হাসান ইবনুল হায়সাম: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

উইকিপিডিয়া, মুক্ত বিশ্বকোষ থেকে
ইতিহাস ব্রাউজ করুন
← পূর্বের পার্থক্যপরবর্তী পার্থক্য →
বিষয়বস্তু বিয়োগ হয়েছে বিষয়বস্তু যোগ হয়েছে
দৃশ্যমানউইকিপাঠ্য
সম্পাদনা সারাংশ নেই
ট্যাগ: মোবাইল সম্পাদনা মোবাইল ওয়েব সম্পাদনা
অ সম্প্রসারণ
১ নং লাইন: ১ নং লাইন:
{{Infobox scientist
| name = হাসান ইবনে আল-হাইসাম
|image = File:Hazan.png
| birth_date = {{nowrap |{{birth-date|0965|{{circa}} ৯৬৫}} {{smaller|(আনুমানিক ৩৫৪[[Islamic calendar|হিজরি]])<ref>{{Harvnb|Falco|2007}}.</ref>}} }}
| birth_place = [[বসরা]], [[medieval Iraq|ইরাক]]
| death_date = {{smaller|(c. ৪৩০ হিজরি)<ref>{{Harvnb|Rosenthal|1960–1961}}.</ref>}}
| death_place = [[কায়রো]], [[Fatimid Caliphate|মিশর]]
| residence = {{hlist |[[বসরা]] |[[কায়রো]]}}
| fields = {{hlist |[[Optics|আলোকবিজ্ঞান]] |[[জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান]] |[[গণিত]]}}
| workplaces =
|alma_mater =
|notable_students =
| influences = [[এরিস্টটল]],<ref>{{harv|Smith|2001|p=xvi}}</ref> [[ইউক্লিড]],<ref>[http://philomatica.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Optics-of-Euclid.pdf Euclid's Optics]</ref> [[টলেমি]],<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/233604?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Smith, A. Mark (1988) "Ptolemy, Optics" Isis Vol. 79, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 188-207, via JSTOR]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3231951 Smith, A. Mark (1996) Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the "Optics" with Introduction and Commentary [[Transactions of the American Philosophical Society]] '''86'''(2) (1996) via JSTOR]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3185879 Smith, A. Mark (1999) Ptolemy and the Foundations of Ancient Mathematical Optics: A Source Based Guided Study [[Transactions of the American Philosophical Society]] New Series, '''89'''(3) (1999) via JSTOR]</ref> [[Galen]], [[Banū Mūsā]], [[Thābit ibn Qurra]], [[আল-কিন্দি]], [[Ibn Sahl (mathematician)|Ibn Sahl]], [[Abū Sahl al-Qūhī]]
| influenced = [[ওমর খৈয়াম]], [[Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf]], [[Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī]], [[ইবনে রুশদ]], [[Al-Khazini]], [[John Peckham]], [[Witelo]], [[রজার বেকন]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=mhLVHR5QAQkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the Optics|last=A. Mark Smith|publisher=American Philosophical Society|year=1996|isbn=|location=|pages=58}}</ref> [[Kepler|কেপলার]]
| known_for = ''[[কিতাবুল মানাযির]]'', ''[[Ibn al-Haytham#Doubts Concerning Ptolemy|Doubts Concerning Ptolemy]]'', [[Alhazen's problem]], [[Analysis]],<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Connor|Robertson|1999}}.</ref> [[Catoptrics]],<ref>{{Harvnb|El-Bizri|2010|p=11}}: "Ibn al-Haytham's groundbreaking studies in optics, including his research in catoptrics and dioptrics (respectively the sciences investigating the principles and instruments pertaining to the reflection and refraction of light), were principally gathered in his monumental opus: Kitåb al-manåóir (The Optics; De Aspectibus or Perspectivae; composed between 1028 CE and 1038 CE)."</ref> [[Horopter]], [[Moon illusion]], [[Experiment|experimental science]], [[বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Rooney|2012|p=39}}: "As a rigorous experimental physicist, he is sometimes credited with inventing the scientific method."</ref> [[visual perception]], [[empirical theory of perception]], [[Comparative psychology|Animal psychology]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Baker|2012|p=449}}: "As shown earlier, Ibn al-Haytham was among the first scholars to experiment with animal psychology.</ref>
| footnotes =
}}

'''আলী আল-হাসান ইবনে আলী-হাসান ইবন আল হাইসাম'''({{lang|ar|أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم}};৯৬৫-১০৪০)পশ্চিমা বিশ্বে তিনি আল-হাইজেন নামে সমধিক পরিচিত। তিনি ছিলেন একাধারে আরব<ref>{{cite web|last1=J.|first1=Vernet,|title=Ibn al-Hayt̲h̲am|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ibn-al-haytham-SIM_3195|website=Encyclopaedia of Islam|language=en}}"Abu ʿAlī al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Hayt̲h̲am al-Baṣrī al-Miṣrī , was identified towards the end of the 19th century with the Alhazen , Avennathan and Avenetan of mediaeval Latin texts. He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and, without any doubt, the best physicist."</ref><ref name="Simon 2006">{{harvnb|Simon|2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=OPTICS – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/optics|website=www.iranicaonline.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ibn al-Haytham {{!}} Arab astronomer and mathematician|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-al-Haytham|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Esposito|first1=John L.|title=The Oxford History of Islam|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=192}}: "Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics."</ref> বিজ্ঞানী, গণিতবিদ, জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞানী, এবং দার্শনিক। ইবন আল হাইসামের উল্লেখযোগ্য অবদান অপটিক্স বা আলোকবিদ্যার মূলনীতি, জ্যোতির্বিদ্যা, গণিত, আবহাওয়াবিজ্ঞান,&nbsp; চাক্ষুষ বিজ্ঞান এবং বৈজ্ঞানিক নীতি।তিনি সর্বপ্রথম ক্যামেরার মূলনীতি আবিষ্কার করেন, যার উপর ভর করে আজকের আধুনিক ক্যামেরা, স্যাটেলাইট ইত্যাদি। তিনি কায়রোয় ফাতেমীয় খলিফার দরবারে জীবনের অধিকাংশ সময় অতিবাহিত করেন। গ্রন্থ রচনা, চুক্তি সম্পাদনা এবং দরবারের অভীজাত সদস্যদের গৃহশিক্ষক হিসেবে জীবিকা নির্বাহ করেন।
'''আলী আল-হাসান ইবনে আলী-হাসান ইবন আল হাইসাম'''({{lang|ar|أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم}};৯৬৫-১০৪০)পশ্চিমা বিশ্বে তিনি আল-হাইজেন নামে সমধিক পরিচিত। তিনি ছিলেন একাধারে আরব<ref>{{cite web|last1=J.|first1=Vernet,|title=Ibn al-Hayt̲h̲am|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ibn-al-haytham-SIM_3195|website=Encyclopaedia of Islam|language=en}}"Abu ʿAlī al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Hayt̲h̲am al-Baṣrī al-Miṣrī , was identified towards the end of the 19th century with the Alhazen , Avennathan and Avenetan of mediaeval Latin texts. He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and, without any doubt, the best physicist."</ref><ref name="Simon 2006">{{harvnb|Simon|2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=OPTICS – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/optics|website=www.iranicaonline.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ibn al-Haytham {{!}} Arab astronomer and mathematician|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-al-Haytham|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Esposito|first1=John L.|title=The Oxford History of Islam|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=192}}: "Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics."</ref> বিজ্ঞানী, গণিতবিদ, জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞানী, এবং দার্শনিক। ইবন আল হাইসামের উল্লেখযোগ্য অবদান অপটিক্স বা আলোকবিদ্যার মূলনীতি, জ্যোতির্বিদ্যা, গণিত, আবহাওয়াবিজ্ঞান,&nbsp; চাক্ষুষ বিজ্ঞান এবং বৈজ্ঞানিক নীতি।তিনি সর্বপ্রথম ক্যামেরার মূলনীতি আবিষ্কার করেন, যার উপর ভর করে আজকের আধুনিক ক্যামেরা, স্যাটেলাইট ইত্যাদি। তিনি কায়রোয় ফাতেমীয় খলিফার দরবারে জীবনের অধিকাংশ সময় অতিবাহিত করেন। গ্রন্থ রচনা, চুক্তি সম্পাদনা এবং দরবারের অভীজাত সদস্যদের গৃহশিক্ষক হিসেবে জীবিকা নির্বাহ করেন।
==তথ্যসূত্র==
==তথ্যসূত্র==
{{সূত্র তালিকা|group = "n"}}{{সূত্র তালিকা|30em}}
{{সূত্র তালিকা|group = "n"}}{{সূত্র তালিকা|30em}}
==উৎস==
{{Refbegin|30em}}

* {{Citation
|last=Simon
|first=G
|date=2006
|title=The gaze in Ibn al-Haytham.
|journal=The Medieval History Journal
|pages=89–98
|doi=10.1177/097194580500900105
|volume=9
|issue=1
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Daneshfard
|first=Babak
|date=2016
|title=Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039 AD), the original portrayal of the modern theory of vision
|journal=Journal of Medical Biography
|page=1
|publisher=Sage Publications
|doi=10.1177/0967772014529050
|volume=24
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Masoud
|first=Mohammad T
|last2=Masoud
|first2=Faiza
|date=2006
|title=How Islam changed medicine: Ibn al-Haytham and optics
|journal=The BMJ
|page=332:120
|publisher= British Medical Association
|doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7533.120-a
|volume=332
|pmc=1326979
|pmid=16410601
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Masic I
|date=2008
|title=Ibn al-Haitham--father of optics and describer of vision theory
|journal=Med Arh
|page=62(3):183–8
|publisher= Academy of medical sciences of bosnia and herzegovina
|pmid=18822953
|volume=62
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Sweileh
|first=Waleed M
|last2=Al-Jabi
|first2=Samah W
|last3=Shanti
|first3=Yousef I
|last4=Sawalha
|first4=Ansam F
|last5=Zyoud
|first5=Sa’ed H
|date=2015
|title=Contribution of Arab researchers to ophthalmology: a bibliometric and comparative analysis
|journal=SpringerPlus
|page=4:42
|publisher= Springer Publishing
|doi=10.1186/s40064-015-0806-0
|volume=4
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Aaen-Stockdale |first=C. R.
|title=Ibn al-Haytham and psychophysics
|date=2008
|url=http://pec.sagepub.com/content/37/4/636
|journal=Perception
|volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=636–638
|doi=10.1068/p5940
|pmid=18546671
}}

* {{citation
|last= Ackerman
|first= James S |title= Distance Points: Essays in Theory and Renaissance Art and Architecture
|date= August 1991
|location= Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
|publisher= MIT Press
|isbn= 978-0262011228
}}.

* {{Citation
|last=Agrawal
|first=Amit
|title=Analytical Forward Projection for Axial Non-Central Dioptric and Catadioptric Cameras
|date=2010
|url=http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/~aagrawal/eccv10/fp/fp.html
|last2=Taguchi
|last3=Ramalingam
|first2=Yuichi
|first3=Srikumar
|publisher=European Conference on Computer Vision
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307042704/http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/~aagrawal/eccv10/fp/fp.html
|archivedate=7 March 2012
|df=
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Agrawal
|first=Amit
|title=Beyond Alhazen's Problem: Analytical Projection Model for Non-Central Catadioptric Cameras with Quadric Mirrors
|date=2011
|url=http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/~aagrawal/cvpr11/fp/fp.html
|last2=Taguchi
|last3=Ramalingam
|first2=Yuichi
|first3=Srikumar
|publisher=IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307040949/http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/~aagrawal/cvpr11/fp/fp.html
|archivedate=7 March 2012
|df=
|citeseerx=10.1.1.433.9727
}}

* {{citation
|title= Charming Proofs: A Journey into Elegant Mathematics
|date= 2010
|url= {{google books |plainurl= yes |id= mIT5-BN_L0oC |p= 137 }}
|last1= Alsina
|last2= Nelsen
|first1= Claudi |first2= Roger B. |series= Dolciani mathematical expositions
|volume= 42
|pages= 137–144
|chapter= 9.1 Squarable lunes
|publisher= Mathematical Association of America
|isbn= 978-0-88385-348-1
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Arjomand |first=Kamran
|title=The emergence of scientific modernity in Iran: controversies surrounding astrology and modern astronomy in the mid-nineteenth century
|date=1997
|journal=[[Iranian Studies (journal)|Iranian Studies]]
|volume=30 |issue=1
}}

* {{citation
|last= Authier
|first= André |title= Early Days of X-ray Crystallography
|date= 2013
|chapter= 3: The Dual Nature of Light
|publisher= Oxford University Press
|isbn= 9780199659845
}}.

* {{citation
|title= The Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology: Global Perspectives
|date= 2012
|publisher= Oxford University Press
|editor-last= Baker
|editor-first= David B. |isbn= 9780195366556
}}.

* {{Citation
|last=Bettany |first=Laurence
|title=Ibn al-Haytham: an answer to multicultural science teaching?
|date=1995
|journal=Physics Education
|volume=30 |pages=247–252
|bibcode = 1995PhyEd..30..247B
|doi=10.1088/0031-9120/30/4/011
}}

* {{Citation
|last=El-Bizri |first=Nader |title=A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen’s ''Optics''
|date=2005a
|author-link=Nader El-Bizri
|journal=Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
|volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=189–218
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
|doi=10.1017/S0957423905000172
}}

* {{Citation
|last=El-Bizri |first=Nader |title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia
|date=2005b
|author-link=Nader El-Bizri
|pages=237–240
|contribution=Ibn al-Haytham
|publication-place=[[New York City|New York]] & [[London]]
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
|editor-last=Wallis |editor-first=Faith
|isbn=0-415-96930-1
|oclc=218847614
}}

* {{Citation
|last=El-Bizri |first=Nader |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopaedia
|date=2006
|author-link=Nader El-Bizri
|volume=II
|pages=343–345
|contribution=Ibn al-Haytham or Alhazen
|publication-place=New York & London
|publisher=Routledge
|editor-last=Meri |editor-first=Josef W.
|isbn=0-415-96692-2
|oclc=224371638
}}

* {{Citation
|last=El-Bizri |first=Nader |title=In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy: Al-Baghdadi's Critique of Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrisation of Place
|date=2007
|author-link=Nader El-Bizri
|journal=Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
|volume=17 |pages=57–80
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|doi=10.1017/S0957423907000367
}}

* {{Citation
|last=El-Bizri |first=Nader
|title=La perception de la profondeur: Alhazen, Berkeley, et Merleau-Ponty
|date=2009a
|author-link=Nader El-Bizri
|journal=Oriens Occidens
|volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=171–184
|publication-place= Paris
|publisher=[[CNRS]]
}}

* {{Citation
|last=El-Bizri |first=Nader |title=Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur
|date=2009b
|author-link=Nader El-Bizri
|journal=Oriens Occidens
|volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=201–226
|publication-place= Paris
|publisher=[[CNRS]]
}}

* {{cite book
| title=Renaissance Theories of Vision (Visual Culture in Early Modernity)
| last=El-Bizri
| first=Nader
| date=2010
| publisher=[[Ashgate]]
| isbn=1-409400-24-7
| location=Farnham, Surrey
| pages=11–30
| chapter=Classical Optics and the Perspectiva Traditions Leading to the Renaissance
|via=| authorlink=Nader El-Bizri
| editor1-last=Hendrix
| editor1-first=John Shannon
| editor1link=John Shannon Hendrix
| editor2-last=Carman
| editor2-first=Charles H.
| ref=harv
}}

* {{Citation
|last = Burns
|first = Robert
|title = Some fear Iraq may be rebuilding its weapons of mass destruction
|date = 8 August 1999
|url = http://www.cjonline.com/stories/080899/new_iraqweapons.shtml
|newspaper = [[Topeka Capital-Journal]]
|accessdate = 21 September 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090315184541/http://www.cjonline.com/stories/080899/new_iraqweapons.shtml
|archive-date = 15 March 2009
|dead-url = yes
|df =
}}

* {{Citation
|title= Photographic Atlas of the Moon
|url= {{google books|id=vIcFxgAs-C8C|plainurl=yes}}
|year= 2002
|last1= Chong |last2= Lim |last3= Ang |first1= S.M.
|first2= A.C.H.
|first3= P.S,
|isbn= 9780521813921
}}.

* {{Citation
|last=Corbin |first=Henry |title=History of Islamic Philosophy
|date=1993
|author-link=Henry Corbin
|publication-place=London
|publisher=Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies
|isbn=0-7103-0416-1
|oclc=22109949
|translator1-first=Liadain |translator1-last= Sherrard
|translator2-first=Philip |translator2-last= Sherrard |translator2-link= Philip Sherrard
|orig-year=Original French 1964
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Crombie |first=A. C.
|title=Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science, 1100–1700
|date=1971
|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]], [[Oxford University]]
}}

* {{citation
|title= Science, Medicine and Technology
|date= 1999
|last1= Dallal
|first1= Ahmad S. |publisher= Oxford University Press
|editor1-last= Esposito
|editor1-first= John L. |editor-link= John L. Esposito
|encyclopedia= The Oxford History of Islam
}}.

* {{Citation
|last=Al Deek |first=Mahmoud
|title=Ibn Al-Haitham: Master of Optics, Mathematics, Physics and Medicine
|date=2004
|url=http://www.alshindagah.com/novdec2004/ibn.html
|journal=Al Shindagah
|issue=November–December 2004
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Duhem |first=Pierre |title=To Save the Phenomena: An Essay on the Idea of Physical theory from Plato to Galileo
|date=1969
|author-link=Pierre Duhem
|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]], [[Chicago]]
|isbn=0-226-16921-9
|oclc=12429405
|orig-year=First published 1908
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Eder |first=Michelle
|title=Views of Euclid's Parallel Postulate in Ancient Greece and in Medieval Islam
|date=2000
|url=http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~cherlin/History/Papers2000/eder.html
|publisher=[[Rutgers University]]
|accessdate=23 January 2008
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Falco |first=Charles M. |title=Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Modern Image Analysis
|date=12–15 February 2007
|url=http://www.optics.arizona.edu/ssd/FalcoPlenaryUAE.pdf
|author-link=Charles M. Falco
|publisher=presented at a plenary session at the International Conference on Information Sciences, Signal Processing and its Applications
|accessdate=23 January 2008
}}.{{dead link|date=February 2016}}
* {{citation
|last = Falco
|first = Charles M.
|title = Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Computerized Image Analysis
|date = 27–29 November 2007
|url = http://www.optics.arizona.edu/SSD/art-optics/papers/IEEECairo.pdf
|author-link = Charles M. Falco
|publisher = International Conference on Computer Engineering & Systems (ICCES)
|accessdate = 30 January 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726022317/http://www.optics.arizona.edu/SSD/art-optics/papers/IEEECairo.pdf
|archive-date = 26 July 2011
|dead-url = yes
|df =
}}.

* {{Citation
|last=Faruqi |first=Yasmeen M.
|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise
|date=2006
|journal=International Education Journal
|volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=391–396
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Gondhalekar |first=Prabhakar M.
|title=The Grip of Gravity: The Quest to Understand the Laws of Motion and Gravitation
|date=2001
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-80316-0
|oclc=224074913
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Grant |first=Edward
|title=A source book in medieval science
|date=1974
|url= {{google books|id=fAPN_3w4hAUC|plainurl=yes}}
|volume=Volume One
|location= Cambridge MA
|publisher= Harvard University Press
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Grant |first=Edward
|title=Encarta'' Online Encyclopedia''
|date=2008
|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579452/Alhazen.html
|contribution=Alhazen
|publisher=[[Microsoft]]
|accessdate=16 September 2008
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Heeffer |first=Albrecht
|title=Third International workshop: Computer models of scientific reasoning and applications
|date= 14–15 September 2003
|url=http://logica.ugent.be/albrecht/thesis/Heeffer-CMSRAfinal.pdf
|contribution=Kepler’s near discovery of the sine law: A qualitative computational model
|publication-place=[[Buenos Aires]]
|publisher=[[National Library of the Argentine Republic]]
|format=PDF
|accessdate=23 January 2008
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Hershenson |first=Maurice
|title=The Moon Illusion
|date=1989
|url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=x1qcL4CTwlIC}}
|publisher=[[Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]]
|isbn=0-8058-0121-9
|oclc=20091171
|accessdate=22 September 2008
}}{{Dead link|date=September 2012}}

* {{citation
|last= Hess
|first= David J. |title= Science and Technology in a Multicultural World: The Cultural Politics of Facts and Artifacts
|date= 1995
|url= {{google books|id=faCQTDmz6lAC|plainurl=yes}}
|publisher= Columbia University Press
|isbn= 0-231-10196-1
}}.

* {{Citation
|last=Highfield |first=Roger
|title=Don solves the last puzzle left by ancient Greeks
|date=1 April 1997
|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Obits2/Al-Haytham_Telegraph.html
|journal=[[The Daily Telegraph]]
|volume=676
|accessdate=24 September 2008
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Hodgson |first=Peter Edward
|title=Theology And Modern Physics
|date=2006
|publication-date=15 January 2006
|publication-place=Burlington, VT
|publisher=Ashgate Publishing
|isbn=978-0-7546-3622-9
|oclc=56876894
|id=DDC: 201.653, LCC: BL265.P4 H63 2005
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Howard |first=Ian P.
|title=Alhazen's neglected discoveries of visual phenomena
|date=1996
|journal=Perception
|volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1203–1217
|doi=10.1068/p251203
|pmid=9027923
}}

* {{Citation
|title=Ptolemy's contributions to the geometry of binocular vision
|date=1996
|last1=Howard |last2=Wade |first1=Ian P.
|first2=Nicholas J.
|journal=Perception
|volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1189–201
|doi=10.1068/p251189
|pmid=9027922
}}

* {{Citation
|title= Ibn al-Ḥaytam
|date= 2009
|publisher= Oxford University Press
|editor1-first= Ibrahim |editor2-first= Salim |editor3-first= Caner |editor-last1= Kalin
|editor-last2= Ayduz
|editor-last3= Dagli
|encyclopedia= The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Katz |first=Victor J.
|title=Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India
|date=1995
|journal=Mathematics Magazine
|volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=163–174
|doi=10.2307/2691411
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Katz |first=Victor J.
|title=History of Mathematics: An Introduction
|date=1998
|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]
|isbn=0-321-01618-1
|oclc=38199387
}}

* {{Citation
|title=Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy
|date=2005
|url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=zNkgyyPr7kwC|p=83}}|last1=Kelley |last2=Milone |last3=Aveni |first1=David H.
|first2=E. F.
|first3=A. F.
|publisher=Birkhäuser
|isbn=0-387-95310-8
|oclc=213887290
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Khaleefa |first=Omar
|title=Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?
|date=1999
|journal=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences
|volume=16 |issue=2
}}

* {{Citation
|last= Al-Khalili
|first= Jim |title= In retrospect: Book of Optics
|date= 12 February 2015
|url= http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v518/n7538/full/518164a.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20150212
|journal= Nature
|volume= 518 |pages= 164–165
|publisher= Nature Publishing Group
|bibcode = 2015Natur.518..164A |doi= 10.1038/518164a
|accessdate= 13 March 2015
}}.

* {{Citation
|last=Langermann |first=Y. Tzvi
|title=Ibn al Haytham's On the Configuration of the World
|date=1990
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Lejeune |first=Albert
|title=Les recherches de Ptolémée sur la vision binoculaire
|date=1958
|journal=[[Janus (journal)|Janus]]
|volume=47 |pages=79–86
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Lindberg |first=David C.
|title=Alhazen's Theory of Vision and Its Reception in the West
|date=1967
|journal=Isis
|volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=321–341
|doi=10.1086/350266
|pmid=4867472
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Lindberg |first=David C.
|title=Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler
|date=1976
|publisher=University of Chicago Press, Chicago
|isbn=0-226-48234-0
|oclc=1676198
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Lindberg |first=David C.
|title=Roger Bacon and the Origins of Perspectiva in the Middle Ages''
|date=1996
|publisher=Clarendon Press
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Lorch |first=Richard
|title=Encyclopædia Britannica
|date=2008
|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/738111/Ibn-al-Haytham
|contribution=Ibn al-Haytham
|accessdate=6 August 2008
}}

* {{citation
|title= Dictionary of World Biography
|date= 1998
|last1= Magill
|last2= Aves
|first1= Frank Northen |first2= Alison |volume= 2
|chapter= The Middles Ages: Alhazen
|publisher= Routledge
|isbn= 9781579580414
}}.

* {{Citation
|last = Mohamed
|first = Mohaini
|title = Great Muslim Mathematicians
|date = 2000
|publisher = Penerbit UTM
|isbn = 983-52-0157-9
|oclc = 48759017
|url = http://eprints.utm.my/30353/
|access-date = 30 August 2017
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193515/http://eprints.utm.my/30353/
|archive-date = 30 August 2017
|dead-url = yes
|df = dmy-all
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Murphy |first=Dan
|title=No more 'Saddams': Iraqis get new currency
|date=17 October 2003
|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1017/p07s01-woiq.html
|newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]
|accessdate=21 September 2008
}}

* {{citation
|title= JPL Small-Body Database Browser
|date= 22 March 2006
|url= http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=59239+Alhazen
|author= NASA |author-link= NASA
|chapter= 59239 Alhazen (1999 CR2)
|publisher= NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
|accessdate= 20 September 2008
}}.

* {{Citation
|title=Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham
|date=November 1999
|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Haytham.html
|publication-place= Scotland
|publisher= School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews
|editor1-last= O'Connor
|editor2-last= Robertson
|editor1-first= J. J. |editor2-first= E. F. |accessdate=20 September 2008
|encyclopedia= MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Omar |first=Saleh Beshara
|title=Ibn al-Haytham's Optics: A Study of the Origins of Experimental Science
|date=1977
|publisher=[[Minneapolis]]: Bibliotheca Islamica
|isbn=0-88297-015-1
|oclc=3328963
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Plott |first=C.
|title=Global History of Philosophy: The Period of Scholasticism
|date=2000
|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]
|isbn=8120805518
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Rashed |first=Roshdi
|title=A Polymath in the 10th century
|date=August 2002a
|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12161634
|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]
|volume=297 |issue=5582 |page=773
|doi=10.1126/science.1074591
|issn=0036-8075
|pmid=12161634
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Rashed |first=Roshdi
|title=PORTRAITS OF SCIENCE: A Polymath in the 10th Century
|date=2002b<!--2002-08-02-->
|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5582/773
|journal=Science
|volume=297 |issue=5582 |page=773
|publisher=[[Science (journal)|Science magazine]]
|doi=10.1126/science.1074591
|issn=0036-8075
|pmid=12161634
|accessdate=16 September 2008
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Rashed |first=Roshdi
|title=The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham
|date=2007
|journal=Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
|volume=17 |pages=7–55
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|doi=10.1017/S0957423907000355
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Raynaud |first=D.
|title=Ibn al-Haytham sur la vision binoculaire: un précurseur de l'optique physiologique
|date=2003
|journal=Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
|volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=79–99
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|doi=10.1017/S0957423903003047
}}

*{{citation
|last= Rooney
|first= Anne |title= The History of Physics
|date= 2012
|chapter= Ibn Al-Haytham
|publisher= The Rosen Publishing Group
|isbn= 9781448873715
}}.

* {{citation
|last= Rosenthal
|first= Franz |title= Al-Mubashshir ibn Fâtik. Prolegomena to an Abortive Edition
|date= 1960–1961
|author-link= Franz Rosenthal
|journal= Oriens
|volume= 13/14 |pages= 132–158, 136–7
|publisher= [[Brill Publishers]]
|doi= 10.2307/1580309
|jstor= 1580309
}}

* {{citation
|title= Cleomedes c. 1st century AD) on the celestial illusion, atmospheric enlargement and size-distance invariance
|date= 2000
|last1= Ross |first1= H.E.
|journal= Perception
|volume= 29 |pages= 853–861
|doi= 10.1068/p2937
}}.

* {{Citation
|title= The mystery of the moon illusion: Exploring size perception
|year= 2002
|last1= Ross |last2= Plug |first1= H .E.
|first2= C.
|publisher= Oxford University Press
|isbn= 978-0198508625
}}.

* {{citation
|title= Did Ptolemy understand the moon illusion?
|date= 1976
|last1= Ross |last2= Ross |first1= H .E.
|first2= G .M.
|journal= Perception
|volume= 5 |pages= 377–385
|doi= 10.1068/p050377
|pmid= 794813
}}.

* {{Citation
|last=Rottman
|first=J. |title=A first course in Abstract Algebra
|date=28 February 2000
|publisher=Prentice Hall
|isbn=0-13-011584-3
|oclc=42960682
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Rozenfeld |first=Boris A.
|title=A History of Non-Euclidean Geometry: Evolution of the Concept of a Geometric Space
|date=1988
|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]
|isbn=0-387-96458-4
|oclc=15550634
}}

* {{Citation
|title=Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
|date=1996
|last1=Rozenfeld |last2=Youschkevitch |first1=Boris Abramovich
|first2=Adolf P.
|volume=2 |pages=447–494
|contribution=Geometry
|publication-place=London & New York
|publisher=Routledge
|editor-last=Rashed |editor-first=Roshdi
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Russell
|first= Gül A. |title=[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]]
|date=1996
|pages= 672–716
|contribution= Emergence of Physiological Optics
|publisher=Routledge
|editor1-last= Rāshid |editor2-last=Morelon |editor1-first=Rushdī
|editor2-first=Régis
|isbn=0-415-12410-7
|oclc=34731151
}}.

* {{Citation
|last= Sabra |first= A. I. |title= The astronomical origin of Ibn al-Haytham’s concept of experiment
|date= 1971
|author-link= A. I. Sabra
|journal= Actes du XIIe congrès international d’histoire des sciences
|volume= 3 |pages= 133–136
|publisher= Albert Blanchard, [[Paris]]
}}. Reprinted in {{harvnb|Sabra|1994}}.

* {{Citation
|last=Sabra |first=A. I. |title=Ismaili Contributions to Islamic Culture
|date=1978a
|author-link=A. I. Sabra
|pages=178–216
|contribution=Ibn al-Haytham and the Visual Ray Hypothesis
|location=[[Boston]]
|publisher=[[Shambhala Publications]]
|editor-last=Nasr |editor-first=Seyyed Hossein |editor-link=Hossein Nasr
|isbn=0877737312
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Sabra |first=A. I. |title=Science and History: Studies in Honor of Edward Rosen
|date=1978b
|author-link=A. I. Sabra
|series=Studia Copernicana
|volume=XVI
|pages=117–131
|contribution=An Eleventh-Century Refutation of Ptolemy's Planetary Theory
|publisher=[[Ossolineum]], [[Wrocław]]
|editor-last=Hilfstein |editor2-last=Czartoryski |editor-first=Erna
|editor2-first=Paweł
|editor-last3=Grande |editor-first3=Frank D.
}}

* {{Citation
|title=The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. English Translation and Commentary. 2 vols
|date=1989
|series=Studies of the Warburg Institute
|volume=40
|publication-place=London
|publisher=The [[Warburg Institute]], [[University of London]]
|editor-last= Sabra |editor-first= A. I.
|editor-link= A. I. Sabra
|isbn=0-85481-072-2
|oclc=165564751
|translator-last= Sabra |translator-first= A. I.
|translator-link= A. I. Sabra
}}.

* {{Citation
|last= Sabra |first= A. I. |title= Optics, Astronomy and Logic: Studies in Arabic Science and Philosophy
|date= 1994
|author-link= A. I. Sabra
|series= Collected Studies Series
|volume= 444
|publisher= Variorum, Aldershot
|isbn= 0-86078-435-5
|oclc= 29847104
}}.

* {{Citation
|last=Sabra |first=A. I. |title=Configuring the Universe: Aporetic, Problem Solving, and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy
|date=1998
|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-56027684/configuring-universe-aporetic-problem.html
|author-link=A. I. Sabra
|journal=Perspectives on Science
|volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=288–330
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Sabra
|first=A. I.
|title=Harvard Magazine
|date=October–December 2003
|url=http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/090351.html
|author-link=A. I. Sabra
|contribution=Ibn al-Haytham: Brief life of an Arab mathematician
|accessdate=23 January 2008
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224948/http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/090351.html
|archivedate=27 September 2007
|df=
}}

* {{Citation
| last=Sabra | first=A. I. | title = The "Commentary" That Saved the Text. The Hazardous Journey of Ibn al-Haytham's Arabic "Optics"
| date = 2007
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233484584_The_Commentary_That_Saved_the_Text._The_Hazardous_Journey_of_Ibn_al-Haytham's_Arabic_Optics
| author-link=A. I. Sabra
| journal = Early Science and Medicine
| volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 117–133
| doi=10.1163/157338207x194668
| jstor = 20617660
| accessdate=22 January 2014
}}

* {{Citation
|last= Sabra
|first= A. I. |title= Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan
|date= 2008
|url= http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830901904.html
|author-link= A. I. Sabra
|publisher= Charles Scribner's Sons
|orig-year= 1970–80
|encyclopedia= [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography|Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]
}}

* {{Citation
|title= Physical Thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists
|date= 1974
|publisher= Pica Press
|editor-last= Sambursky
|editor-first= Shmuel |isbn= 0-87663-712-8
}}. (Various editions.)

* {{Citation
|last=Sardar |first=Ziauddin |title=Islamic Philosophy
|date=1998
|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H016.htm
|author-link=Ziauddin Sardar
|contribution=Science in Islamic philosophy
|publisher=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]
|accessdate=3 February 2008
}}

* {{citation
|date= 2008
|volume= 1 |page= 1667
|chapter= M |publisher= Springer
|editor-last= Selin
|editor-first= Helaine |isbn= 9781402045592
|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
}}.

* {{Citation
|last = Van Sertima |first = Ivan |title = Golden Age Of The Moor
|date = 1992
|url = {{google books|plainurl=yes|id=1F9HPuDkySsC|p=382}}|author-link = Ivan Van Sertima
|publisher = [[Transaction Publishers]]
|isbn = 1-56000-581-5
|oclc = 123168739 }}
* {{Citation
|title=Alhacen's theory of visual perception: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of the first three books of Alhacen's De aspectibus, the medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitab al-Manazir
|date=2001
|series = Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
|volume=91-4, 91-5
|publication-place=[[Philadelphia]]
|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] & DIANE Publishing
|editor-last= Smith |editor-first= A. Mark
|isbn=978-0-87169-914-5
|oclc=163278528
|translator-last= Smith |translator-first= A. Mark
}} [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657358 Books I-III (2001) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR]; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657357?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents Vol 2 English translation I:TOCp339-341, II:TOCp415-6, III:TOCp559-560, Notes 681ff, Bibl. via JSTOR]

* {{Citation
|last=Smith
|first=A. Mark
|title=What is the History of Medieval Optics Really About?
|date=June 2004
|url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/480202.pdf
|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
|volume=148
|issue=2
|pages=180–194
|jstor=1558283
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018045417/http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/480202.pdf
|archivedate=18 October 2011
|df=
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Smith |first=A. Mark
|title=The Alhacenian Account Of Spatial Perception And Its Epistemological Implications
|date=2005
|journal=Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
|volume=15
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|doi=10.1017/S0957423905000184
}}

* {{Citation
|title=Alhacen on the principles of reflection : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's ''De aspectibus'', [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn-al-Haytham's ''Kitāb al-Manāẓir'']
|date=2006
|series = Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
|volume=95-4, 95-5
|publication-place=[[Philadelphia]]
|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]
|editor-last = Smith |editor-first= A. Mark
|translator-last= Smith |translator-first= A. Mark
}} [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020399 Books 4-5 (2006) '''95'''-4 Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR]; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020403?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents '''95'''-5 Vol 2 English translation IV:TOCp289-294, V:TOCp377-384, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR]

* {{Citation
|title=Alhacen on Image-formation and distortion in mirrors : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 6 of Alhacen's ''De aspectibus'', [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn-al-Haytham's ''Kitāb al-Manāẓir'']
|date=2008
|series = Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
|volume=98-1
|publication-place=[[Philadelphia]]
|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]
|editor-last = Smith |editor-first= A. Mark
|translator-last= Smith |translator-first= A. Mark
}} [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757395 Book 6 (2008) '''98'''(#1, section 1)— Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR]; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757399?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents '''98'''(#1, section 2)— Vol 2 English translation VI:TOCp155-160, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR]

* {{Citation <!-- xxx -->
|title=Alhacen on Refraction : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen's ''De aspectibus'', [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn-al-Haytham's ''Kitāb al-Manāẓir'']
|date=2010
|series = Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
|volume=100–3
|publication-place=[[Philadelphia]]
|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]
|editor-last= Smith |editor-first= A. Mark
|translator-last= Smith |translator-first= A. Mark
}} [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20787647 Book 7 (2010) '''100'''(#3, section 1) — Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR];[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20787651?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents '''100'''(#3, section 2) — Vol 2 English translation VII:TOCp213-218, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR]

* {{Citation
|last = Smith |first = A. Mark
|title=From Sight to Light: The Passage from Ancient to Modern Optics
|date=2015
|publication-place=[[Chicago]]
|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]
|isbn=9780226174761
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Smith |first=John D.
|title=The Remarkable Ibn al-Haytham
|date=1 March 1992
|journal=The Mathematical Gazette
|volume=76 |issue=475 |pages=189–198
|publisher=[[Mathematical Association]]
|doi=10.2307/3620392
|issn=0025-5572
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Toomer |first=G. J. |title=Review: ''Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' by Matthias Schramm
|date=December 1964
|authorlink=G. J. Toomer
|journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4
|pages=463–465
|doi=10.1086/349914
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Topdemir |first=Hüseyin Gazi
|title=Kamal Al-Din Al-Farisi’s Explanation of the Rainbow
|date=2007a
|url=http://www.idosi.org/hssj/hssj2(1)07/10.pdf
|journal=Humanity & Social Sciences Journal
|volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=75–85
|accessdate=16 September 2008
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Topdemir |first=Huseyin Gazi
|title=Ibn al-Haytham (965-1039) His Life and Works
|date=18 July 2007b
}}

* {{Citation
|last= Vernet |first= J.
|title= Encyclopaedia of Islam
|url= http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2
|year= 1996
|contribution= Ibn al-Haytham
|contribution-url= http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ibn-al-haytham-SIM_3195
|edition= First
|publication-place= Leiden
|publisher= Brill Publishers
|editor1-last= Gibb |editor2-last= Bearman |editor1-first= H. A. R.
|editor2-first= P.
|isbn= 9789004161214
|orig-year= 1960
}}.

* {{Citation
|last= Vernet |first= J.
|title= Encyclopaedia of Islam
|url= http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2
|year= 2012
|contribution= Ibn al-Haytham
|contribution-url= http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ibn-al-haytham-SIM_3195
|edition= Second
|publication-place= Brill Online
|publisher= Brill Publishers
|editor1-last= Bearman |editor2-last= Bianquis |editor3-last= Bosworth |editor4-last= van Donzel |editor1-first= P.
|editor2-first= Th.
|editor3-first= C. E.
|editor4-first= E.
|accessdate=16 September 2008
|editor5-last= Heinrichs |editor5-first= W. P.
}}.

* {{Citation
|last=Wade |first=Nicholas J.
|title=A Natural History of Vision
|date=1998
|publisher=Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
}}

* {{Citation
|last=Wade |first=Nicholas J.
|title=The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective
|date=2001
|last2=Finger |first2=Stanley
|journal=Perception
|volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=1157–1177
|doi=10.1068/p3210
|pmid=11721819
}}

* {{Citation
|last = Weisstein |first = Eric
|title = Alhazen's Billiard Problem
|url = http://mathworld.wolfram.com/AlhazensBilliardProblem.html
|year= 2008 <!-- Source has no date; arbitrarily using date of access. -->
|publisher = [[Mathworld]]
|accessdate = 24 September 2008
}}

* {{Citation
|last = Whitaker |first = Brian |title = Centuries in the House of Wisdom
|date = 23 September 2004
|url = https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/sep/23/research.highereducation1
|author-link = Brian Whitaker
|newspaper = [[The Guardian]]
|accessdate = 16 September 2008
}}

* {{citation
|first= Ahmed H. |title= 4D Electron Microscopy: Imaging in Space and Time
|date= 2010
|last1= Zewail
|last2= Thomas
|first2= John Meurig |publisher= World Scientific
|isbn= 9781848163904
}}

{{refend}}
== আরও দেখুন ==

=== প্রাথমিক===

* {{Citation
|editor-last=Sabra |editor-first=A. I
|editor-link=A. I. Sabra
|date=1983
|title=The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. The Arabic text, edited and with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables
|publisher= National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters
|publication-place= [[Kuwait]]
}}

* {{Citation
|editor-last=Sabra |editor-first=A. I
|editor-link=A. I. Sabra
|date=2002
|title=The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Edition of the Arabic Text of Books IV-V: On Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. 2 vols
|publisher= National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters
|publication-place= [[Kuwait]]
}}

* {{Citation
|editor-last= Sabra |editor-first= A. I.
|editor-link= A. I. Sabra
|translator-last= Sabra |translator-first= A. I.
|translator-link= A. I. Sabra
|date=1989
|title=The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. English Translation and Commentary. 2 vols
|series=Studies of the Warburg Institute
|volume=40
|publisher=The [[Warburg Institute]], [[University of London]]
|publication-place=London
|isbn=0-85481-072-2
|oclc=165564751
}}

* {{Citation
|editor-last= Smith |editor-first= A. Mark
|translator-last= Smith |translator-first= A. Mark
|year= 2001
|title= Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's ''[[De Aspectibus]]'', the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's ''Kitāb al-Manāẓir'', 2 vols.
|journal= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
|volume= 91
|issue= 4–5
|isbn= 0-87169-914-1
|publisher= [[American Philosophical Society]]
|publication-place= Philadelphia
|oclc= 47168716
}} [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657358 Books I-III (2001 — '''91'''(4)) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR]; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3657357?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents — '''91'''(5) Vol 2 English translation, Book I:TOCpp.339-341, Book II:TOCpp.415-6, Book III:TOCpp.559-560, Notes 681ff, Bibl. via JSTOR]

* {{Citation
|last= Smith |first= A. Mark, ed. and trans.
|year= 2006
|title= Alhacen on the principles of reflection: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's ''[[De Aspectibus]]'', the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's ''Kitāb al-Manāẓir'', 2 vols.
|journal= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
|volume= 95
|issue= 2–3
|publisher= [[American Philosophical Society]]
|publication-place= [[Philadelphia]]
}} 2 vols: . ([[Philadelphia]]: [[American Philosophical Society]]), 2006 — [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020399 '''95'''(#2) Books 4-5 Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR]; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020403?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents '''95'''(#3) Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR]

* Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2008) ''Alhacen on Image-formation and distortion in mirrors'' : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 6 of Alhacen's ''De aspectibus'', [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's ''Kitāb al-Manāzir''], ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'', 2 vols: Vol 1 '''98'''(#1, section 1— Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text); '''98'''(#1, section 2 — Vol 2 English translation). ([[Philadelphia]]: [[American Philosophical Society]]), 2008. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757395 Book 6 (2008) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR]; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757399?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR]
* Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2010) ''Alhacen on Refraction'' : a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen's ''De aspectibus'', [the Medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's ''Kitāb al-Manāzir''], ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'', 2 vols: '''100'''(#3, section 1 — Vol 1, Introduction and Latin text); '''100'''(#3, section 2 — Vol 2 English translation). ([[Philadelphia]]: [[American Philosophical Society]]), 2010. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20787647 Book 7 (2010) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR];[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20787651?seq=1#page_thumbnails_tab_contents Vol 2 English translation, Notes, Bibl. via JSTOR]

===গৌণ ===
* Belting, Hans, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160214052447/http://variantology.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Belting-Hans_Afterthoughts-on-Alhazen%E2%80%99s-Visual-Theory-and-Its-Presence-in-the-Pictorial-Theory-of-Western-Perspective_Variantology-4.pdf ''Afterthoughts on Alhazen’s Visual Theory and Its Presence in the Pictorial Theory of Western Perspective''], in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp.&nbsp;19–42.
* {{Citation
|last=El-Bizri
|first=Nader
|author-link=Nader El-Bizri
|date=2005a
|title=A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen’s ''Optics''
|journal=Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
|volume=15
|issue=2
|pages=189–218
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
|doi=10.1017/S0957423905000172
}}

* {{Citation
|last=El-Bizri
|first=Nader
|author-link=Nader El-Bizri
|date=2007
|title=In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy: Al-Baghdadi's Critique of Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrisation of Place
|journal=Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
|volume=17
|pages=57–80
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|doi=10.1017/S0957423907000367
}}

* {{Citation
|last=El-Bizri
|first=Nader
|author-link=Nader El-Bizri
|date=2009b
|title=Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur
|journal=Oriens Occidens
|volume=7
|issue=1
|pages=201–226
|publisher=[[CNRS]]
|publication-place= Paris
}}

* {{Citation
|last=El-Bizri
|first=Nader
|author-link=Nader El-Bizri
| editor-last = Cunningham
| editor-first = Jack P.
| editor2-last = Hocknull
| editor2-first = Mark
| date = 2016
| title = Robert Grosseteste and the Pursuit of Religious and Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages
| chapter = Grosseteste’s Meteorological Optics: Explications of the Phenomenon of the Rainbow after Ibn al-Haytham
| series = Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind
| volume = 18
| publisher = Springer
| place = Dordrecht
| pages = 21–39
| isbn = 978-3-319-33466-0 }}

* Graham, Mark. ''How Islam Created the Modern World''. Amana Publications, 2006.
* {{Citation
|last=Omar
|first=Saleh Beshara
|title=Ibn al-Haytham and Greek optics: a comparative study in scientific methodology
|publisher=PhD Dissertation, [[University of Chicago]], Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
|date=June 1975}}

* [[Roshdi Rashed]], Optics and Mathematics: Research on the history of scientific thought in Arabic, Variorum reprints, Aldershot, 1992.
* Roshdi Rashed, Geometry and Dioptrics the tenth century: Ibn Sahl al-Quhi and Ibn al-Haytham (in French), Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1993
* Roshdi Rashed, Infinitesimal Mathematics, vols. 1-5, [[al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation]], London, 1993-2006
* {{Citation
|last=Saliba
|first=George
|author-link=George Saliba
|title=Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance
|date=2007
|publisher=[[MIT Press]]
|isbn=0-262-19557-7
|url=https://doaj.org/article/c3c039c19a15439aa5a01afcc8393031
}}

* Siegfried Zielinski & Franziska Latell, ''How One Sees'', in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp.&nbsp;19–42. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063948/http://www.buchhandlung-walther-koenig.de/cat/kwb_45_variantology_4/pid_170000000000790428.aspx]



[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:১০৪০-এ মৃত্যু]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:১০৪০-এ মৃত্যু]]

১৩:৪৮, ২৯ ডিসেম্বর ২০১৮ তারিখে সংশোধিত সংস্করণ

হাসান ইবনে আল-হাইসাম
জন্মআনু. ৯৬৫ (0965) (আনুমানিক ৩৫৪হিজরি)[১]
বসরা, ইরাক
মৃত্যু(c. ৪৩০ হিজরি)[২]
কায়রো, মিশর
পরিচিতির কারণকিতাবুল মানাযির, Doubts Concerning Ptolemy, Alhazen's problem, Analysis,[৩] Catoptrics,[৪] Horopter, Moon illusion, experimental science, বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি,[৫] visual perception, empirical theory of perception, Animal psychology[৬]
বৈজ্ঞানিক কর্মজীবন
কর্মক্ষেত্র
যাদের দ্বারা প্রভাবিত হয়েছেনএরিস্টটল,[৭] ইউক্লিড,[৮] টলেমি,[৯] Galen, Banū Mūsā, Thābit ibn Qurra, আল-কিন্দি, Ibn Sahl, Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
যাদেরকে প্রভাবিত করেছেনওমর খৈয়াম, Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, ইবনে রুশদ, Al-Khazini, John Peckham, Witelo, রজার বেকন,[১০] কেপলার

আলী আল-হাসান ইবনে আলী-হাসান ইবন আল হাইসাম(أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم;৯৬৫-১০৪০)পশ্চিমা বিশ্বে তিনি আল-হাইজেন নামে সমধিক পরিচিত। তিনি ছিলেন একাধারে আরব[১১][১২][১৩][১৪][১৫] বিজ্ঞানী, গণিতবিদ, জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞানী, এবং দার্শনিক। ইবন আল হাইসামের উল্লেখযোগ্য অবদান অপটিক্স বা আলোকবিদ্যার মূলনীতি, জ্যোতির্বিদ্যা, গণিত, আবহাওয়াবিজ্ঞান,  চাক্ষুষ বিজ্ঞান এবং বৈজ্ঞানিক নীতি।তিনি সর্বপ্রথম ক্যামেরার মূলনীতি আবিষ্কার করেন, যার উপর ভর করে আজকের আধুনিক ক্যামেরা, স্যাটেলাইট ইত্যাদি। তিনি কায়রোয় ফাতেমীয় খলিফার দরবারে জীবনের অধিকাংশ সময় অতিবাহিত করেন। গ্রন্থ রচনা, চুক্তি সম্পাদনা এবং দরবারের অভীজাত সদস্যদের গৃহশিক্ষক হিসেবে জীবিকা নির্বাহ করেন।

তথ্যসূত্র

  1. ↑ Falco 2007.
  2. ↑ Rosenthal 1960–1961.
  3. ↑ O'Connor ও Robertson 1999.
  4. ↑ El-Bizri 2010, পৃ. 11: "Ibn al-Haytham's groundbreaking studies in optics, including his research in catoptrics and dioptrics (respectively the sciences investigating the principles and instruments pertaining to the reflection and refraction of light), were principally gathered in his monumental opus: Kitåb al-manåóir (The Optics; De Aspectibus or Perspectivae; composed between 1028 CE and 1038 CE)."
  5. ↑ Rooney 2012, পৃ. 39: "As a rigorous experimental physicist, he is sometimes credited with inventing the scientific method."
  6. ↑ Baker 2012, পৃ. 449: "As shown earlier, Ibn al-Haytham was among the first scholars to experiment with animal psychology.
  7. ↑ (Smith 2001, পৃ. xvi)
  8. ↑ Euclid's Optics
  9. ↑ Smith, A. Mark (1988) "Ptolemy, Optics" Isis Vol. 79, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 188-207, via JSTOR
  10. ↑ A. Mark Smith (১৯৯৬)। Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the Optics। American Philosophical Society। পৃষ্ঠা 58। 
  11. ↑ J., Vernet,। "Ibn al-Hayt̲h̲am"। Encyclopaedia of Islam (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। "Abu ʿAlī al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Hayt̲h̲am al-Baṣrī al-Miṣrī , was identified towards the end of the 19th century with the Alhazen , Avennathan and Avenetan of mediaeval Latin texts. He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and, without any doubt, the best physicist."
  12. ↑ Simon 2006
  13. ↑ "OPTICS – Encyclopaedia Iranica"। www.iranicaonline.org (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। 
  14. ↑ "Ibn al-Haytham | Arab astronomer and mathematician"। Encyclopedia Britannica (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। 
  15. ↑ Esposito, John L. (২০০০)। The Oxford History of Islam। Oxford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 192। : "Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics."

উৎস

  • Simon, G (২০০৬), "The gaze in Ibn al-Haytham.", The Medieval History Journal, 9 (1): 89–98, ডিওআই:10.1177/097194580500900105 
  • Daneshfard, Babak (২০১৬), "Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039 AD), the original portrayal of the modern theory of vision", Journal of Medical Biography, Sage Publications, 24: 1, ডিওআই:10.1177/0967772014529050 
  • Masic I (২০০৮), "Ibn al-Haitham--father of optics and describer of vision theory", Med Arh, Academy of medical sciences of bosnia and herzegovina, 62: 62(3):183–8, পিএমআইডি 18822953 
  • Sweileh, Waleed M; Al-Jabi, Samah W; Shanti, Yousef I; Sawalha, Ansam F; Zyoud, Sa’ed H (২০১৫), "Contribution of Arab researchers to ophthalmology: a bibliometric and comparative analysis", SpringerPlus, Springer Publishing, 4: 4:42, ডিওআই:10.1186/s40064-015-0806-0 
  • Ackerman, James S (আগস্ট ১৯৯১), Distance Points: Essays in Theory and Renaissance Art and Architecture, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press, আইএসবিএন 978-0262011228 .
  • Arjomand, Kamran (১৯৯৭), "The emergence of scientific modernity in Iran: controversies surrounding astrology and modern astronomy in the mid-nineteenth century", Iranian Studies, 30 (1) 
  • Authier, André (২০১৩), "3: The Dual Nature of Light", Early Days of X-ray Crystallography, Oxford University Press, আইএসবিএন 9780199659845 .
  • Baker, David B., সম্পাদক (২০১২), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology: Global Perspectives, Oxford University Press, আইএসবিএন 9780195366556 .
  • El-Bizri, Nader (২০০৭), "In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy: Al-Baghdadi's Critique of Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrisation of Place", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 17: 57–80, ডিওআই:10.1017/S0957423907000367 
  • El-Bizri, Nader (২০০৯a), "La perception de la profondeur: Alhazen, Berkeley, et Merleau-Ponty", Oriens Occidens, Paris: CNRS, 5 (1): 171–184 
  • El-Bizri, Nader (২০০৯b), "Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur", Oriens Occidens, Paris: CNRS, 7 (1): 201–226 
  • El-Bizri, Nader (২০১০)। "Classical Optics and the Perspectiva Traditions Leading to the Renaissance"। Hendrix, John Shannon; Carman, Charles H.। Renaissance Theories of Vision (Visual Culture in Early Modernity)। Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate। পৃষ্ঠা 11–30। আইএসবিএন 1-409400-24-7। 
  • Crombie, A. C. (১৯৭১), Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science, 1100–1700, Clarendon Press, Oxford University 
  • Dallal, Ahmad S. (১৯৯৯), "Science, Medicine and Technology", Esposito, John L., The Oxford History of Islam, Oxford University Press .
  • Falco, Charles M. (১২–১৫ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০০৭), Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Modern Image Analysis (পিডিএফ), presented at a plenary session at the International Conference on Information Sciences, Signal Processing and its Applications, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৩ জানুয়ারি ২০০৮ .[অকার্যকর সংযোগ]
  • Falco, Charles M. (২৭–২৯ নভেম্বর ২০০৭), Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Computerized Image Analysis (পিডিএফ), International Conference on Computer Engineering & Systems (ICCES), ২৬ জুলাই ২০১১ তারিখে মূল (পিডিএফ) থেকে আর্কাইভ করা, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৩০ জানুয়ারি ২০১০ .
  • Faruqi, Yasmeen M. (২০০৬), "Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise", International Education Journal, 7 (4): 391–396 
  • Gondhalekar, Prabhakar M. (২০০১), The Grip of Gravity: The Quest to Understand the Laws of Motion and Gravitation, Cambridge University Press, আইএসবিএন 0-521-80316-0, ওসিএলসি 224074913 
  • Grant, Edward (১৯৭৪), A source book in medieval science, Volume One, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press 
  • Grant, Edward (২০০৮), "Alhazen", Encarta Online Encyclopedia, Microsoft, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৬ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০৮ 
  • Highfield, Roger (১ এপ্রিল ১৯৯৭), "Don solves the last puzzle left by ancient Greeks", The Daily Telegraph, 676, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৪ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০৮ 
  • Hodgson, Peter Edward (২০০৬), Theology And Modern Physics, Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing (প্রকাশিত হয় ১৫ জানুয়ারি ২০০৬), আইএসবিএন 978-0-7546-3622-9, ওসিএলসি 56876894, DDC: 201.653, LCC: BL265.P4 H63 2005 
  • Howard, Ian P. (১৯৯৬), "Alhazen's neglected discoveries of visual phenomena", Perception, 25 (10): 1203–1217, ডিওআই:10.1068/p251203, পিএমআইডি 9027923 
  • Howard, Ian P.; Wade, Nicholas J. (১৯৯৬), "Ptolemy's contributions to the geometry of binocular vision", Perception, 25 (10): 1189–201, ডিওআই:10.1068/p251189, পিএমআইডি 9027922 
  • Kalin, Ibrahim; Ayduz, Salim; Dagli, Caner, সম্পাদকগণ (২০০৯), "Ibn al-Ḥaytam", The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam, Oxford University Press 
  • Katz, Victor J. (১৯৯৫), "Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India", Mathematics Magazine, 68 (3): 163–174, ডিওআই:10.2307/2691411 
  • Khaleefa, Omar (১৯৯৯), "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?", American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 16 (2) 
  • Langermann, Y. Tzvi (১৯৯০), Ibn al Haytham's On the Configuration of the World 
  • Lejeune, Albert (১৯৫৮), "Les recherches de Ptolémée sur la vision binoculaire", Janus, 47: 79–86 
  • Lindberg, David C. (১৯৬৭), "Alhazen's Theory of Vision and Its Reception in the West", Isis, 58 (3): 321–341, ডিওআই:10.1086/350266, পিএমআইডি 4867472 
  • Lindberg, David C. (১৯৯৬), Roger Bacon and the Origins of Perspectiva in the Middle Ages, Clarendon Press 
  • Lorch, Richard (২০০৮), "Ibn al-Haytham", Encyclopædia Britannica, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৬ আগস্ট ২০০৮ 
  • Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (১৯৯৮), "The Middles Ages: Alhazen", Dictionary of World Biography, 2, Routledge, আইএসবিএন 9781579580414 .
  • NASA (২২ মার্চ ২০০৬), "59239 Alhazen (1999 CR2)", JPL Small-Body Database Browser, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০৮ .
  • O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F., সম্পাদকগণ (নভেম্বর ১৯৯৯), "Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, Scotland: School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০৮ 
  • Plott, C. (২০০০), Global History of Philosophy: The Period of Scholasticism, Motilal Banarsidass, আইএসবিএন 8120805518 
  • Rashed, Roshdi (২০০৭), "The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 17: 7–55, ডিওআই:10.1017/S0957423907000355 
  • Raynaud, D. (২০০৩), "Ibn al-Haytham sur la vision binoculaire: un précurseur de l'optique physiologique", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 13 (1): 79–99, ডিওআই:10.1017/S0957423903003047 
  • Rooney, Anne (২০১২), "Ibn Al-Haytham", The History of Physics, The Rosen Publishing Group, আইএসবিএন 9781448873715 .
  • Ross, H.E. (২০০০), "Cleomedes c. 1st century AD) on the celestial illusion, atmospheric enlargement and size-distance invariance", Perception, 29: 853–861, ডিওআই:10.1068/p2937 .
  • Ross, H .E.; Plug, C. (২০০২), The mystery of the moon illusion: Exploring size perception, Oxford University Press, আইএসবিএন 978-0198508625 .
  • Ross, H .E.; Ross, G .M. (১৯৭৬), "Did Ptolemy understand the moon illusion?", Perception, 5: 377–385, ডিওআই:10.1068/p050377, পিএমআইডি 794813 .
  • Rozenfeld, Boris Abramovich; Youschkevitch, Adolf P. (১৯৯৬), "Geometry", Rashed, Roshdi, Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 2, London & New York: Routledge, পৃষ্ঠা 447–494 
  • Sabra, A. I. (১৯৭১), "The astronomical origin of Ibn al-Haytham's concept of experiment", Actes du XIIe congrès international d’histoire des sciences, Albert Blanchard, Paris, 3: 133–136 . Reprinted in Sabra 1994.
  • Sabra, A. I. (১৯৭৮b), "An Eleventh-Century Refutation of Ptolemy's Planetary Theory", Hilfstein, Erna; Czartoryski, Paweł; Grande, Frank D., Science and History: Studies in Honor of Edward Rosen, Studia Copernicana, XVI, Ossolineum, Wrocław, পৃষ্ঠা 117–131 
  • Sabra, A. I. (অক্টোবর–ডিসেম্বর ২০০৩), "Ibn al-Haytham: Brief life of an Arab mathematician", Harvard Magazine, ২৭ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০৭ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৩ জানুয়ারি ২০০৮ 
  • Sambursky, Shmuel, সম্পাদক (১৯৭৪), Physical Thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists, Pica Press, আইএসবিএন 0-87663-712-8 . (Various editions.)
  • Selin, Helaine, সম্পাদক (২০০৮), "M", Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, 1, Springer, পৃষ্ঠা 1667, আইএসবিএন 9781402045592 .
  • Smith, A. Mark (জুন ২০০৪), "What is the History of Medieval Optics Really About?" (পিডিএফ), Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 148 (2): 180–194, জেস্টোর 1558283, ১৮ অক্টোবর ২০১১ তারিখে মূল (পিডিএফ) থেকে আর্কাইভ করা 
  • Smith, A. Mark (২০০৫), "The Alhacenian Account Of Spatial Perception And Its Epistemological Implications", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 15, ডিওআই:10.1017/S0957423905000184 
  • Toomer, G. J. (ডিসেম্বর ১৯৬৪), "Review: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm", Isis, 55 (4): 463–465, ডিওআই:10.1086/349914 
  • Topdemir, Hüseyin Gazi (২০০৭a), "Kamal Al-Din Al-Farisi's Explanation of the Rainbow" (পিডিএফ), Humanity & Social Sciences Journal, 2 (1): 75–85, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৬ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০৮ 
  • Topdemir, Huseyin Gazi (১৮ জুলাই ২০০৭b), Ibn al-Haytham (965-1039) His Life and Works 
  • Vernet, J. (২০১২), "Ibn al-Haytham", Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P., Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second সংস্করণ), Brill Online: Brill Publishers, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৬ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০৮ .
  • Wade, Nicholas J. (১৯৯৮), A Natural History of Vision, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 
  • Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (২০০১), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective", Perception, 30 (10): 1157–1177, ডিওআই:10.1068/p3210, পিএমআইডি 11721819 
  • Weisstein, Eric (২০০৮), Alhazen's Billiard Problem, Mathworld, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৪ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০৮ 
  • Whitaker, Brian (২৩ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০৪), "Centuries in the House of Wisdom", The Guardian, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৬ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০০৮ 
  • Zewail, Ahmed H.; Thomas, John Meurig (২০১০), 4D Electron Microscopy: Imaging in Space and Time, World Scientific, আইএসবিএন 9781848163904 

আরও দেখুন

প্রাথমিক

  • Sabra, A. I, সম্পাদক (১৯৮৩), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. The Arabic text, edited and with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters 
  • Sabra, A. I, সম্পাদক (২০০২), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Edition of the Arabic Text of Books IV-V: On Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. 2 vols, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters 

গৌণ

  • El-Bizri, Nader (২০০৭), "In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy: Al-Baghdadi's Critique of Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrisation of Place", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 17: 57–80, ডিওআই:10.1017/S0957423907000367 
  • El-Bizri, Nader (২০০৯b), "Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur", Oriens Occidens, Paris: CNRS, 7 (1): 201–226 
  • El-Bizri, Nader (২০১৬), "Grosseteste's Meteorological Optics: Explications of the Phenomenon of the Rainbow after Ibn al-Haytham", Cunningham, Jack P.; Hocknull, Mark, Robert Grosseteste and the Pursuit of Religious and Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages, Studies in the History of Philosophy of Mind, 18, Dordrecht: Springer, পৃষ্ঠা 21–39, আইএসবিএন 978-3-319-33466-0 
  • Graham, Mark. How Islam Created the Modern World. Amana Publications, 2006.
  • Omar, Saleh Beshara (জুন ১৯৭৫), Ibn al-Haytham and Greek optics: a comparative study in scientific methodology, PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations 
  • Siegfried Zielinski & Franziska Latell, How One Sees, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. [১]
'https://bn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=হাসান_ইবনুল_হায়সাম&oldid=3284101' থেকে আনীত