ব্যবহারকারী:জয়শ্রীরাম সরকার/ওপিস্থোকোন্ট
জয়শ্রীরাম সরকার/ওপিস্থোকোন্ট সময়গত পরিসীমা: | |
---|---|
Clockwise, from top left: Abeoforma whisleri (Mesomycetozoea); Amanita muscaria (Fungi); Desmarella moniliformis (Choanoflagellatea); Bonnet Macaque (Metazoa); Nuclearia thermophila (Nucleariida); Ministeria vibrans (Filasterea) | |
বৈজ্ঞানিক শ্রেণীবিন্যাস | |
গোষ্ঠী: | অ্যামোরফিয়া |
গোষ্ঠী: | ওবাজোয়া |
(শ্রেণিবিহীন): | ওপিস্থোকোন্ট Copeland 1956,[২] emend. Cavalier-Smith 1987,[৩] emend. Adl et al., 2005[৪] |
Subgroups | |
The opisthokonts ( প্রাচীন গ্রিক ὀπίσθιος (opísthios) 'rear, posterior', and κοντός (kontós) 'pole, i.e. flagellum') are a broad group of eukaryotes, including both the animal and fungus kingdoms.[৫] The opisthokonts, previously called the "Fungi/Metazoa group",[৬] are generally recognized as a clade. Opisthokonts together with Apusomonadida and Breviata comprise the larger clade Obazoa.[৭][৮][৯][১০][১১]
ফ্ল্যাগেলা এবং অন্যান্য বৈশিষ্ট্য[সম্পাদনা]
A common characteristic of opisthokonts is that flagellate cells, such as the sperm of most animals and the spores of the chytrid fungi, propel themselves with a single posterior flagellum. It is this feature that gives the group its name. In contrast, flagellate cells in other eukaryote groups propel themselves with one or more anterior flagella. However, in some opisthokont groups, including most of the fungi, flagellate cells have been lost.[৭]
Opisthokont characteristics include synthesis of extracellular chitin in exoskeleton, cyst/spore wall, or cell wall of filamentous growth and hyphae; the extracellular digestion of substrates with osmotrophic absorption of nutrients; and other cell biosynthetic and metabolic pathways. Genera at the base of each clade are amoeboid and phagotrophic.[১২]
History[সম্পাদনা]
The close relationship between animals and fungi was suggested by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1987,[৩] who used the informal name opisthokonta (the formal name has been used for the chytrids by Copeland in 1956), and was supported by later genetic studies.[১৩]
Early phylogenies placed fungi near the plants and other groups that have mitochondria with flat cristae, but this character varies. More recently, it has been said that holozoa (animals) and holomycota (fungi) are much more closely related to each other than either is to plants, because opisthokonts have a triple fusion of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, dihydroorotase, and aspartate carbamoyltransferase that is not present in plants, and plants have a fusion of thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase not present in the opisthokonts. Animals and fungi are also more closely related to amoebas than to plants, and plants are more closely related to the SAR supergroup of protists than to animals or fungi.[তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন] Animals and fungi are both heterotrophs, unlike plants, and while fungi are sessile like plants, there are also sessile animals.
Cavalier-Smith and Stechmann argue that the uniciliate eukaryotes such as opisthokonts and Amoebozoa, collectively called unikonts, split off from the other biciliate eukaryotes, called bikonts, shortly after they evolved.[১৪]
শ্রেণীবিন্যাস[সম্পাদনা]
Opisthokonts are divided into Holomycota or Nucletmycea (fungi and all organisms more closely related to fungi than to animals) and Holozoa (animals and all organisms more closely related to animals than to fungi); no opisthokonts basal to the Holomycota/Holozoa split have yet been identified.[তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন] The Opisthokonts was largely resolved by Torriella et al.[১৫] Holomycota and Holozoa are composed of the following groups.[তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন]
- Holomycota (Fungus-like)
- Fungi
- Includes:
- chytrids (flagellated, zoosporic fungi)
- Fonticula[১৬] (more recent work considers this to be part of Cristidiscoidea, a sister group to the fungi)
- Hyaloraphidium (previously thought to be a green alga, now considered a fungus)
- microsporidia (previously thought to be apicomplexia)
- Nucleariida (more recent work considers this to be part of Cristidiscoidea, a sister group to the fungi)
- Excludes:
- labyrinthulomycetes (slime nets) (now included in the SAR supergroup)
- myxomycetes (now included in amoebozoans)
- oomycetes (water molds) (now included in the SAR supergroup)
- Includes:
- Rozellida (placement uncertain)
- Fungi
- Holozoa (Animal-like)
- Corallochytrium (formerly considered a Heterokont)
- Filozoa
- Animalia (including myxozoa)
- Choanoflagellata (flagellates formerly included in protozoa)
- Filasterea
- Mesomycetozoea
- Amoebidiales (formerly considered trichomycetes)
- Dermocystida (formerly considered parasitic fungi or sporozoans)
- Eccrinales (formerly considered fungi)
- Ichthyophonida (formerly considered parasitic fungi incertae sedis)
ফাইলোজেনি[সম্পাদনা]
The following phylogenetic tree indicates the evolutionary relationships between the different opisthokont lineages, and the time divergence of the clades in millions of years ago (Mya).[১৭][১৮][১৯]
Amorphea |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1500 Mya |
ছবি[সম্পাদনা]
-
Microsporidian spore (Microsporidia)
-
Chytrid (flagellated fungus)
-
Sphaeroforma sp. (Mesomycetozoea)
-
Ministeria sp. (Filasterea)
-
Capsaspora sp. (Filasterea)
-
Desmarella sp. colony (Choanoflagellatea)
তথ্যসূত্র[সম্পাদনা]
- ↑ Loron, Corentin C.; François, Camille; Rainbird, Robert H.; Turner, Elizabeth C.; Borensztajn, Stephen; Javaux, Emmanuelle J. (মে ২২, ২০১৯)। "Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada"। Nature। 570 (7760): 232–235। এসটুসিআইডি 162180486। ডিওআই:10.1038/s41586-019-1217-0। পিএমআইডি 31118507। বিবকোড:2019Natur.570..232L।
- ↑ Copeland, H. F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books.
- ↑ ক খ Cavalier-Smith, T. (১৯৮৭)। "The origin of fungi and pseudofungi"। Rayner, Alan D. M.। Evolutionary biology of Fungi। Cambridge: Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 339–353। আইএসবিএন 0-521-33050-5।
- ↑ Adl, S.M.; ও অন্যান্য (সেপ্টেম্বর–অক্টোবর ২০০৫)। "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists"। Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology। 52 (5): 399–451। ডিওআই:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x । পিএমআইডি 16248873।
- ↑ Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, ও অন্যান্য (৭ মে ২০০৮)। Aramayo R, সম্পাদক। "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals"। PLOS ONE। 3 (5): e2098। ডিওআই:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 । পিএমআইডি 18461162। পিএমসি 2346548 । বিবকোড:2008PLoSO...3.2098S।
- ↑ "Fungi/Metazoa group"। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৯-০৩-০৮।
- ↑ ক খ Steenkamp, E.T.; Wright, J.; Baldauf, S.L. (জানুয়ারি ২০০৬)। "The protistan origins of animals and fungi"। Molecular Biology and Evolution। 23 (1): 93–106। ডিওআই:10.1093/molbev/msj011 । পিএমআইডি 16151185।
- ↑ Huang, Jinling; Xu, Ying; Gogarten, Johann Peter (নভেম্বর ২০০৫)। "The presence of a haloarchaeal type tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase marks the opisthokonts as monophyletic"। Molecular Biology and Evolution। 22 (11): 2142–2146। ডিওআই:10.1093/molbev/msi221 । পিএমআইডি 16049196।
- ↑ Laura Wegener Parfrey; Erika Barbero; Elyse Lasser; Micah Dunthorn; Debashish Bhattacharya; David J Patterson; Laura A Katz (ডিসেম্বর ২০০৬)। "Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity"। PLOS Genetics (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। 2 (12): e220। আইএসএসএন 1553-7390। ডিওআই:10.1371/JOURNAL.PGEN.0020220। পিএমআইডি 17194223। পিএমসি 1713255 । Wikidata Q21090155।
- ↑ Torruella, Guifré; ও অন্যান্য (ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১২)। "Phylogenetic relationships within the Opisthokonta based on phylogenomic analyses of conserved single-copy protein domains"। Molecular Biology and Evolution। 29 (2): 531–544। ডিওআই:10.1093/molbev/msr185। পিএমআইডি 21771718। পিএমসি 3350318 ।
- ↑ Eme, Laura; Sharpe, Susan C.; Brown, Matthew W.; Roger, Andrew J. (আগস্ট ২০১৪)। "On the Age of Eukaryotes: Evaluating Evidence from Fossils and Molecular Clocks"। Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology। 6 (8): a016139। আইএসএসএন 1943-0264। ডিওআই:10.1101/cshperspect.a016139। পিএমআইডি 25085908। পিএমসি 4107988 ।
- ↑ Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Agatha, Sabine; Berney, Cedric; Brown, Matthew W. (২০১৮-০৯-২৬)। "Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"। Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology। 66 (1): 4–119। আইএসএসএন 1066-5234। ডিওআই:10.1111/jeu.12691। পিএমআইডি 30257078। পিএমসি 6492006 ।
- ↑ Wainright, P.O.; Hinkle, G.; Sogin, M.L.; Stickel, S.K. (এপ্রিল ১৯৯৩)। "Monophyletic origins of the metazoa: an evolutionary link with fungi"। Science। 260 (5106): 340–342। এসটুসিআইডি 27373608। ডিওআই:10.1126/science.8469985। পিএমআইডি 8469985। বিবকোড:1993Sci...260..340W।
- ↑ Stechmann, A.; Cavalier-Smith, T. (৫ জুলাই ২০০২)। "Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion"। Science। 297 (5578): 89–91। এসটুসিআইডি 21064445। ডিওআই:10.1126/science.1071196। পিএমআইডি 12098695। বিবকোড:2002Sci...297...89S।
- ↑ Torruella, Guifré; Mendoza, Alex de; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; Campo, Javier del; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. (২০১৫)। "Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi"। Current Biology। 25 (18): 2404–2410। ডিওআই:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053 । পিএমআইডি 26365255।
- ↑ Matthew W. Brown, Frederick W. Spiegel and Jeffrey D. Silberman (২০০৯), "Phylogeny of the "Forgotten" Cellular Slime Mold, Fonticula alba, Reveals a Key Evolutionary Branch within Opisthokonta", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 26 (12): 2699–2709, ডিওআই:10.1093/molbev/msp185 , পিএমআইডি 19692665
- ↑ Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy (২০১৮)। "High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses"। Fungal Diversity। 90 (1): 135–159। আইএসএসএন 1560-2745। ডিওআই:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0 ।
- ↑ Galindo LJ, Torruella G, López-García P, Ciobanu M, Gutiérrez-Preciado A, Karpov SA, Moreira D (জুলাই ২০২২)। "Phylogenomics Supports the Monophyly of Aphelids and Fungi and Identifies New Molecular Synapomorphies"। Systematic Biology (syac054): 1–11। ডিওআই:10.1093/sysbio/syac054। পিএমআইডি 35900180
|pmid=
এর মান পরীক্ষা করুন (সাহায্য)। - ↑ Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Hehenberger E, Mylnikov AP, Aleoshin VV, Keeling PJ, ও অন্যান্য (২০২০)। "New Lineage of Microbial Predators Adds Complexity to Reconstructing the Evolutionary Origin of Animals"। Current Biology। 30 (22): 4500–4509। ডিওআই:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.061 । পিএমআইডি 32976804
|pmid=
এর মান পরীক্ষা করুন (সাহায্য)।
বহিঃসংযোগ[সম্পাদনা]
টেমপ্লেট:Opisthokont protists টেমপ্লেট:Eukaryota classification