ব্যবহারকারী:SMA/খেলাঘর

ভার বহন (লোড বিয়ারিং)

একটি ঐতিহ্যবাহী (সামি) খাদ্য সংরক্ষণের কাঠামো

Gothic quadripartite cross-ribbed vaults of the Saint-Séverin church in Paris

Buildings, aircraft, skeletons, anthills, beaver dams, bridges and salt domes are all examples of load-bearing structures. The results of construction are divided into buildings and non-building structures, and make up the infrastructure of a human society. Built structures are broadly divided by their varying design approaches and standards, into categories including building structures, architectural structures, civil engineering structures and mechanical structures.

The effects of loads on physical structures are determined through structural analysis, which is one of the tasks of structural engineering. The structural elements can be classified as one-dimensional (ropes, struts, beams, arches), two-dimensional (membranes, plates, slab, shells, vaults), or three-dimensional (solid masses). Three-dimensional elements were the main option available to early structures such as Chichen Itza. A one-dimensional element has one dimension much larger than the other two, so the other dimensions can be neglected in calculations; however, the ratio of the smaller dimensions and the composition can determine the flexural and compressive stiffness of the element. Two-dimensional elements with a thin third dimension have little of either but can resist biaxial traction.

কাঠামোর উপাদানগুলিকে "কাঠামোগত সিস্টেমে" একত্রিত করা হয়। দৈনন্দিন লোড বহনকারী কাঠামোর অধিকাংশই ফ্রেমের মতো সেকশন-অ্যাক্টিভ কাঠামো, যা প্রাথমিকভাবে এক-মাত্রিক (বাঁকানো) কাঠামোর সমন্বয়ে গঠিত। অন্যান্য প্রকারগুলি হল ভেক্টর-সক্রিয় কাঠামো যেমন ট্রাসএস, সারফেস-সক্রিয় কাঠামো যেমন শেল এবং ভাঁজ করা প্লেট, ফর্ম-সক্রিয় কাঠামো যেমন কেবল বা মেমব্রেন স্ট্রাকচার, এবং হাইব্রিড কাঠামো।

Load-bearing biological structures such as bones, teeth, shells, and tendons derive their strength from a multilevel hierarchy of structures employing biominerals and proteins, at the bottom of which are collagen fibrils.

বাদ্যযন্ত্র

আরও দেখুন: সঙ্গীতের ধরণ

A motif from the Preludes by Chopin, Op. 28 no.6, bars 1–3

সংখ্যাসূচক বিশ্লেষণ-এর একটি বড় অংশে বাদ্যযন্ত্রমূলক কাজের কাঠামো চিহ্নিত করা এবং ব্যাখ্যা করা জড়িত। কাঠামো একটি কাজের অংশ, সম্পূর্ণ কাজ, বা কাজের একটি গ্রুপে পাওয়া যেতে পারে।

Elements of music such as pitch, duration and timbre combine into small elements like motifs and phrases, and these in turn combine in larger structures. Not all music (for example, that of John Cage) has a hierarchical organization, but hierarchy makes it easier for a listener to understand and remember the music.

In analogy to linguistic terminology, motifs and phrases can be combined to make complete musical ideas such as sentences and phrases. A larger form is known as the period. One such form that was widely used between 1600 and 1900 has two phrases, an antecedent and a consequent, with a half cadence in the middle and a full cadence at the end providing punctuation. On a larger scale are single-movement forms such as the sonata form and the contrapuntal form, and multi-movement forms such as the symphony.

Social

মূল নিবন্ধ: Social structure

A social structure is a pattern of relationships. They are social organizations of individuals in various life situations. Structures are applicable to people in how a society is as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships. This is known as the social organization of the group. Sociologists have studied the changing structure of these groups. Structure and agency are two confronted theories about human behaviour. The debate surrounding the influence of structure and agency on human thought is one of the central issues in sociology. In this context, agency refers to the individual human capacity to act independently and make free choices. Structure here refers to factors such as social class, religion, gender, ethnicity, customs, etc. that seem to limit or influence individual opportunities.

Data

মূল নিবন্ধ: Data structure

In a singly linked list, each element has a data value and a pointer to the next element.

In computer science, a data structure is a way of organizing information in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Data structures are built out of two basic types: An array has an index that can be used for immediate access to any data item (some programming languages require array size to be initialized). A linked list can be reorganized, grown or shrunk, but its elements must be accessed with a pointer that links them together in a particular order. Out of these any number of other data structures can be created such as stacks, queues, trees and hash tables.

In solving a problem, a data structure is generally an integral part of the algorithm. In modern programming style, algorithms and data structures are encapsulated together in an abstract data type.

Software

মূল নিবন্ধ: Software architecture

Software architecture is the specific choices made between possible alternatives within a framework. For example, a framework might require a database and the architecture would specify the type and manufacturer of the database. The structure of software is the way in which it is partitioned into interrelated components. A key structural issue is minimizing dependencies between these components. This makes it possible to change one component without requiring changes in others. The purpose of structure is to optimise for (brevity, readability, traceability, isolation and encapsulation, maintainability, extensibility, performance and efficiency), examples being: language choice, code, functions, libraries, builds, system evolution, or diagrams for flow logic and design. Structural elements reflect the requirements of the application: for example, if the system requires a high fault tolerance, then a redundant structure is needed so that if a component fails it has backups. A high redundancy is an essential part of the design of several systems in the Space Shuttle.

Logical

As a branch of philosophy, logic is concerned with distinguishing good arguments from poor ones. A chief concern is with the structure of arguments. An argument consists of one or more premises from which a conclusion is inferred. The steps in this inference can be expressed in a formal way and their structure analyzed. Two basic types of inference are deduction and induction. In a valid deduction, the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises, regardless of whether they are true or not. An invalid deduction contains some error in the analysis. An inductive argument claims that if the premises are true, the conclusion is likely.

See also

• Abstract structure
• Mathematical structure
• Structural geology
• Structure (mathematical logic)
• Structuralism (philosophy of science)

Further reading

• Carpi, A.; Brebbia, C.A. (২০১০)। Design & nature V : comparing design in nature with science and engineering। Southampton: WIT। আইএসবিএন 9781845644543। উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link)
• Pullan, Wendy (২০০০)। Structure। Cambridge: Cambridge University Press। আইএসবিএন 0-521-78258-9। উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link)
• Rottenberg, Annette T.; Winchell, Donna Haisty (২০১২)। The structure of argument (7th সংস্করণ)। Boston: Bedford/St. Martins। আইএসবিএন 9780312650698। উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link)
• Schlesinger, Izchak M.; Keren-Portnoy, Tamar; Parush, Tamar (২০০১)। The structure of arguments। Amsterdam: J. Benjamins। আইএসবিএন 9789027223593। উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link)

External links

• Wüthrich, Christian। "Structure in philosophy, mathematics and physics (Phil 246, Spring 2010)" (পিডিএফ)। University of California San Diego। ৪ মার্চ ২০১৬ তারিখে মূল (পিডিএফ) থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ অক্টোবর ২০১৫। উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link) (syllabus and reading list)