ব্যবহারকারী:জয়শ্রীরাম সরকার/ওপিস্থোকোন্ট

উইকিপিডিয়া, মুক্ত বিশ্বকোষ থেকে

জয়শ্রীরাম সরকার/ওপিস্থোকোন্ট
সময়গত পরিসীমা:
Clockwise, from top left: Abeoforma whisleri (Mesomycetozoea); Amanita muscaria (Fungi); Desmarella moniliformis (Choanoflagellatea); Bonnet Macaque (Metazoa); Nuclearia thermophila (Nucleariida); Ministeria vibrans (Filasterea)
বৈজ্ঞানিক শ্রেণীবিন্যাস e
গোষ্ঠী: অ্যামোরফিয়া
গোষ্ঠী: ওবাজোয়া
(শ্রেণিবিহীন): ওপিস্থোকোন্ট
Copeland 1956,[২] emend. Cavalier-Smith 1987,[৩] emend. Adl et al., 2005[৪]
Subgroups

The opisthokonts ( প্রাচীন গ্রিক ὀπίσθιος (opísthios) 'rear, posterior', and κοντός (kontós) 'pole, i.e. flagellum') are a broad group of eukaryotes, including both the animal and fungus kingdoms.[৫] The opisthokonts, previously called the "Fungi/Metazoa group",[৬] are generally recognized as a clade. Opisthokonts together with Apusomonadida and Breviata comprise the larger clade Obazoa.[৭][৮][৯][১০][১১]

ফ্ল্যাগেলা এবং অন্যান্য বৈশিষ্ট্য[সম্পাদনা]

A common characteristic of opisthokonts is that flagellate cells, such as the sperm of most animals and the spores of the chytrid fungi, propel themselves with a single posterior flagellum. It is this feature that gives the group its name. In contrast, flagellate cells in other eukaryote groups propel themselves with one or more anterior flagella. However, in some opisthokont groups, including most of the fungi, flagellate cells have been lost.[৭]

Opisthokont characteristics include synthesis of extracellular chitin in exoskeleton, cyst/spore wall, or cell wall of filamentous growth and hyphae; the extracellular digestion of substrates with osmotrophic absorption of nutrients; and other cell biosynthetic and metabolic pathways. Genera at the base of each clade are amoeboid and phagotrophic.[১২]

History[সম্পাদনা]

The close relationship between animals and fungi was suggested by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1987,[৩] who used the informal name opisthokonta (the formal name has been used for the chytrids by Copeland in 1956), and was supported by later genetic studies.[১৩]

Early phylogenies placed fungi near the plants and other groups that have mitochondria with flat cristae, but this character varies. More recently, it has been said that holozoa (animals) and holomycota (fungi) are much more closely related to each other than either is to plants, because opisthokonts have a triple fusion of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, dihydroorotase, and aspartate carbamoyltransferase that is not present in plants, and plants have a fusion of thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase not present in the opisthokonts. Animals and fungi are also more closely related to amoebas than to plants, and plants are more closely related to the SAR supergroup of protists than to animals or fungi.[তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন] Animals and fungi are both heterotrophs, unlike plants, and while fungi are sessile like plants, there are also sessile animals.

Cavalier-Smith and Stechmann argue that the uniciliate eukaryotes such as opisthokonts and Amoebozoa, collectively called unikonts, split off from the other biciliate eukaryotes, called bikonts, shortly after they evolved.[১৪]

শ্রেণীবিন্যাস[সম্পাদনা]

Opisthokonts are divided into Holomycota or Nucletmycea (fungi and all organisms more closely related to fungi than to animals) and Holozoa (animals and all organisms more closely related to animals than to fungi); no opisthokonts basal to the Holomycota/Holozoa split have yet been identified.[তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন] The Opisthokonts was largely resolved by Torriella et al.[১৫] Holomycota and Holozoa are composed of the following groups.[তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন]

ফাইলোজেনি[সম্পাদনা]

The following phylogenetic tree indicates the evolutionary relationships between the different opisthokont lineages, and the time divergence of the clades in millions of years ago (Mya).[১৭][১৮][১৯]

Amorphea

Amoebozoa

Obazoa

Breviatea

Apusomonadida

Opisthokonta
Holomycota

Nucleariids

Fungi
Phytophagea

True Fungi

410 Mya

Aphelida

Opisthophagea

Rozellida

Microsporidia

sensu lato
Holozoa

Ichthyosporea

Pluriformea

Corallochytrium

Syssomonas

Tunicaraptor

Filozoa

Filasterea

Choanozoa

Choanoflagellatea

Metazoa

760 Mya
950 mya
1300 Mya
1500 Mya

ছবি[সম্পাদনা]

তথ্যসূত্র[সম্পাদনা]

  1. Loron, Corentin C.; François, Camille; Rainbird, Robert H.; Turner, Elizabeth C.; Borensztajn, Stephen; Javaux, Emmanuelle J. (মে ২২, ২০১৯)। "Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada"। Nature570 (7760): 232–235। এসটুসিআইডি 162180486ডিওআই:10.1038/s41586-019-1217-0পিএমআইডি 31118507বিবকোড:2019Natur.570..232L 
  2. Copeland, H. F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books.
  3. Cavalier-Smith, T. (১৯৮৭)। "The origin of fungi and pseudofungi"। Rayner, Alan D. M.। Evolutionary biology of Fungi। Cambridge: Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 339–353। আইএসবিএন 0-521-33050-5 
  4. Adl, S.M.; ও অন্যান্য (সেপ্টেম্বর–অক্টোবর ২০০৫)। "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists"। Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology52 (5): 399–451। ডিওআই:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.xঅবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্যপিএমআইডি 16248873 
  5. Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, ও অন্যান্য (৭ মে ২০০৮)। Aramayo R, সম্পাদক। "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals"PLOS ONE3 (5): e2098। ডিওআই:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্যপিএমআইডি 18461162পিএমসি 2346548অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্যবিবকোড:2008PLoSO...3.2098S 
  6. "Fungi/Metazoa group"। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৯-০৩-০৮ 
  7. Steenkamp, E.T.; Wright, J.; Baldauf, S.L. (জানুয়ারি ২০০৬)। "The protistan origins of animals and fungi"। Molecular Biology and Evolution23 (1): 93–106। ডিওআই:10.1093/molbev/msj011অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্যপিএমআইডি 16151185 
  8. Huang, Jinling; Xu, Ying; Gogarten, Johann Peter (নভেম্বর ২০০৫)। "The presence of a haloarchaeal type tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase marks the opisthokonts as monophyletic"। Molecular Biology and Evolution22 (11): 2142–2146। ডিওআই:10.1093/molbev/msi221অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্যপিএমআইডি 16049196 
  9. Laura Wegener Parfrey; Erika Barbero; Elyse Lasser; Micah Dunthorn; Debashish Bhattacharya; David J Patterson; Laura A Katz (ডিসেম্বর ২০০৬)। "Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity"PLOS Genetics (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। 2 (12): e220। আইএসএসএন 1553-7390ডিওআই:10.1371/JOURNAL.PGEN.0020220পিএমআইডি 17194223পিএমসি 1713255অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্যWikidata Q21090155 
  10. Torruella, Guifré; ও অন্যান্য (ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১২)। "Phylogenetic relationships within the Opisthokonta based on phylogenomic analyses of conserved single-copy protein domains"Molecular Biology and Evolution29 (2): 531–544। ডিওআই:10.1093/molbev/msr185পিএমআইডি 21771718পিএমসি 3350318অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য 
  11. Eme, Laura; Sharpe, Susan C.; Brown, Matthew W.; Roger, Andrew J. (আগস্ট ২০১৪)। "On the Age of Eukaryotes: Evaluating Evidence from Fossils and Molecular Clocks"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology6 (8): a016139। আইএসএসএন 1943-0264ডিওআই:10.1101/cshperspect.a016139পিএমআইডি 25085908পিএমসি 4107988অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য 
  12. Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Agatha, Sabine; Berney, Cedric; Brown, Matthew W. (২০১৮-০৯-২৬)। "Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology66 (1): 4–119। আইএসএসএন 1066-5234ডিওআই:10.1111/jeu.12691পিএমআইডি 30257078পিএমসি 6492006অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য 
  13. Wainright, P.O.; Hinkle, G.; Sogin, M.L.; Stickel, S.K. (এপ্রিল ১৯৯৩)। "Monophyletic origins of the metazoa: an evolutionary link with fungi"। Science260 (5106): 340–342। এসটুসিআইডি 27373608ডিওআই:10.1126/science.8469985পিএমআইডি 8469985বিবকোড:1993Sci...260..340W 
  14. Stechmann, A.; Cavalier-Smith, T. (৫ জুলাই ২০০২)। "Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion"। Science297 (5578): 89–91। এসটুসিআইডি 21064445ডিওআই:10.1126/science.1071196পিএমআইডি 12098695বিবকোড:2002Sci...297...89S 
  15. Torruella, Guifré; Mendoza, Alex de; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; Campo, Javier del; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. (২০১৫)। "Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi"। Current Biology25 (18): 2404–2410। ডিওআই:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্যপিএমআইডি 26365255 
  16. Matthew W. Brown, Frederick W. Spiegel and Jeffrey D. Silberman (২০০৯), "Phylogeny of the "Forgotten" Cellular Slime Mold, Fonticula alba, Reveals a Key Evolutionary Branch within Opisthokonta", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 26 (12): 2699–2709, ডিওআই:10.1093/molbev/msp185অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য, পিএমআইডি 19692665 
  17. Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy (২০১৮)। "High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses"। Fungal Diversity90 (1): 135–159। আইএসএসএন 1560-2745ডিওআই:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য 
  18. Galindo LJ, Torruella G, López-García P, Ciobanu M, Gutiérrez-Preciado A, Karpov SA, Moreira D (জুলাই ২০২২)। "Phylogenomics Supports the Monophyly of Aphelids and Fungi and Identifies New Molecular Synapomorphies"। Systematic Biology (syac054): 1–11। ডিওআই:10.1093/sysbio/syac054পিএমআইডি 35900180 |pmid= এর মান পরীক্ষা করুন (সাহায্য) 
  19. Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Hehenberger E, Mylnikov AP, Aleoshin VV, Keeling PJ, ও অন্যান্য (২০২০)। "New Lineage of Microbial Predators Adds Complexity to Reconstructing the Evolutionary Origin of Animals"। Current Biology30 (22): 4500–4509। ডিওআই:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.061অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্যপিএমআইডি 32976804 |pmid= এর মান পরীক্ষা করুন (সাহায্য) 

বহিঃসংযোগ[সম্পাদনা]

টেমপ্লেট:Opisthokont protists টেমপ্লেট:Eukaryota classification