categories can be assessed; and society at large, through which attitudinal factors moderate the relationship between scientific soundness and societal acceptance. To accept race-as-proxy, then, may be necessary but insufficient to solidify the future of race-based pharmacogenomics.</ref>

<ref name="conservation">{{harvnb|Haig|Beever|Chambers|Draheim|2006}}</ref>

<ref name="cravens">{{harvnb|Cravens|2010}}</ref>

<ref name="Cravens; Angier; et al.">See:
* {{harvnb|Cravens|2010}}
* {{harvnb|Angier|2000}}
* {{harvnb|Amundson|2005}}
* {{harvnb|Reardon|2005}}
</ref>

<ref name="currell">{{harvnb|Currell|Cogdell|2006}}</ref>

<ref name="Dawkins & Wong">{{cite book |title=The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |author1-link=Richard Dawkins |last2=Wong |first2=Yan |date=2005 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0-61-861916-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancestorstale00rich_0/page/406 406]–407 |url=https://archive.org/details/ancestorstale00rich_0 |url-access=registration |quote=(Summarizing Edwards' thesis): We can all happily agree that human racial classification is of no social value and is positively destructive of social and human relations. That is one reason why I object to ticking boxes on forms and why I object to positive discrimination in job selection. But that doesn't mean that race is of 'virtually no genetic or taxonomic significance.' This is Edwards's point, and he reasons as follows. However small the racial partition of total variation may be, if such racial characteristics as there are highly correlated with other racial characteristics, they are by definition informative, and therefore of taxonomic significance.}}</ref>

<ref name=Hunt1863_3>{{cite journal |last=Hunt |first=James |date=24 February 1863 |title=Introductory address on the study of Anthropology |journal=The Anthropological Review |volume=1 |page=3 |quote=...&nbsp;we should always remember, that by whatever means the Negro, for instance, acquired his present physical, mental and moral character, whether he has risen from an ape or descended from a perfect man, we still know that the Races of Europe have now much in their mental and moral nature which the races of Africa have not got. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzYpAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

<ref name=Desmond09_332>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|2009|pages=332–341}}</ref>

<ref name="ehrlich">{{harvnb|Ehrlich|Holm|1964}}</ref>

<ref name="edwards">{{harvnb|Edwards|2003}}</ref>

<ref name="encyclopedia">Kaplan, Jonathan Michael (January 2011) {{"'}}Race': What Biology Can Tell Us about a Social Construct". In: ''Encyclopedia of Life Sciences'' (ELS). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester</ref>

<ref name="evolutionary">{{cite journal |last1=Weiss |first1=K. M. |last2=Fullerton |first2=S. M. |date=2005 |title=Racing around, getting nowhere |journal=Evolutionary Anthropology |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=165–169 |doi=10.1002/evan.20079 |s2cid=84927946}}</ref>

<ref name="FORA.tv 2008">{{cite web |url=http://fora.tv/2008/07/30/New_Ideas_New_Fuels_Craig_Venter_at_the_Oxonian#chapter_17 |title=New Ideas, New Fuels: Craig Venter at the Oxonian |publisher=FORA.tv |date=3 November 2008 |access-date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122071534/http://fora.tv/2008/07/30/New_Ideas_New_Fuels_Craig_Venter_at_the_Oxonian#chapter_17 |archive-date=22 January 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="Fullwiley2011DNA">{{harvnb|Fullwiley|2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Gill; Armelagos; et al.">See:
* {{harvnb|Gill|2000a}}
* {{harvnb|Armelagos|Smay|2000}}
* {{harvnb|Risch|Burchard|Ziv|Tang|2002}}
* {{harvnb|Bloche|2004}}
</ref>

<ref name="gitschier">{{harvnb|Gitschier|2005}}</ref>

<ref name="Gordon 1964">{{harvnb|Gordon|1964|p={{Page needed|date=August 2010}}}}</ref>

<ref name="Graves 2001">{{harvnb|Graves|2001|p={{page needed|date=September 2015}}}}</ref>

<ref name="Graves 2001 p. 39">{{harvnb|Graves|2001|page=39}}</ref>

<ref name="Graves 2001 pp. 43–43">{{harvnb|Graves|2001|pages=42–43}}</ref>

<ref name="Graves 2011">{{harvnb|Graves|2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Harpending; et al.">See:
* {{harvnb|Cavalli-Sforza|Menozzi|Piazza|1994}}
* {{harvnb|Bamshad|Wooding|Salisbury|Stephens|2004|page=599}}
* {{harvnb|Tang|Quertermous|Rodriguez|Kardia|2005}}
* {{harvnb|Rosenberg|Mahajan|Ramachandran|Zhao|2005}}: "If enough markers are used&nbsp;... individuals can be partitioned into genetic clusters that match major geographic subdivisions of the globe."
</ref>

<ref name="Harpending2006AnthropologicalGenetics">{{harvnb|Harpending|2006|p=458 "On the other hand, information about the race of patients will be useless as soon as we discover and can type cheaply the underlying genes that are responsible for the associations. Can races be enumerated in any unambiguous way? Of course not, and this is well known not only to scientists but also to anyone on the street."}}</ref>

<ref name="Harris 1980">{{harvnb|Harris|1980}}</ref>

<ref name="hhs">{{cite web |url=http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=1&lvlID=7 |title=Office of Minority Health |publisher=Minorityhealth.hhs.gov |date=16 August 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118084108/http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=1&lvlID=7 |archive-date=18 January 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Kahn 2011">{{harvnb|Kahn|2011|p=132}}. "For example, what are we to make of the fact that African Americans suffer from disproportionately high rates of hypertension, but Africans in Nigeria have among the world's lowest rates of hypertension, far lower than the overwhelmingly white population of Germany? Genetics certainly plays a role in hypertension. But any role it plays in explaining such differences must surely be vanishingly small." Citing: {{cite journal |first1=Richard |last1=Cooper |last2=Wolf-Maier |first2=Katharina |last3=Luke |first3=Amy |last4=Adeyemo |first4=Adebowale |last5=Banegas |first5=José R. |last6=Forrester |first6=Terrence |last7=Giampaoli |first7=Simona |last8=Joffres |first8=Michel |last9=Kastarinen |first9=Mika |last10=Primatesta |first10=Paola |last11=Stegmayr |first11=Birgitta |last12=Thamm |first12=Michael |title=An International Comparative Study of Blood Pressure in Populations of European vs. African Descent |journal=[[BMC Medicine]] |volume=3 |date=5 January 2005 |issue=2 |page=2 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-3-2 |pmid=15629061 |pmc=545060 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Keita; Templeton; Long">See:
* {{harvnb|Keita|Kittles|Royal|Bonney|2004}}
* {{harvnb|Templeton|1998}}
* {{harvnb|Long|Kittles|2003}}
</ref>

<ref name="Keita; Templeton">See:
* {{harvnb|Keita|Kittles|Royal|Bonney|2004}}
* {{harvnb|Templeton|1998}}
</ref>

<ref name="Keita1">{{harvnb|Keita|Kittles|Royal|Bonney|2004}}. "Religious, cultural, social, national, ethnic, linguistic, genetic, geographical and anatomical groups have been and sometimes still are called 'races'"</ref>

<ref name="Keita2">{{harvnb|Keita|Kittles|Royal|Bonney|2004}}. "Modern human biological variation is not structured into phylogenetic subspecies ('races'), nor are the taxa of the standard anthropological 'racial' classifications breeding populations. The 'racial taxa' do not meet the phylogenetic criteria. 'Race' denotes socially constructed units as a function of the incorrect usage of the term."</ref>

<ref name="Keita3">{{harvnb|Keita|Kittles|Royal|Bonney|2004}}. "Many terms requiring definition for use describe demographic population groups better than the term 'race' because they invite examination of the criteria for classification."</ref>

<ref name="Keita2004">{{harvnb|Keita|Kittles|Royal|Bonney|2004}}</ref>

<ref name="Kennedy">{{harvnb|Kennedy|1995}}</ref>

<ref name="King 2007">{{harvnb|King|2007}}: For example, "the association of blacks with poverty and welfare&nbsp;... is due, not to race per se, but to the link that race has with poverty and its associated disadvantages". p. 75.</ref>

<ref name="Lee 1997, citing M&A">{{harvnb|Lee|1997}} citing {{harvnb|Morgan|1975}} and {{harvnb|Appiah|1992}}</ref>

<ref name="Lee, Mountain, et al.">{{harvnb|Lee|Mountain|Koenig|Altman|2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Lee, Mountain; et al. 2008">{{harvnb|Lee|Mountain|Koenig|Altman|2008}}: "We caution against making the naive leap to a genetic explanation for group differences in complex traits, especially for human behavioral traits such as IQ scores"</ref>

<ref name="Lewis; Dikötter">''For examples see:''
* {{harvnb|Lewis|1990}}
* {{harvnb|Dikötter|1992}}
</ref>

<ref name="Lie; Thompson; et al.">See:
* {{harvnb|Lie|2004}}
* {{harvnb|Thompson|Hickey|2005}}
* {{harvnb|Gordon|1964|p={{Page needed|date=August 2010}}}}
* {{harvnb|AAA|1998}}
* {{harvnb|Palmié|2007}}
* {{harvnb|Mevorach|2007}}
* {{harvnb|Segal|1991}}
* {{harvnb|Bindon|2005}}
</ref>

<ref name="lieberman">{{harvnb|Lieberman|Kirk|1997|page=195}}</ref>

<ref name="Lieberman 1995">{{harvnb|Lieberman|Jackson|1995}}</ref>

<ref name="Lieberman 2001">{{harvnb|Lieberman|2001}}</ref>

<ref name="Lieberman, Kirk, et al. 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Lieberman |first1=Leonard |last2=Kirk |first2=Rodney C. |last3=Littlefield |first3=Alice |title=Perishing Paradigm: Race 1931–1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_2003-03_105_1/page/110 |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=105 |pages=110–113 |date=2003 |doi=10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.110 |issue=1}}<br />An article in the same issue questions the precise rate of decline, but from their opposing perspective agrees that the Negroid/&thinsp;Caucasoid/&thinsp;Mongoloid paradigm has fallen into near-total disfavor.<br />^ {{cite journal |last1=Cartmill |first1=Matt |last2=Brown |first2=Kaye |title=Surveying the Race Concept: A Reply to Lieberman, Kirk, and Littlefield |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_2003-03_105_1/page/114 |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=105 |pages=114–115 |date=2003 |doi=10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.114 |issue=1}}</ref>

<ref name="Livingstone">{{harvnb|Livingstone|Dobzhansky|1962}}</ref>

<ref name="Marks 1995">{{harvnb|Marks|1995}}</ref>

<ref name="Marks 2002">{{harvnb|Marks|2002}}</ref>

<ref name="Marks 2008">{{harvnb|Marks|2008|page=28}}</ref>

<ref name="Marks; Montagu">See:
* {{harvnb|Marks|2002}}
* {{harvnb|Montagu|1941}}
* {{harvnb|Montagu|1997}}
</ref>

<ref name="meltzer">{{harvnb|Meltzer|1993}}</ref>

<ref name="molnar">{{harvnb|Molnar|1992}}</ref>

<ref name="mountain">{{harvnb|Mountain|Risch|2004}}</ref>

<ref name="montagu">See:
* {{harvnb|Montagu|1962}}
* {{harvnb|Bamshad|Olson|2003}}
</ref>

<ref name="Morgan; Smedley; et al.">See:
* {{harvnb|Morgan|1975}} as cited in {{harvnb|Lee|1997|page=407}}
* {{harvnb|Smedley|2007}}
* {{harvnb|Sivanandan|1982}}
* {{harvnb|Crenshaw|1988}}
* {{harvnb|Conley|2007}}
* {{harvnb|Winfield|2007}}: "It was [[Aristotle]] who first arranged all animals into a single, graded scale that placed humans at the top as the most perfect iteration. By the late 19th century, the idea that inequality was the basis of [[Natural order (philosophy)|natural order]], known as the ''[[great chain of being]]'', was part of the common [[lexicon]]."
</ref>

<ref name="nih">{{cite web |url=http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-03-057.html |title=Social and Demographic Studies of Rance and Ethnicity in the United States |date=16 January 2003 |id=PA-03-057 |work=Grants1.NIH.gov |publisher=[[US National Institutes of Health]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109174622/http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-03-057.html |archive-date=9 November 2014}} Program announcement and request for grant applications (through 1 February 2006).</ref>

<ref name="nih10">{{cite journal |last1=Lieberman |first1=L. |last2=Kaszycka |first2=K. A. |last3=Martinez Fuentes |first3=A. J. |last4=Yablonsky |first4=L. |last5=Kirk |first5=R. C. |last6=Strkalj |first6=G. |last7=Wang |first7=Q. |last8=Sun |first8=L. |volume=28 |issue=2 |title=The race concept in six regions: variation without consensus |date=December 2004 |journal=Collegium Antropologicum |pages=907–921 |pmid=15666627 |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/5624}}</ref>

<ref name="nobles">{{harvnb|Nobles|2000}}</ref>

<ref name="OMB 1997">{{Cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html |title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity |access-date=19 March 2009 |publisher=[[Office of Management and Budget]] |date=30 October 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315191301/https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html |archive-date=15 March 2009}} Also: [https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/compraceho.html U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408080244/https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/compraceho.html |date=8 April 2019}} and [https://www.census.gov B03002. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race. 2007 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |date=27 December 1996}}</ref>

<ref name="operationalization">{{cite journal |title=The conceptualization and operationalization of race and ethnicity by health services researchers |first=Susan |last=Moscou |journal=Nursing Inquiry |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=94–105 |date=June 2008|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1800.2008.00413.x |pmid=18476852 }}</ref>

<ref name="ousley2009">{{harvnb|Ousley|Jantz|Freid|2009}}</ref>

<ref name="owens">{{harvnb|Owens|King|1999}}</ref>

<ref name="Pigliucci 2013">{{harvnb|Pigliucci|2013}}</ref>

<ref name="presentation">{{cite journal |title=The presentation of human biological diversity in sport and exercise science textbooks: The example of 'race' |first=Christopher J. |last=Hallinan |journal=Journal of Sport Behavior |date=March 1994}}</ref>

<ref name="presentations2005">{{cite web |last=Bindon |first=Jim |publisher=University of Alabama |url=http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/bindon/ant275/presentations/POST_WWII.PDF#search=%22stanley%20marion%20garn%22 |title=Post World War II |date=2005 |access-date=28 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830182824/http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/bindon/ant275/presentations/POST_WWII.PDF |archive-date=30 August 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="project">{{harvnb|Human Genome Project|2003}}</ref>

<ref name="profiling">{{cite journal |first=Robert S. |last=Schwartz |title=Racial Profiling in Medical Research |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=344 |issue=18 |date=3 May 2001|pages=1392–1393 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200105033441810 |pmid=11333999}}</ref>

<ref name="reconstructing">{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing Race in Science and Society: Biology Textbooks, 1952–2002 |first=Ann |last=Morning |journal=American Journal of Sociology |date=2008 |volume=114 |issue=114 Suppl |pages=S106–S137|doi=10.1086/592206 |pmid=19569402 |s2cid=13552528 }}</ref>

<ref name="REGWG">{{cite journal |author=((Race, Ethnicity, and Genetics Working Group)) |title=The Use of Racial, Ethnic, and Ancestral Categories in Human Genetics Research |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |date=October 2005 |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=519–532 |pmid=16175499 |doi=10.1086/491747 |pmc=1275602}}</ref>

<ref name="Rivara, Finberg 2001">{{cite journal |first1=Frederick P. |last1=Rivara |first2=Laurence |last2=Finberg |date=2001 |title=Use of the Terms Race and Ethnicity |journal=[[Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine]] |volume=155 |issue=2 |page=119 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.155.2.119 |pmid=11177083 |quote=In future issues of the ''Archives'', we ask authors to not use race and ethnicity when there is no biological, scientific, or sociological reason for doing so. Race or ethnicity should not be used as explanatory variables, when the underlying constructs are variables that can, and should, be measured directly (eg, educational level of subjects, household income of the families, single vs 2-parent households, employment of parents, owning vs renting one's home, and other measures of socioeconomic status). In contrast, the recent attention on decreasing health disparities uses race and ethnicity not as explanatory variables but as ways of examining the underlying sociocultural reasons for these disparities and appropriately targeting attention and resources on children and adolescents with poorer health. In select issues and questions such as these, use of race and ethnicity is appropriate.}}</ref>

<ref name="Risch 2002">{{harvnb|Risch|Burchard|Ziv|Tang|2002}}</ref>

<ref name="Sauer 1992">{{harvnb|Sauer|1992}}</ref>

<ref name="schaefer">{{harvnb|Schaefer|2008}}: "In many parts of Latin America, racial groupings are based less on the biological physical features and more on an intersection between physical features and social features such as economic class, dress, education, and context. Thus, a more fluid treatment allows for the construction of race as an achieved status rather than an ascribed status as is the case in the United States."</ref>

<ref name="Sesardic 2010">{{harvnb|Sesardic|2010}}</ref>

<ref name="sivanandan">See:
* {{harvnb|Sivanandan|1982}}
* {{harvnb|Muffoletto|2003}}
* {{harvnb|McNeilly|Anderson|Armstead|Clark|1996}}: Psychiatric instrument called the "Perceived Racism Scale" "provides a measure of the frequency of exposure to many manifestations of racism&nbsp;... including individual and institutional"; also assesses motional and behavioral coping responses to racism.
* {{harvnb|Miles|2000}}</ref>

<ref name="Smedley 1999">{{harvnb|Smedley|1999}}</ref>

<ref name="Smedley; Boas">See:
* {{harvnb|Smedley|2002}}
* {{harvnb|Boas|1912}}
</ref>

<ref name="stocking">{{harvnb|Stocking|1968|pages=38–40}}</ref>

<ref name="Štrkalj 2007">{{cite journal |last=Štrkalj |first=Goran |title=The Status of the Race Concept in Contemporary Biological Anthropology: A Review |url=http://www.krepublishers.com%2F02-Journals%2FT-Anth%2FAnth-09-0-000-000-2007-Web%2FAnth-09-1-000-000-2007-Abst-PDF%2FAnth-09-1-073-078-2007-422-%2520%258Atrkalj-G%2FAnth-09-1-073-078-2007-422-%2520%258Atrkalj-G-Tt.pdf |journal=[[The Anthropologist]] |date=2007 |volume=9 |pages=73–78 |doi=10.1080/09720073.2007.11890983 |s2cid=13690181}}</ref>

<ref name="takaki">{{harvnb|Takaki|1993}}</ref>

<ref name="Templeton 1998">{{harvnb|Templeton|1998}}</ref>

<ref name="todorov">{{harvnb|Todorov|1993}}</ref>

<ref name="weiss">{{harvnb|Weiss|2005}}</ref>

<ref name="willing">{{harvnb|Willing|2005}}</ref>

<ref name="wilson">{{harvnb|Wilson|Brown|1953}}</ref>

<ref name="Witherspoon, et al. 2007">{{harvnb|Witherspoon|Wooding|Rogers|Marchani|2007}}</ref>

<ref name="Witzig">{{harvnb|Witzig|1996}}</ref>

<ref name="Wright 1978">{{harvnb|Wright|1978}}</ref>

}}

==গ্রন্থপঞ্জি==
<!-- GenomeRes14 p1679 from [[Human genetic variation]] [[Race and genetics]] -->
{{refbegin|30em}}
<!--Abraham, Carolyn 2009-->
* {{cite news |title=Molecular eyewitness: DNA gets a human face |first=Carolyn |last=Abraham |url=http://m.theglobeandmail.com/life/molecular-eyewitness-dna-gets-a-human-face/article888804/?service=mobile&template=shareEmail&tabInside_tab=0&page=1 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=7 April 2009 |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717002110/http://m.theglobeandmail.com/life/molecular-eyewitness-dna-gets-a-human-face/article888804/?service=mobile&template=shareEmail&tabInside_tab=0&page=1 |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}
<!-- AAA 1998-->
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm |title=American Anthropological Association Statement on 'Race' |work=AAAnet.org |publisher=[[American Anthropological Association]] |date=17 May 1998 |access-date=18 April 2009 |ref={{harvid|AAA|1998}}}}<!--Use same technique with AAPA below-->
<!-- AAPA 1996-->
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1331010408 |publisher=[[American Association of Physical Anthropologists]] |date=1996 |title=AAPA statement on biological aspects of race |journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]] |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=569–570 |url=http://www.virginia.edu/woodson/courses/aas102%20%28spring%2001%29/articles/AAPA_race.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040723195029/http://www.virginia.edu/woodson/courses/aas102%20(spring%2001)/articles/AAPA_race.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2004 |ref={{harvid|AAPA|1996}}}}
<!--Alexander 2010-->
* {{cite book |last=Alexander |first=Michelle |title=The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness |location=New York |publisher=The New Press |date=2010}}
<!--Amundson 2005-->
* {{cite book |last=Amundson |first=Ron |title=Quality of life and human difference: genetic testing, health care, and disability |date=2005 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-83201-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/qualityoflifehum00davi/page/101 101–124] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PvWVZIzoTIC&pg=PA107 |editor-first1=David T. |editor-last1=Wasserman |editor-first2=Robert Samuel |editor-last2=Wachbroit |editor-first3=Jerome Edmund |editor-last3=Bickenbach |chapter=Disability, Ideology, and Quality of Life: A Bias in Biomedical Ethics |url=https://archive.org/details/qualityoflifehum00davi/page/101}}
<!--Andreasen 2000-->
* {{cite journal |last=Andreasen |first=Robin O. |title=Race: Biological Reality or Social Construct? |journal=[[Philosophy of Science (journal)|Philosophy of Science]] |volume=67 |issue=Supplement |date=2000 |pages=S653–S666 |jstor=188702 |doi=10.1086/392853 |s2cid=144176104}}
<!--Angier Natalie 2000-->
* {{cite news |last=Angier |first=Natalie |title=Do Races Differ? Not Really, DNA Shows |url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/082200sci-genetics-race.html |access-date=9 August 2010 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=22 August 2000}}
<!--Appiah 1992-->
* {{cite book |title=In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/inmyfathershouse00appi |url-access=registration |last=Appiah |first=Kwame Anthony |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-19-506852-8 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
<!--Armelagos Smay 2000-->
* {{Cite journal |doi=10.1525/tran.2000.9.2.19 |first1=George |last1=Armelagos |first2=Diana |last2=Smay |title=Galileo wept: A critical assessment of the use of race in forensic anthropolopy |journal=Transforming Anthropology |date=2000 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=19–29 |s2cid=143942539 |url=http://www.anthropology.emory.edu/FACULTY/ANTGA/Web%20Site/PDFs/Galileo%20Wept-%20A%20Critical%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Use%20of%20Race%20in%20Forensic%20Anthropology.pdf |access-date=15 May 2010 |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818073338/http://www.anthropology.emory.edu/FACULTY/ANTGA/Web%20Site/PDFs/Galileo%20Wept-%20A%20Critical%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Use%20of%20Race%20in%20Forensic%20Anthropology.pdf }}
<!--Bamshad Olson 2003-->
* {{cite magazine |last1=Bamshad |first1=Michael |last2=Olson |first2=Steve E. |url=http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/rhking/departments/science/bio/evol_pop_dyn/does_race_exist.pdf |title=Does Race Exist? |magazine=[[Scientific American]] |volume=289 |issue=6 |pages=78–85 |date=10 November 2003 |bibcode=2003SciAm.289f..78B |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1203-78 |pmid=14631734 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614110106/http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/rhking/departments/science/bio/evol_pop_dyn/does_race_exist.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007 }}
<!--Bamshad et al. 2004-->
* {{cite journal |last1=Bamshad |first1=M. |last2=Wooding |first2=S. |last3=Salisbury |first3=B. A. |last4=Stephens |first4=J. C. |title=Deconstructing the relationship between genetics and race |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=598–609 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15266342 |doi=10.1038/nrg1401 |s2cid=12378279}}
<!--Bamshad 2005 ??? -->
<!--Banton Michael 1977-->
* {{cite book |last=Banton |first=Michael |date=1977 |title=The idea of race |url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofrace0000bant |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colorado |type=paperback |isbn=0-89158-719-5}}
<!--Barbujani 2005-->
* {{cite journal |last=Barbujani |first=Guido |title=Human Races: Classifying People vs Understanding Diversity |journal=Current Genomics |date=1 June 2005 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=215–226 |doi=10.2174/1389202054395973 |s2cid=18992187}}
<!--Bell 2009-->
* {{cite book |last=Bell |first=Mark |chapter='Race', Ethnicity, and Racism in Europe |chapter-url=http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.com/pdf/13/9780199297849_chapter1.pdf |title=Racism and Equality in the European Union |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-929784-9 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297849.001.0001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202235619/http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.com/pdf/13/9780199297849_chapter1.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012 }}
<!--Black & Ferguson 2011-->
* {{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Sue |last2=Ferguson |first2=Elidh |date=2011 |title=Forensic Anthropology: 2000 to 2010 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-439-84588-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=306ruTniZmcC&pg=PA125}}
<!--Blank Dabady Citro 2004-->
* {{cite book |last1=Blank |first1=Rebecca M. |last2=Dabady |first2=Marilyn |last3=Citro |first3=Constance Forbes |author3-link=Constance F. Citro |series=National Research Council (U.S.) Panel on Methods for Assessing Discrimination |publisher=National Adademies Press |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-309-09126-8 |page=317 |title=Measuring racial discrimination |chapter=Chapter 2}}
<!--Bloche 2004-->
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1056/NEJMp048271 |last=Bloche |first=Gregg M. |date=2004 |title=Race-Based Therapeutics |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=351 |issue=20 |pages=2035–2037 |pmid=15533852 |s2cid=1467851}}
<!--Boas Franz 1912-->
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1525/aa.1912.14.3.02a00080 |last=Boas |first=Franz |date=1912 |title=Change in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=530–562 |pmc=2986913}}
<!--Boyd William 1950-->
* {{cite book |last=Boyd |first=William C. |title=Genetics and the races of man: an introduction to modern physical anthropology |url=https://archive.org/details/geneticsracesofm00boyd |url-access=registration |date=1950 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/geneticsracesofm00boyd/page/207 207] |location=Boston}}
<!--Brace C Loring; Montagu, Ashley 1965-->
* {{cite book |last1=Brace |first1=C. Loring |last2=Montagu |first2=Ashley |date=1965 |title=Man's Evolution: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology |location=New York |publisher=[[Macmillan (publisher)|Macmillan]]}}
<!--Brace C Loring 2000-->
* {{cite book |title=Evolution in an Anthropological View |last=Brace |first=C. Loring |date=2000 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-0263-5}}
<!--Brace C Loring 2000a-->
* {{cite web |last=Brace |first=C. Loring |date=2000a |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/brace.html |title=Does Race Exist? An antagonist's perspective |work=[[Nova (American TV program)|Nova]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=11 October 2010}}
<!--Brace C Loring 2005-->
* {{cite book |last=Brace |first=C. Loring |date=2005 |title=Race is a four letter word |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517351-2}}
<!--Caspari 2003-->
* {{Cite journal |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |last=Caspari |first=Rachel |title=From types to populations: A century of race, physical anthropology, and the American Anthropological Association |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_2003-03_105_1/page/65 |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |date=March 2003 |doi=10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.65 |hdl=2027.42/65890 |hdl-access=free}}
<!--Cavalli-Sforza Menozzi Piazza 2003-->
* {{cite book |last1=Cavalli-Sforza |first1=Luigi Luca |author-link1=Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza |last2=Menozzi |first2=Paolo |last3=Piazza |first3=Alberto |title=The History and Geography of Human Genes |date=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-08750-4}} [https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/08/20/reviews/000820.20ridleyt.html Lay summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202080558/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/08/20/reviews/000820.20ridleyt.html |date=2 February 2022}} (1 December 2013)
<!--Conley 2007-->
* {{cite book |last=Conley |first=D. |date=2007 |chapter=Being black, living in the red" |editor-first=P. S. |editor-last=Rothenberg |title=Race, Class, and Gender in the United States |edition=7th |pages=350–358 |location=New York |publisher=Worth Publishers}}
<!--Cravens Hamilton 2010-->
* {{cite journal |last=Cravens |first=Hamilton |date=2010 |title=What's New in Science and Race since the 1930s?: Anthropologists and Racial Essentialism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historian_summer-2010_72_2/page/299 |journal=The Historian |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=299–320 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.2010.00263.x |pmid=20726131 |s2cid=10378582}}
<!--Crenshaw 1988-->
* {{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1341398 |last=Crenshaw |first=K. W. |name-list-style=vanc |date=1988 |title=Race, reform, and retrenchment: Transformation and legitimation in antidiscrimination law |journal=[[Harvard Law Review]] |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=1331–1337 |jstor=1341398 |url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3871&context=faculty_scholarship}}
<!--Currell, Cogdell 2006-->
* {{Cite book |last1=Currell |first1=Susan |first2=Christina |last2=Cogdell |title=Popular Eugenics: National Efficiency and American Mass Culture in The 1930s |publisher=[[Ohio University Press]] |date=2006 |location=Athens, Ohio |page=203 |isbn=0-8214-1691-X}}
<!--Desmond Moore 2009-->
* {{citation |last1=Desmond |first1=Adrian |author-link1=Adrian Desmond |last2=Moore |first2=James |author-link2=James Moore (biographer) |title=Darwin's sacred cause: how a hatred of slavery shaped Darwin's views on human evolution |publisher=Allen Lane, Penguin Books |date=2009 |page=[https://archive.org/details/darwinssacredcau0000desm/page/484 484] |isbn=978-1-84614-035-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/darwinssacredcau0000desm/page/484}}
<!--Dikötter 1992-->
* {{cite book |last=Dikötter |first=Frank |date=1992 |title=The discourse of race in modern China |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1994-0}}
<!--Edwards 2003-->
* {{cite journal |last=Edwards |first=A. W. F. |author-link=A. W. F. Edwards |title=Human genetic diversity: Lewontin's fallacy |journal=BioEssays |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=798–801 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12879450 |doi=10.1002/bies.10315 |s2cid=17361449}}
<!--Ehrlich Paul; Holm Richard 1962 2003-->
* {{cite book |last1=Ehrlich |first1=Paul |last2=Holm |first2=Richard W. |chapter=A Biological View of Race |title=The Concept of Race |editor-first=Ashley |editor-last=Montagu |editor-link=Ashley Montagu |date=1964 |publisher=Collier Books |pages=153–179}}
<!--Fullwiley2011DNA-->
* {{cite book |last=Fullwiley |first=Duana |title=Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture |editor1-last=Krimsky |editor1-first=Sheldon |editor2-last=Sloan |editor2-first=Kathleen |chapter=Chapter 6: Can DNA "Witness" Race? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVg4AAAAQBAJ |access-date=31 August 2013 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-52769-9}}
<!--Gill 2000a-->
* {{Cite web |last=Gill |first=G. W. |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/gill.html |title=Does Race Exist? A proponent's perspective |work=NOVA |publisher=[[PBS]] |date=2000a |access-date=18 April 2009}}
<!--Gitschier 2005-->
* {{cite journal |last=Gitschier |first=Jane |title=The Whole Side of It&nbsp;– An Interview with Neil Risch |date=2005 |journal=[[PLOS Genetics]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=e14 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0010014 |pmid=17411332 |pmc=1183530 |doi-access=free}}
<!--Gordon 1964-->
* {{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Milton Myron |title=Assimilation in American life: the role of race, religion, and national origins |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1964 |isbn=978-0-19-500896-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/assimilationinam0000gord}}
<!--Graves 2001-->
* {{cite book |last=Graves |first=Joseph L. |author-link=Joseph L. Graves |title=The Emperor's New Clothes: Biological Theories of Race at the Millennium |url=https://archive.org/details/emperorsnewcloth00grav |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-8135-2847-2}}
<!--Graves 2011-->
* {{cite book |last=Graves |first=Joseph L. |author-link=Joseph L. Graves |title=Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture |editor1-last=Krimsky |editor1-first=Sheldon |editor2-last=Sloan |editor2-first=Kathleen |chapter=Chapter 8: Evolutionary Versus Racial Medicine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVg4AAAAQBAJ |access-date=31 August 2013 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-52769-9}}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Haig |first1=S. M. |last2=Beever |first2=E. A. |last3=Chambers |first3=S. M. |last4=Draheim |first4=H. M. |display-authors=etal |title=Taxonomic considerations in listing subspecies under the U.S. Endangered Species Act |journal=[[Conservation Biology (journal)|Conservation Biology]] |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=1584–1594 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17181793 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00530.x |bibcode=2006ConBi..20.1584H |s2cid=9745612 |url=https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/2579/}}
<!--Harpending2006AnthropologicalGenetics-->
* {{cite book |last=Harpending |first=Henry |title=Anthropological Genetics: Theory, Methods and Applications |editor-last=Crawford |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Chapter 16: Anthropological Genetics: Present and Future |date=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-54697-3}}
<!--Harris Marvin 1980-->
* {{cite book |last=Harris |first=Marvin |title=Patterns of race in the Americas |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, Connecticut |date=1980 |isbn=0-313-22359-9}}
<!--Human Genome Project 2003-->
* {{cite web |last=Human Genome Project |title=Human Genome Project Information: Minorities, Race, and Genomics |date=2003 |publisher=Human Genome Program, [[US Department of Energy]] |url=http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/minorities.shtml}}
<!--JKBidil-->
* {{cite book |last=Kahn |first=Jonathan |title=Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture |editor-last1=Krimsky |editor-first1=Sheldon |editor-last2=Sloan |editor-first2=Kathleen |chapter=Chapter 7: Bidil and Racialized Medicine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVg4AAAAQBAJ |access-date=31 August 2013 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-52769-9 |page=132}}
<!--Kaplan Winther 2013-->
* {{cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=J. M. |last2=Winther |first2=R. G. |title=Prisoners of Abstraction? The Theory and Measure of Genetic Variation, and the Very Concept of 'Race' |journal=[[Biological Theory]] |date=2013 |volume=7 |pages=401–412 |doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0005857 |url=http://philpapers.org/archive/KAPPOA.14.pdf}}
<!--Keita SOY et al. 2004-->
* {{cite journal |last1=Keita |first1=S. O. Y. |last2=Kittles |first2=R. A. |last3=Royal |first3=C. D. M. |last4=Bonney |first4=G. M. |last5=Furbert-Harris |first5=P. |last6=Dunston |first6=G. M. |last7=Rotimi |first7=C. M. |date=2004 |title=Conceptualizing human variation |journal=[[Nature Genetics]] |volume=36 |issue=11s |pages=S17–S20 |pmid=15507998 |doi=10.1038/ng1455 |doi-access=free}}
<!--Kennedy 1995-->
* {{cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Kenneth A. R. |title=But Professor, Why Teach Race Identification if Races Don't Exist? |date=1995 |journal=[[Journal of Forensic Sciences]] |volume=40 |issue=5 |page=15386J |doi=10.1520/jfs15386j}}
<!--King Desmond 2007-->
* {{cite book |last=King |first=Desmond |editor-last1=Beem |editor-first1=Christopher |editor-last2=Mead |editor-first2=Lawrence M. |title=Welfare Reform and Political Theory |chapter=Making people work: Democratic consequences of workfare |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation Publications |location=New York |date=2007 |pages=65–81 |isbn=978-0-87154-588-6}}
<!-- Lee, Jayne Chong-Soon 1997-->
* {{cite book |editor-last=Gates |editor-first=E. Nathaniel |title=Critical Race Theory: Essays on the Social Construction and Reproduction of Race |publisher=Garland Pub |location=New York |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-8153-2603-8 |last=Lee |first=Jayne Chong-Soon |chapter=Review essay: Navigating the topology of race |series=Vol. 4: The Judicial Isolation of the "Racially" Oppressed |pages=393–426}}
<!-- Lee, Sandra et al. 2008-->
* {{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Sandra S. J. |last2=Mountain |first2=Joanna |last3=Koenig |first3=Barbara |last4=Altman |first4=Russ |title=The ethics of characterizing difference: guiding principles on using racial categories in human genetics |journal=[[Genome Biology]] |volume=9 |issue=7 |page=404 |date=2008 |pmid=18638359 |pmc=2530857 |doi=10.1186/gb-2008-9-7-404 |doi-access=free}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Lewis |date=1990 |title=Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=0-19-506283-3}}
<!-- Lie John 2004-->
* {{cite book |last=Lie |first=John |title=Modern Peoplehood |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |date=2004 |isbn=0-674-01327-1}}
<!-- Lieberman L 2001-->
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1086/318434 |last=Lieberman |first=L. |date=February 2001 |title=How 'Caucasoids' got such big crania and why they shrank: from Morton to Rushton |journal=[[Current Anthropology]] |volume=42 |issue=1| pages=69–95 |pmid=14992214 |s2cid=224794908}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Leonard |last2=Kirk |first2=Rodney |chapter=Teaching About Human Variation: An Anthropological Tradition for the Twenty-first Century |editor-last1=Rice |editor-first1=Patricia |editor-last2=Kottak |editor-first2=Conrad Phillip |editor-last3=White |editor-first3=Jane G. |editor-last4=Furlow |editor-first4=Richard H. |title=The Teaching of Anthropology: Problems, Issues, and Decisions |publisher=Mayfield Pub |date=1997 |page=[https://archive.org/details/teachingofanthro0000unse/page/381 381] |isbn=1-55934-711-2 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/teachingofanthro0000unse/page/381}}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Lieberman |first1=L. |last2=Kirk |first2=R. C. |last3=Corcoran |first3=M. |title=The decline of race in American physical anthropology |journal=[[Anthropological Review]] |date=2003 |volume=66 |pages=3–21 |url=http://www.anthro.amu.edu.pl/pdf/paar/vol066/01lieb.pdf |issn=0033-2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813005756/http://www.anthro.amu.edu.pl/pdf/paar/vol066/01lieb.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 }}
<!-- Lieberman L; Jackson Fatimah LC 1995-->
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00030 |last1=Lieberman |first1=Leonard |last2=Jackson |first2=Fatimah Linda C. |date=1995 |title=Race and Three Models of Human Origins |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=231–242 |s2cid=53473388}}
<!-- Lieberman Let al 1992-->
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1002/tea.3660290308 |last1=Lieberman |first1=Leonard |last2=Hampton |first2=Raymond E. |last3=Littlefield |first3=Alice |last4=Hallead |first4=Glen |date=1992 |title=Race in Biology and Anthropology: A Study of College Texts and Professors |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-research-in-science-teaching_1992-03_29_3/page/301 |journal=Journal of Research in Science Teaching |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=301–321 |bibcode=1992JRScT..29..301L}}
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* {{cite book |last=Lewontin |first=Richard C. |author-link=Richard Lewontin |title=Evolutionary Biology |chapter=The Apportionment of Human Diversity |date=1972 |volume=6 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_14 |isbn=978-1-4684-9065-7 |s2cid=21095796 }}
<!-- Livingstone Frank B; Dobzhansky Theodosius 1962-->
* {{cite journal |last1=Livingstone |first1=Frank B. |last2=Dobzhansky |first2=Theodosius |title=On the Non-Existence of Human Races |date=1962 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1962-06_3_3/page/n64 |journal=[[Current Anthropology]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=279–281 |doi=10.1086/200290 |jstor=2739576 |s2cid=144257594}}
<!-- Long JC ; Kittles RA 2003-->
* {{cite journal |last1=Long |first1=J. C. |author1-link=Jeffrey C. Long |last2=Kittles |first2=R. A. |title=Human genetic diversity and the nonexistence of biological races |journal=Human Biology |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=449–71 |date=August 2003 |pmid=14655871 |doi=10.1353/hub.2003.0058 |s2cid=26108602}}
* {{cite journal |last=Long |first=Jeffrey C. |author-link=Jeffrey C. Long |date=2009 |title=Update to Long and Kittles's 'Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races' (2003): Fixation on an Index |journal=Human Biology |volume=81 |issue=5/6 |pages=799–803 |doi=10.3378/027.081.0622 |jstor=41466642 |pmid=20504197 |s2cid=4385409}}
<!-- Marks J 1995-->
* {{cite book |last=Marks |first=J. |date=1995 |title=Human biodiversity: Genes, race, and history |url=https://archive.org/details/humanbiodiversit0000mark |url-access=registration |publisher=Aldine de Gruyter |location=New York |isbn=0-585-39559-4}}
<!-- Marks J 2002-->
* {{cite book |title=Race and Intelligence: Separating Science from Myth |url=https://archive.org/details/raceintelligence00fish |editor-first=Jefferson M. |editor-last=Fish |chapter=Folk Heredity |last=Marks |first=Jonathan |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |location=Mahwah, New Jersey |date=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/raceintelligence00fish/page/n116 98] |isbn=0-8058-3757-4}}
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{{refend}}

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* {{cite journal |last1=Shriver |first1=M. D. |last2=Kittles |first2=R. A. |doi=10.1038/nrg1405 |title=Opinion: Genetic ancestry and the search for personalized genetic histories |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=611–618 |date=2004 |pmid=15266343 |s2cid=4465469}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Smedley |first1=A. |last2=Smedley |first2=B. D. |title=Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race |journal=[[American Psychologist]] |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=16–26 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15641918 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.16 |url=http://www.history.ox.ac.uk/hsmt/courses_reading/undergraduate/authority_of_nature/week_8/smedley.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Stanton |first=W. |orig-date=1960 |date=1982 |title=The leopard's spots: scientific attitudes toward race in America, 1815–1859 |isbn=0-226-77122-9 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Sussman |first=Richard Wald |date=2014 |title=The Myth of Race: The Troubling Persistence of an Unscientific Idea |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-41731-1 |title-link=The Myth of Race}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tishkoff |first1=Sarah A. |doi=10.1038/ng1438 |title=Implications of biogeography of human populations for 'race' and medicine |date=2004 |last2=Kidd |first2=Kenneth K. |journal=[[Nature Genetics]] |volume=36 |pages=S21–S27 |pmid=15507999 |issue=11 Suppl |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Travassos |first1=Claudia |last2=Williams |first2=David R. |title=The concept and measurement of race and their relationship to public health: a review focused on Brazil and the United States |journal=Cadernos de Saúde Pública |date=June 2004 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=660–678 |pmid=15263977 |doi=10.1590/S0102-311X2004000300003 |doi-access=free |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csp/v20n3/03.pdf}}
* {{cite web |title=UNESCO and Its Programme: The Race Question |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |date=1950 |location=Paris |id=Publication 791 |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001282/128291eo.pdf}}
* {{cite web |title=The Race Concept: Results of an Inquiry |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |date=1952 |location=Paris |id=Document code: SS.53/II.9/A |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000073351.locale=en}}
* {{cite web |title=Four Statements on the Race Questions |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |date=1969 |location=Paris |id=Document code: COM.69/II.27/A |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000122962}}
* {{cite book |last=von Vacano |first=Diego |title=The Color of Citizenship: Race, Modernity and Latin American/Hispanic Political Thought |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Wade |first=Peter |title=Race, Nature and Culture: An anthropological perspective |date=2002 |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |location=London |isbn=0-7453-1459-7}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Waples |first1=Robin S. |last2=Gaggiotti |first2=Oscar |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02890.x |title=What is a population? An empirical evaluation of some genetic methods for identifying the number of gene pools and their degree of connectivity |date=2006 |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=15 |pages=1419–1439 |pmid=16629801 |issue=6 |s2cid=9715923 |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1462&context=usdeptcommercepub |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Whitmarsh |editor-first1=Ian |editor-last2=Jones |editor-first2=David S. |title=What's the Use of Race?: Modern Governance and the Biology of Difference |date=2010 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-262-51424-8}} [https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_93293 Lay summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202080810/https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_93293 |date=2 February 2022}} (28 April 2013) This review of current research includes chapters by Ian Whitmarsh, David S. Jones, Jonathan Kahn, Pamela Sankar, Steven Epstein, Simon M. Outram, George T. H. Ellison, Richard Tutton, Andrew Smart, Richard Ashcroft, Paul Martin, George T. H. Ellison, Amy Hinterberger, Joan H. Fujimura, Ramya Rajagopalan, Pilar N. Ossorio, Kjell A. Doksum, Jay S. Kaufman, Richard S. Cooper, Angela C. Jenks, Nancy Krieger, and Dorothy Roberts.
* {{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=J. F. |last2=Weale |first2=M. E. |last3=Smith |first3=A. C. |last4=Gratrix |first4=F. |last5=Fletcher |first5=B. |last6=Thomas |first6=M. G. |last7=Bradman |first7=N. |last8=Goldstein |first8=D. B. |date=2001 |title=Population genetic structure of variable drug response |journal=[[Nature Genetics]] |volume=29 |issue=3| pages=265–269 |doi=10.1038/ng761 |pmid=11685208 |s2cid=25627134}}
{{refend}}

===জনপ্রিয় প্রেস===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Dawkins |title=Race and creation |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/richard-dawkins-race-evolution-in-group |magazine=Prospect |date=23 October 2004}} Extract from {{cite book |title=[[The Ancestor's Tale]]: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution |isbn=978-0-61-861916-0 |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |date=17 December 2023 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt }}
* {{cite web |last=Krulwich |first=Robert |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100057939 |title=Your Family May Once Have Been a Different Color |work=Morning Edition |publisher=National Public Radio |date=2 February 2009}}
* {{cite news |last=Leroi |first=Armand Marie |title=A Family Tree in Every Gene |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 March 2005 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/14/opinion/a-family-tree-in-every-gene.html}}
* {{cite web |title=The Nature of Normal Human Variety: A Talk with Armand Marie Leroi |date=13 March 2005 |url=https://www.edge.org/conversation/the-nature-of-normal-human-variety |publisher=Edge Foundation}}
* {{cite magazine |url=http://www.medicinemagazine.info/consumer/index.php/articles/5-human-evolution-biology-and-anthropology/7-the-myth-of-race |title=The Myth of Race |magazine=[[Medicine Magazine]] |date=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101131219/http://www.medicinemagazine.info/consumer/index.php/articles/5-human-evolution-biology-and-anthropology/7-the-myth-of-race |archive-date=1 January 2009}}
{{refend}}


[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:বর্ণ (মানুষের শ্রেণীবিভাগ)| ]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:বর্ণ (মানুষের শ্রেণীবিভাগ)| ]]

১১:৫১, ১৬ মার্চ ২০২৪ তারিখে সংশোধিত সংস্করণ

সামাজিক শ্রেণির জন্য বর্ণ (সামাজিক শ্রেণি) দেখুন।
নৃবিজ্ঞান
Detail from Leonardo da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man"
নৃবিজ্ঞানের শাখা
প্রত্নতাত্ত্বিক
ভাষাতাত্ত্বিক নৃবিজ্ঞান
জৈবিক নৃবিজ্ঞান
গবেষণা-কাঠামো
প্রধান তত্ত্বসমূহ
Key concepts
Lists

বর্ণ (ইংরেজি: race, প্রতিবর্ণীকৃত: রেইস্) বলতে শারীরিক ও সামাজিক গুণের মিল অনুযায়ী মানুষের শ্রেণীবিভাগকে বোঝায়।[১] আধুনিক বিজ্ঞানে এই শ্রেণীবিভাগ এক সোশ্যাল কনস্ট্রাক্ট বলে বিবেচিত, অর্থাৎ বর্ণ হচ্ছে সমাজ দ্বারা তৈরি করা নিয়মাবলী অনুযায়ী নির্ধারিত এক পরিচয়।[২][৩][৪] শারীরিক গঠনের মিল অনুযায়ী এই বর্ণ বিভাজন করা হলেও আদতে ভৌত বা জীববিজ্ঞানে এর কোনো অর্থ নেই।[১][৫][৬] বর্ণ বা জাতির এই ধারণা হচ্ছে বর্ণবাদের মূল, যেখানে এটা বিশ্বাস করা হয় যে মানবজাতিকে বিভিন্ন বর্ণ বা জাতিতে ভাগ করা যায় এবং এর মধ্যে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট বর্ণ বা জাতি অন্যান্য বর্ণ বা জাতির চেয়ে উন্নত।

যদিও বিজ্ঞানমহলে বর্ণ বা জাতির অপরিহার্য বা টাইপোলজিকাল ধারণা অসমর্থনীয়,[৭][৮][৯][১০][১১][১২] বিশ্বের বিভিন্ন প্রান্তের বৈজ্ঞানিকগণ বিভিন্ন উপায়ে বর্ণ বা জাতির ধারণা প্রতিষ্ঠা করার চেষ্টা করছে।[১৩] তা সত্ত্বেও কিছু বৈজ্ঞানিকদের দাবি, শ্রেণীবিন্যাসবিদ্যায় মানুষদের মধ্যে বর্ণ বা জাতি বিভাজনের কোনো গুরুত্ব নেই, কারণ সমস্ত জীবন্ত মানুষ একই মানব প্রজাতি হোমো সেপিয়েন্স সেপিয়েন্সের (Homo sapiens sapiens) অন্তর্গত।[১৪][১৫]

বিংশ শতাব্দীর দ্বিতীয় ভাগ থেকে বর্ণ বা জাতি বহুনিন্দিত বৈজ্ঞানিক বর্ণবাদের সাথে সম্পর্কিত, এবং এটি ক্রমশ একধরনের অপবৈজ্ঞানিক শ্রেণীবিভাগ বলে বিবেচিত হয়ে গিয়েছে।[১৬]

তথ্যসূত্র

  1. ↑ ক খ উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <ref> ট্যাগ বৈধ নয়; Barnshaw নামের সূত্রটির জন্য কোন লেখা প্রদান করা হয়নি
  2. ↑ Using Population Descriptors in Genetics and Genomics Research: A New Framework for an Evolving Field (Consensus Study Report)। National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine। ২০২৩। আইএসবিএন 978-0-309-70065-8। ডিওআই:10.17226/26902। পিএমআইডি 36989389 |pmid= এর মান পরীক্ষা করুন (সাহায্য)। In humans, race is a socially constructed designation, a misleading and harmful surrogate for population genetic differences, and has a long history of being incorrectly identified as the major genetic reason for phenotypic differences between groups. 
  3. ↑ Amutah, C.; Greenidge, K.; Mante, A.; Munyikwa, M.; Surya, S. L.; Higginbotham, E.; Jones, D. S.; Lavizzo-Mourey, R.; Roberts, D.; Tsai, J.; Aysola, J. (মার্চ ২০২১)। Malina, D., সম্পাদক। "Misrepresenting Race — The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias"। The New England Journal of Medicine। Massachusetts Medical Society। 384 (9): 872–878। আইএসএসএন 1533-4406। এসটুসিআইডি 230820421 Check |s2cid= value (সাহায্য)। ডিওআই:10.1056/NEJMms2025768 অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য। পিএমআইডি 33406326 |pmid= এর মান পরীক্ষা করুন (সাহায্য)। 
  4. ↑ Gannon, Megan (৫ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৬)। "Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue"। Scientific American। আইএসএসএন 0036-8733। ১৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০২৩ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ মার্চ ২০২৩। 
  5. ↑ Smedley, Audrey; Takezawa, Yasuko I.; Wade, Peter। "Race: Human"। Encyclopædia Britannica। Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২২ আগস্ট ২০১৭। 
  6. ↑ Yudell, M.; Roberts, D.; DeSalle, R.; Tishkoff, S. (৫ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৬)। "Taking race out of human genetics"। Science। American Association for the Advancement of Science। 351 (6273): 564–565। আইএসএসএন 0036-8075। এসটুসিআইডি 206639306। ডিওআই:10.1126/science.aac4951। পিএমআইডি 26912690। বিবকোড:2016Sci...351..564Y। 
  7. ↑ Fuentes, Agustín (৯ এপ্রিল ২০১২)। "Race Is Real, but not in the way Many People Think"। Psychology Today। 
  8. ↑ The Royal Institution - panel discussion - What Science Tells us about Race and Racism। ১৬ মার্চ ২০১৬। ১১ ডিসেম্বর ২০২১ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। 
  9. ↑ Jorde, Lynn B.; Wooding, Stephen P. (২০০৪)। "Genetic variation, classification, and 'race'"। নেচার। Nature Research। 36 (11 Suppl): S28–S33। আইএসএসএন 1476-4687। এসটুসিআইডি 15251775। ডিওআই:10.1038/ng1435 অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য। পিএমআইডি 15508000। Ancestry, then, is a more subtle and complex description of an individual's genetic makeup than is race. This is in part a consequence of the continual mixing and migration of human populations throughout history. Because of this complex and interwoven history, many loci must be examined to derive even an approximate portrayal of individual ancestry. 
  10. ↑ White, Michael। "Why Your Race Isn't Genetic"। Pacific Standard। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৩ ডিসেম্বর ২০১৪। [O]ngoing contacts, plus the fact that we were a small, genetically homogeneous species to begin with, has resulted in relatively close genetic relationships, despite our worldwide presence. The DNA differences between humans increase with geographical distance, but boundaries between populations are, as geneticists Kenneth Weiss and Jeffrey Long put it, "multilayered, porous, ephemeral, and difficult to identify". Pure, geographically separated ancestral populations are an abstraction: "There is no reason to think that there ever were isolated, homogeneous parental populations at any time in our human past." 
  11. ↑ Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (৮ জানুয়ারি ২০১৫)। "The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States" (পিডিএফ)। American Journal of Human Genetics। Cell Press on behalf of the American Society of Human Genetics। 96 (1): 37–53। আইএসএসএন 0002-9297। এসটুসিআইডি 3889161। ডিওআই:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010। পিএমআইডি 25529636। পিএমসি 4289685 অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য। ১০ মে ২০২২ তারিখে মূল (পিডিএফ) থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ জুন ২০২২। The relationship between self-reported identity and genetic African ancestry, as well as the low numbers of self-reported African Americans with minor levels of African ancestry, provide insight into the complexity of genetic and social consequences of racial categorization, assortative mating, and the impact of notions of "race" on patterns of mating and self-identity in the US. Our results provide empirical support that, over recent centuries, many individuals with partial African and Native American ancestry have "passed" into the white community, with multiple lines of evidence establishing African and Native American ancestry in self-reported European Americans. 
  12. ↑ Zimmer, Carl (২৪ ডিসেম্বর ২০১৪)। "White? Black? A Murky Distinction Grows Still Murkier"। নিউ ইয়র্ক টাইমস। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৪ ডিসেম্বর ২০১৪। On average, the scientists found, people who identified as African-American had genes that were only 73.2 percent African. European genes accounted for 24 percent of their DNA, while 0.8 percent came from Native Americans. Latinos, on the other hand, had genes that were on average 65.1 percent European, 18 percent Native American, and 6.2 percent African. The researchers found that European-Americans had genomes that were on average 98.6 percent European, 0.19 percent African, and 0.18 percent Native American. These broad estimates masked wide variation among individuals. 
  13. ↑ Lieberman, L.; Kaszycka, K. A.; Martinez Fuentes, A. J.; Yablonsky, L.; Kirk, R. C.; Strkalj, G.; Wang, Q.; Sun, L. (ডিসেম্বর ২০০৪)। "The race concept in six regions: variation without consensus"। Collegium Antropologicum। 28 (2): 907–921। পিএমআইডি 15666627। 
  14. ↑ Keita এবং অন্যান্য 2004
  15. ↑ AAPA 1996, পৃ. 714 "Pure races, in the sense of genetically homogeneous populations, do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past."
  16. ↑ Keita এবং অন্যান্য 2004. "Many terms requiring definition for use describe demographic population groups better than the term 'race' because they invite examination of the criteria for classification."

উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "AAAonRace" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "aaa" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "abraham" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Andreasen 2000" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "anthropologists" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "anthropology" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "anthropology12" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "autogenerated" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "banton" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Brace 2005" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Brace; Gill; Lee" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "biological" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "brace2" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "boyd" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Condit, et al. 2003" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "conservation" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "cravens" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Cravens; Angier; et al." নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "currell" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Dawkins & Wong" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Hunt1863_3" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Desmond09_332" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "ehrlich" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "edwards" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "encyclopedia" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "evolutionary" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "FORA.tv 2008" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Fullwiley2011DNA" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Gill; Armelagos; et al." নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "gitschier" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Gordon 1964" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Graves 2001" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Graves 2001 p. 39" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Graves 2001 pp. 43–43" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Graves 2011" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Harpending; et al." নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Harpending2006AnthropologicalGenetics" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Harris 1980" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "hhs" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Kahn 2011" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Keita; Templeton; Long" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Keita; Templeton" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Keita1" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Keita2" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Kennedy" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "King 2007" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Lee 1997, citing M&A" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Lee, Mountain, et al." নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Lee, Mountain; et al. 2008" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Lewis; Dikötter" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Lie; Thompson; et al." নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "lieberman" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Lieberman 1995" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Lieberman 2001" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Lieberman, Kirk, et al. 2003" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Livingstone" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Marks 1995" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Marks 2002" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Marks 2008" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Marks; Montagu" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "meltzer" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "molnar" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "mountain" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "montagu" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Morgan; Smedley; et al." নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "nih" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "nobles" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "OMB 1997" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "operationalization" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "ousley2009" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "owens" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Pigliucci 2013" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "presentation" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "presentations2005" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "project" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "profiling" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "reconstructing" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "REGWG" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Rivara, Finberg 2001" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Risch 2002" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Sauer 1992" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "schaefer" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Sesardic 2010" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "sivanandan" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Smedley 1999" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Smedley; Boas" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "stocking" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Štrkalj 2007" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "takaki" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Templeton 1998" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "todorov" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "weiss" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "willing" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "wilson" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Witherspoon, et al. 2007" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।
উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Witzig" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।

উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: <references>-এ সংজ্ঞায়িত "Wright 1978" নামসহ <ref> ট্যাগ পূর্ববর্তী লেখায় ব্যবহৃত হয়নি।

গ্রন্থপঞ্জি

আরও পড়ুন

জনপ্রিয় প্রেস

  • Dawkins, Richard (২৩ অক্টোবর ২০০৪)। "Race and creation"। Prospect।  Extract from Dawkins, Richard (১৭ ডিসেম্বর ২০২৩)। The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution। Houghton Mifflin Harcourt। আইএসবিএন 978-0-61-861916-0। 
  • Krulwich, Robert (২ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০০৯)। "Your Family May Once Have Been a Different Color"। Morning Edition। National Public Radio। 
  • Leroi, Armand Marie (১৪ মার্চ ২০০৫)। "A Family Tree in Every Gene"। The New York Times। 
  • "The Nature of Normal Human Variety: A Talk with Armand Marie Leroi"। Edge Foundation। ১৩ মার্চ ২০০৫। 
  • "The Myth of Race"। Medicine Magazine। ২০০৭। ১ জানুয়ারি ২০০৯ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। 
'https://bn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=বর্ণ_(মানুষের_শ্রেণীবিভাগ)&oldid=7279186' থেকে আনীত