ব্যবহারকারী:Mehediabedin/খেলাঘর/সেলেউসিড সাম্রাজ্য

Seleucid Empire

Βασιλεία τῶν Σελευκιδῶν
Basileía tōn Seleukidōn
Seleucid Empire; Βασιλεία τῶν Σελευκιδῶν; Basileía tōn Seleukidōn
312 BC–63 BC
	Tetradrachm of Seleucus I – the horned horse, the elephant and the anchor all served as symbols of the Seleucid monarchy.
	The Seleucid Empire (light blue) in 281 BC on the eve of the murder of Seleucus I Nicator
রাজধানী	Seleucia (305–240 BC); Antioch (240–63 BC);
প্রচলিত ভাষা	Greek (official); Persian; Aramaic;
ধর্ম	Olympianism / Hellenism; Babylonian religion; Zoroastrianism; Buddhism; Hellenistic Judaism; Local beliefs;
সরকার	Hellenistic monarchy
Basileus
• 305–281 BC	Seleucus I (first)
• 65–63 BC	Philip II (last)
ঐতিহাসিক যুগ	Hellenistic period
• Wars of the Diadochi	312 BC
• Battle of Ipsus	301 BC
• Roman–Seleucid War	192–188 BC
• Treaty of Apamea	188 BC
• Maccabean Revolt	167–160 BC
• Seleucia taken by Parthians	141 BC
• Battle of Ecbatana	129 BC
• Annexed by Rome	63 BC
আয়তন
303 BC	৩০,০০,০০০ বর্গকিলোমিটার (১২,০০,০০০ বর্গমাইল)
301 BC	৩৯,০০,০০০ বর্গকিলোমিটার (১৫,০০,০০০ বর্গমাইল)
240 BC	২৬,০০,০০০ বর্গকিলোমিটার (১০,০০,০০০ বর্গমাইল)
175 BC	৮,০০,০০০ বর্গকিলোমিটার (৩,১০,০০০ বর্গমাইল)
100 BC	১,০০,০০০ বর্গকিলোমিটার (৩৯,০০০ বর্গমাইল)
জনসংখ্যা
• 301 BC	30,000,000+
পূর্বসূরী	উত্তরসূরী
	Macedonian Empire
Maurya Empire
Province of Syria
Parthian Empire
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Hasmonean kingdom
Osroene

The Seleucid Empire (/sɪˈljuːsɪd/;^[৮] প্রাচীন গ্রিক: Βασιλεία τῶν Σελευκιδῶν, Basileía tōn Seleukidōn) was a Greek state^[৯]^[১০] in Western Asia, during the Hellenistic Period, that existed from 312 BC to 63 BC. The Seleucid Empire was founded by Seleucus I Nicator, following the division of the Macedonian Empire that existed previously, which had been founded by Alexander the Great.^[১১]^[১২]^[১৩]^[১৪]

After having received the Mesopotamian region of Babylonia in 321 BC, Seleucus I expanded his dominions to include much of the Near Eastern territories that had been under the control of the former Macedonian Empire. At the Seleucid Empire's height, it had consisted of territory that had covered Anatolia, Persia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and what are now Kuwait, Afghanistan, and parts of Turkmenistan.

The Seleucid Empire was a major center of Hellenistic culture. Greek customs and language were privileged, while the wide variety of local traditions had been generally tolerated, an urban Greek elite had formed the dominant political class, and was reinforced by steady immigration from Greece.^[১৪]^[১৫]^[১৬]^[১৭] The empire's western territories were repeatedly contested with Ptolemaic Egypt, a rival Hellenistic state. To the east, conflict with Chandragupta of the Maurya Empire in 305 BC led to the cession of vast territory west of the Indus and a political alliance.

In the early second century BC, Antiochus III the Great attempted to project Seleucid power and authority into Hellenistic Greece, but his attempts were thwarted by the Roman Republic and its Greek allies; the Seleucids were forced to pay costly war reparations and relinquish territorial claims west of the Taurus Mountains, marking the gradual decline of their empire. Mithridates I of Parthia conquered much of the remaining eastern lands of the Seleucid Empire in the mid-second century BC, while the independent Greco-Bactrian Kingdom continued to flourish in the northeast. The Seleucid kings were thereafter reduced to a rump state in Syria, until their conquest by Tigranes the Great of Armenia in 83 BC and ultimate overthrow by the Roman general Pompey in 63 BC.

তথ্যসূত্র[সম্পাদনা]

↑ Cohen, Getzel M; The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa, p. 13.
↑ Lynette G. Mitchell; Every Inch a King: Comparative Studies on Kings and Kingship in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds, p. 123.
↑ ^ক ^খ Richard N. Frye, The History of Ancient Iran, (Ballantyne Ltd, 1984), 164.
↑ Julye Bidmead, The Akitu Festival: Religious Continuity and Royal Legitimation in Mesopotamia, (Gorgias Press, 2004), 143.
↑ ^ক ^খ ^গ ^ঘ ^ঙ Taagepera, Rein (১৯৭৯)। "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D."। Social Science History। 3 (3/4): 121। জেস্টোর 1170959। ডিওআই:10.2307/1170959।
↑ Grant, Michael (১৯৯০)। The Hellenistic Greeks: From Alexander to Cleopatra। History of Civilisation। London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson। পৃষ্ঠা 21-24। আইএসবিএন 0-297-82057-5।
↑ Grant, Michael (১৯৯০)। The Hellenistic Greeks: From Alexander to Cleopatra। History of Civilisation। London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson। পৃষ্ঠা 48। আইএসবিএন 0-297-82057-5।
↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "Seleucid, n. and adj." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1911.
↑ Niknami, Kamal-Aldin; Hozhabri, Ali (২০২০)। Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। Springer Nature। পৃষ্ঠা viii। আইএসবিএন 978-3-030-41776-5।
↑ Eckstein, Arthur M. (২০০৯)। Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। University of California Press। পৃষ্ঠা 106। আইএসবিএন 978-0-520-25992-8।
↑ Jones, Kenneth Raymond (২০০৬)। Provincial reactions to Roman imperialism: the aftermath of the Jewish revolt, A.D. 66–70, Parts 66–70। University of California, Berkeley। পৃষ্ঠা 174। আইএসবিএন 978-0-542-82473-9। ... and the Greeks, or at least the Greco-Macedonian Seleucid Empire, replace the Persians as the Easterners.
↑ Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (London, England) (১৯৯৩)। The Journal of Hellenic studies, Volumes 113–114। Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies। পৃষ্ঠা 211। The Seleucid kingdom has traditionally been regarded as basically a Greco-Macedonian state and its rulers thought of as successors to Alexander.
↑ Baskin, Judith R.; Seeskin, Kenneth (২০১০)। The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 37। আইএসবিএন 978-0-521-68974-8। The wars between the two most prominent Greek dynasties, the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucids of Syria, unalterably change the history of the land of Israel…As a result the land of Israel became part of the empire of the Syrian Greek Seleucids.
↑ ^ক ^খ Glubb, John Bagot (১৯৬৭)। Syria, Lebanon, Jordan। Thames & Hudson। পৃষ্ঠা 34। ওসিএলসি 585939। In addition to the court and the army, Syrian cities were full of Greek businessmen, many of them pure Greeks from Greece. The senior posts in the civil service were also held by Greeks. Although the Ptolemies and the Seleucids were perpetual rivals, both dynasties were Greek and ruled by means of Greek officials and Greek soldiers. Both governments made great efforts to attract immigrants from Greece, thereby adding yet another racial element to the population.
↑ Steven C. Hause; William S. Maltby (২০০৪)। Western civilization: a history of European society। Thomson Wadsworth। পৃষ্ঠা 76। আইএসবিএন 978-0-534-62164-3। The Greco-Macedonian Elite. The Seleucids respected the cultural and religious sensibilities of their subjects but preferred to rely on Greek or Macedonian soldiers and administrators for the day-to-day business of governing. The Greek population of the cities, reinforced until the second century BC by immigration from Greece, formed a dominant, although not especially cohesive, elite.
↑ Victor, Royce M. (২০১০)। Colonial education and class formation in early Judaism: a postcolonial reading। Continuum International Publishing Group। পৃষ্ঠা 55। আইএসবিএন 978-0-567-24719-3। Like other Hellenistic kings, the Seleucids ruled with the help of their "friends" and a Greco-Macedonian elite class separate from the native populations whom they governed.
↑ Britannica, Seleucid kingdom, 2008, O.Ed.

বিষয়শ্রেণী:সেলেউসিড সাম্রাজ্য বিষয়শ্রেণী:প্রভাবশালী রাষ্ট্র

[1] Cohen, Getzel M; The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa, p. 13.

[2] Lynette G. Mitchell; Every Inch a King: Comparative Studies on Kings and Kingship in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds, p. 123.

[Frye-3] ক ^খ Richard N. Frye, The History of Ancient Iran, (Ballantyne Ltd, 1984), 164.

[4] Julye Bidmead, The Akitu Festival: Religious Continuity and Royal Legitimation in Mesopotamia, (Gorgias Press, 2004), 143.

[size-5] ক ^খ ^গ ^ঘ ^ঙ Taagepera, Rein (১৯৭৯)। "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D."। Social Science History। 3 (3/4): 121। জেস্টোর 1170959। ডিওআই:10.2307/1170959।

[6] Grant, Michael (১৯৯০)। The Hellenistic Greeks: From Alexander to Cleopatra। History of Civilisation। London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson। পৃষ্ঠা 21-24। আইএসবিএন 0-297-82057-5।

[Grant_page_48-7] Grant, Michael (১৯৯০)। The Hellenistic Greeks: From Alexander to Cleopatra। History of Civilisation। London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson। পৃষ্ঠা 48। আইএসবিএন 0-297-82057-5।

[8] Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "Seleucid, n. and adj." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1911.

[9] Niknami, Kamal-Aldin; Hozhabri, Ali (২০২০)। Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। Springer Nature। পৃষ্ঠা viii। আইএসবিএন 978-3-030-41776-5।

[10] Eckstein, Arthur M. (২০০৯)। Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। University of California Press। পৃষ্ঠা 106। আইএসবিএন 978-0-520-25992-8।

[Jones,_Kenneth_Raymond_2006_174-11] Jones, Kenneth Raymond (২০০৬)। Provincial reactions to Roman imperialism: the aftermath of the Jewish revolt, A.D. 66–70, Parts 66–70। University of California, Berkeley। পৃষ্ঠা 174। আইএসবিএন 978-0-542-82473-9। ... and the Greeks, or at least the Greco-Macedonian Seleucid Empire, replace the Persians as the Easterners.

[Society_for_the_Promotion_of_Hellenic_Studies_(London,_England)_1993_211-12] Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (London, England) (১৯৯৩)। The Journal of Hellenic studies, Volumes 113–114। Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies। পৃষ্ঠা 211। The Seleucid kingdom has traditionally been regarded as basically a Greco-Macedonian state and its rulers thought of as successors to Alexander.

[Baskin,_Judith_R.;_Seeskin,_Kenneth_2010_37-13] Baskin, Judith R.; Seeskin, Kenneth (২০১০)। The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 37। আইএসবিএন 978-0-521-68974-8। The wars between the two most prominent Greek dynasties, the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucids of Syria, unalterably change the history of the land of Israel…As a result the land of Israel became part of the empire of the Syrian Greek Seleucids.

[Glubb,_Sir_John_Bagot_1967_34-14] ক ^খ Glubb, John Bagot (১৯৬৭)। Syria, Lebanon, Jordan। Thames & Hudson। পৃষ্ঠা 34। ওসিএলসি 585939। In addition to the court and the army, Syrian cities were full of Greek businessmen, many of them pure Greeks from Greece. The senior posts in the civil service were also held by Greeks. Although the Ptolemies and the Seleucids were perpetual rivals, both dynasties were Greek and ruled by means of Greek officials and Greek soldiers. Both governments made great efforts to attract immigrants from Greece, thereby adding yet another racial element to the population.

[Steven_C._Hause,_William_S._Maltby_2004_76-15] Steven C. Hause; William S. Maltby (২০০৪)। Western civilization: a history of European society। Thomson Wadsworth। পৃষ্ঠা 76। আইএসবিএন 978-0-534-62164-3। The Greco-Macedonian Elite. The Seleucids respected the cultural and religious sensibilities of their subjects but preferred to rely on Greek or Macedonian soldiers and administrators for the day-to-day business of governing. The Greek population of the cities, reinforced until the second century BC by immigration from Greece, formed a dominant, although not especially cohesive, elite.

[Victor,_Royce_M._2010_55-16] Victor, Royce M. (২০১০)। Colonial education and class formation in early Judaism: a postcolonial reading। Continuum International Publishing Group। পৃষ্ঠা 55। আইএসবিএন 978-0-567-24719-3। Like other Hellenistic kings, the Seleucids ruled with the help of their "friends" and a Greco-Macedonian elite class separate from the native populations whom they governed.

[Brit-17] Britannica, Seleucid kingdom, 2008, O.Ed.

[১]

[২]

[৩]

[৪]

[৫]

[৬]

[৭]

[৮]

[৯]

[১০]

[১১]

[১২]

[১৩]

[১৪]

[১৫]

[১৬]

[১৭]