গ্যালিলিও গ্যালিলেই

গ্যালিলিও গ্যালিলি
গিয়ুস্তো সিস্তারমেন্‌স কর্তৃক অঙ্কিত গ্যালিলিও ছবি
জন্ম	ফেব্রুয়ারি ১৫, ১৫৬৪ পিসা, ইতালি
মৃত্যু	জানুয়ারি ৮, ১৬৪২ আরসেট্রি, ইতালি
মাতৃশিক্ষায়তন	পিসা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
পরিচিতির কারণ	গতিবিজ্ঞান দূরবীন সৌর জগৎ
বৈজ্ঞানিক কর্মজীবন
কর্মক্ষেত্র	জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান, পদার্থবিজ্ঞান এবং গণিত
প্রতিষ্ঠানসমূহ	পাদুয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়

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h_vh_fv‡e cwigvgK…Z cix¶‡bi ¸i“Z¡ KZUzKz, mgq I my‡ii ch©vqµwgK cwigvc‡bi Zvrch©, MwbZ Gi cix¶‡bi (Experiment) h_vh_ mw¤§jb wKfv‡e m¤¢e| M¨vwjwjIi cvuP fvB-‡ev‡bi g‡a¨ wZbRb ˆkkeKvj cvi Ki‡Z m¶g nb| mevi †QvU gvB‡K‡jÁv‡bv (Michelagles) cieZ©x‡Z L¨vZbvgv msMxZÁ nb| gvB‡K‡jćjv A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¯^”Qj wQ‡jb bv| wZwb Zvi `yjvfvB‡K (Brother-in-law) wcZv KZ…©K cÖwZkÖ“Z †hŠZz‡Ki Ask cÖ`vb Ki‡Z e¨_© nb| gvB‡K‡jćjv cÖvqB M¨vwjwjIi Kv‡Q msMxZ msµvš— Li‡Pi Rb¨ A_© mvnvh¨ PvB‡Zb| Gme A_©‰bwZK `vq M¨vwjwjI‡K DrmvwnZ K‡ib bZzb Avwe¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ hv Avi AwZwi³ Av‡qi DrmI wQj| hw`I M¨vwjwjI ag©hvRK n‡q _vK‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb, wcZvi B”Qvq wZwb wbmv wek¦we`¨vj‡q (University of Pisa) ‡gwW‡Kj wWwMÖi Rb¨ fwZ© nb| 1581 mv‡j hLb wZwb wPwKrmvkv¯¿ cowQ‡jb| ZLb evZv‡m Qv` †_‡K Szjš— evwZi (Chandelier) ‡`vjb †`‡L mij †`vj‡Ki cÖwZ Drmvnx n‡q I‡Vb Ges mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKv‡ji mvg¨Zvi ag© Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cieZ©x wµwðqvb nvB‡cb cÖvq 100 eQi ci GB mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKv‡ii mvg¨Zvi ag© e¨envwiK Kv‡R e¨envi K‡ib Ges Nwo ˆZwii Kv‡R GB ag© e¨envi Kiv nq| GB 1581 mvj ch©š— M¨vwjwjI‡K MwYZ †_‡K `~‡i ivLv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ GKw`b R¨AwgwZi Dci GKUv †jKPv‡i †hvM`vb Kivi mgq M¨vwjwjI Zvi wcZvi KvQ †_‡K wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿ cwie‡Z© MwbZ I cÖvK…wZK `k©‡b cov‡kvbv Kivi AbygwZ Av`vq K‡ib| M¨vwjwjI _v‡gv©‡¯‹vc (Tharmoscope) Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib Ges 1586 mv‡j cÖKvk Kiv †QvU GKwU eB‡q wZwb wb‡Ri Avew¯‹vi Kiv nvB‡Wªvó¨vwUK e¨vjv‡Ýi (Hydrostatic Balance) GKwU bKgv (Design) eY©bv K‡ib| M¨vwjwjI wW‡RM‡bv (Desegno) bvgK Pvi“Kjvi GKwU kvLvqI cov‡kvbv K‡ib| wZwb 1588 mv‡j †d¬v‡i‡Ýi GKv‡Wwgqv‡o‡j AviwU‡fjwW‡RjM‡bv (Accedemiadelle Artidel Disegno) Gi Bbóªv±i (Instructor) c‡` wb‡qvM cÖvß nb| †d¬v‡i‡Ýi ˆkwíK HwZn¨ Ges †iu‡bmv wkíx‡`i wkíK‡g© wZwb Drmvnx n‡q I‡Vb| Zvi mv‡_ †d¬v‡i‡Ýi wPÎwkíx wm‡Mvjxi (Cigoli) AvRxeb eÜzZ¡ M‡o I‡V| 1589 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI wMmvi Mwb‡Zi mfvcwZ wb‡qvMcÖvß nb| 1591 mv‡j hLb M¨vwjwjIi wcZv gviv hvevi ci †QvU fvB gvB‡K‡i‡Ä‡jvi `vwqZ¡ M¨vwjwjIi Dci ewZ©Z nq| 1592 mv‡j wZwb cvWyqv wek¦we`¨vj‡q (University of Padua) P‡j Av‡mb Ges 1610 mvj ch©š— R¨vwgwZ, ejwe`¨v Ges †R¨vwZweÁvb covb| GB mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ wZwb †gŠwjK weÁv‡bi cvkvcvwk dwjZ weÁv‡bI wKQy ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| wZwb †R¨vwZkv‡¯¿I (Astrology) AvMÖnx wQ‡jb| KvwW©bvj †ejviwmb 1615 mv‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i †bb †h, ev¯—e D`vniY Qvov †Kvcvwb©Kvb wm‡÷g‡K cÖgvb Kiv m¤¢e nZ bv| M¨vwjwjI †Rvqv‡ii ZË¡ (Theory of tides) w`‡q c„w_exi MwZ msµvš— cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖgvb Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| M¨vwjwjIi g‡Z c„w_exi wbR A‡¶i Pvwiw`‡K N~Y©b Ges my‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K N~Y©‡bi Kvi‡Y c„w_ex c„ô ch©vqµ‡g MwZkxj Ges k­_ (Slow down) n‡q hvq Ges Gi d‡j mvM‡ii cvwb ev‡o I K‡g| Zvi ZË¡ mvM‡ii †ewm‡bi AvKvi-AvK…wZ Ges †Rvqv‡ii mgqKvj m¤ú‡K© ¸i“Z¡c~Y© avibv †`q| A¨vwWªqvwUK mvM‡ii †Rvqv‡iv AmvgÄm¨ Zvi ZË¡ Øviv mwVKfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e nq| wKš‘ mvM‡ii †Rvqv‡ii Drm msµvš— Zvi ZË¡ cieZ©x‡Z fyj cÖgvwbZ nq| M¨vwjwjIi ZË¡ Abyhvqx cÖwZw`b GKvevi gvÎ †Rvqvi Avmv DwPr| wKš‘ †Wwb‡m cÖwZw`b `yBevi, 12 N›Uv ci ci †Rvqvi Av‡m| M¨vwjwjI GB AmvgÄm¨Zvi Rb¨ mvM‡ii AvK…wZ, MfxiZv cÖf„wZ Kvi‡Y `vq K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K †RvnvÝ †Kcjv‡ii (Johannes Kepler) ZË¡ e‡j †h, Pvu‡`i Kvi‡b †Rvqvi-fvUv nq| M¨vwjwjI †Kcjv‡ii GB ZË¡‡K evwZj K‡i †`b| †Kcjvi †h MÖ‡ni Dce„ËvKvi K¶c‡_i avibv w`‡qwQ‡jb ZvI MvwjwjI MÖnb K‡ibwb| M¨vwjwjIi ZZ¡ wQj †h MÖn‡bi K¶c_ Perfect e„ËvKvi| 1619 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI Collegio Romano Gi MwY‡Zi Aa¨vcK dv`vi IivwRIMÖvwm (Orazioa Grassi) Gi mv‡_ weev‡` Rwo‡q c‡ob| 1623 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI `¨ A¨vmvqvi (The Assayer) cÖKvk K‡ib| `¨ A¨vmvqv‡i wKfv‡e weÁvb PPv© Kiv DwPr Zv m¤ú‡K© M¨vwjwjI Zvi gZvgZ cÖKvk K‡ib| 1619 mv‡j ayg‡KZzi cÖK…wZi Dci dv`vi MÖvwm “As Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618” bvgK GKwU †jLv cÖKvk K‡ib| GB †jLvi M¨vwm e‡jb †h, ayg‡KZz GKwU AwMœ‡MvjK †hUv c„w_ex †_‡K mg`~i‡Z¡i GKwU eo e„‡Ëi Askwe‡kl eivei Pj‡Z _v‡K| †h‡nZz GB a~g‡KZzwU Pvu‡`i †P‡q ax‡i P‡j, †m‡nZz GwU Aek¨B Pvu‡`i †P‡q `~‡i _v‡K| gvwiI ¸BWywm (Mario Guiducci) bvgK GK †d¬v‡iwUb AvBbRxwe Discourse on the coments bvgK GKwU †j„Lvi Îvwmi Z‡Ë¡i mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| GB †j©LvwUi AwaKvsk Avm‡j M¨vwjwjI wb‡RB †j‡Lb| M¨vwjwjI Ges ¸BWywm †Kvb wbw`©ó ZË¡ †`bwb, Zviv wKQy AbygvbwfwËK avibv †`b| hv cieZ©x‡Z fyj e‡j cÖgvwbZ nq| †jLvwU‡Z Zviv ag©hvRK Christopher Scheiver Ges Collegio Romano Gi Aa¨vcK‡`i cÖwZ Acgvbm~PK gš—e¨ K‡ib| G‡Z ag©hvRKiv ivMvwš^Z nb Ges Îvwm Gi Reve †`b The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance bvgK †jLvq M¨vwjwjIi mv‡_ Îvwmi ؇Üi Kvi‡Y A‡bK ag© hvRKB hviv M¨vwjwjIi cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj wQ‡jb, Îvwmi c¶ ‡bb| M¨vwjwjI Ges Zvi eÜziv Gme ag©hvRK‡`i‡KB M¨vwjwjIi `yie¯’vi Rb¨ `vqx K‡ib| K¨vw_K mgv‡R M¨vwjwjIi mv‡_ Pv‡P©i msNv‡Zi cy‡e© AwaKvsk wkw¶Z gvbylB A¨vwióU‡ji wRI‡mw›UªK (Geocentric) `k©‡bi Abymvix wQ‡jb| A¨vwi÷U‡ji Geocentric `k©b n‡jv c„w_ex gnvwe‡k¦i †K›`ª Ges gnvKv‡gi mKj e¯‘ c„w_exi Pvwi‡`‡K †Nv‡i| evB‡e‡ji wewfbœ Dw³ GB `k©b‡K mg_©b K‡i| wKš‘ M¨vwjwjI GB wRI‡gwUªK `k©‡bi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib Ges Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina ‡Z e‡jb †h Zvi Ae¯’vb evB‡e‡ji Dw³i mv‡_ mvsNwl©K bq| M¨vwjwjI AMvwówbqAb (Augustinian) Av`©k‡K mg_©b K‡i e‡jb †h, evB‡e‡ji KweZv, Mvb, wb‡`©kbv A_ev HwZnvwmK e³e¨‡K memgq Av¶wiKZfv‡e 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e¨envwiK c`v_©weÁv‡bi h_vh_ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b m¶g nb| Nl©Y Ges Ab¨vb¨ evavi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z mylgfv‡e Z¡wiZ ïb¨ wbw¶ß e¯‘ c¨viv‡evjv ev cive„ËvKvi c‡_ Mgb K‡i-G ZË¡I M¨vwjwjI cÖ`vb K‡ib| wZwb Aek¨ Zvi G Z‡Ë¡i mxgve×Zv ¯^xKvi K‡i †bb| wZwb Abyaveb Ki‡Z m¶g nb †h, hw` k~‡b¨ wbw¶ß e¯‘i MwZc‡_i AvKvi c„w_exi AvKv‡ii KvQvKvwQ nq, Z‡e e¯‘wUi MwZc_ cive„ËvKvi n‡e bv| M¨vwjwjI 1609 mv‡j wZb¸b (3x) weea©b (Magnification) m¤úbœ GKU `~iexb (Telescope) evbvb| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb `~iexbwUi weea©b ¶gZv wÎk¸b (30x) evbvb| GB `~iexb w`‡q M¨vwjwI AvKvk ch©‡e¶b Ki‡Zb| 25 †k AvMó 1609 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI Gme `~iex¶b hš¿ (Telescope) me©m¤§y‡L Av‡bb| M¨vwjwjI &me `~iex¶b hš¿ ewbK‡`i Kv‡QI wewµ Ki‡Zb| wZwb `~iex¶b hš¿ w`‡q gnvwek¦ ch©‡e¶b K‡i Zvi ch©‡e¶b mg~n 1610 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m Sidereus Nuncius bvgK †jLvi cÖKvk K‡ib| UvB‡Kv eªv‡n Ges Ab¨vb¨iv 1572 mv‡j GKwU mycvi‡bvfv (Supernova) ch©‡e¶b K‡ib| AUvwWI †eª‡Ävwbi (Ottavio Brenzoni) wPwV 1572 mv‡ji mycvi‡bvfv Ges 1610 mv‡ji wKQy Aby¾j †bvfv‡K (Nova) M¨vwjwjIi bR‡i Av‡b| M¨vwjwjI 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†R¨vwZwe©` (Astromner) Ges `vk©wbKiv M¨vwjwjIi GB Avew¯‹vi‡K †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb| cieZ©x‡Z wµ‡÷vdvi K¬v‡÷vdvi K¬vwWqvm (Christopher Clavius) M¨vwjwjIi Avew¯‹vi‡K wbwðr (Confirm) K‡ib| M¨vwjwjI cieZ©x 18 gvm Zvi ch©‡e¶b Pvwj‡q hvb Ges 1611 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS D³ PviwU Zvivi cÖ`w¶YKvj wbY©q K‡ib hv †Kcjvi g‡b Ki‡Zb †ei Kiv Am¤¢e| 1610 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m M¨vwjwjI †`‡Lb †h, ïµ MÖn (Venus) Pvu‡`i g‡Zv `kv (Phase) cÖ`k©b K‡i| †KvcvwbKv‡m©i †mŠiM‡Zi Helocentric Model e‡j †h, ïµ MÖ‡ni mKj `kv †`Lv hv‡e| Aciw`‡K U‡jwgi Gescentric Model e‡j †h, GUv m¤¢e bq| M¨vwjwjIi †Uwj‡¯‹vc Øviv ch©‡e¶‡bi d‡j U‡jwgi g‡Wj MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡q c‡o| Gi d‡j 16k kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K AwaKvsk †R¨vwZwe©` UvB‡KvwbK (Tychonic) ‡Kcbvj (Capellan) Ges ewa©K †Kcbvj g‡Wj (†h¸‡jv Avm‡j Geo-heliocentric g‡Wj) Gi w`‡K Szu‡K c‡o| Gme g‡W‡ji cÖwZwUB ïµ MÖ‡ni `kv‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i| M¨vwjwjI kwb MÖn‡K (Saturs) ch©‡e¶b K‡i Gi wis (Ring) ‡K MÖn g‡b K‡ib| wZwb avibv K‡ib †h, GwU Avm‡j GKwU wZb-e¯‘ wewkó wm‡÷g| cieZ©x‡Z hLb wZwb Avevi kwb MÖn‡K †`‡Lb ZLb cwbi wis c„w_exi w`‡K mivmwi mw¤§wjZ (Align) wQj| d‡j M¨vwjwjI g‡b K‡ib †h wZbwU e¯‘i `ywU Avi †bB| cieZ©x‡Z 1616 mv‡j hLb wiswU Avevi †`Lv hvq, ZLb M¨vwjwjI weåv&Z n‡q c‡o| M¨vwjwjI 1612 mv‡j ‡bcPzb (Neptune) ch©‡e¶b K‡ib| wZwb GUv‡K g‡b K‡ib Aby¾j Zviv (Star) | wZwb eyS‡Z cv‡ibwb †h GUv Avm‡j GKUv MÖn| ‡mŠiKj¼ (Sunspot) ‡K ch©‡e¶Kvix Ab¨Zg cÖ_g BD‡ivcxqvb n‡jb M¨vwjwjI|‡KcjviI †mŠiKj¼ †`L‡Z cvb wKš‘ G‡K eya MÖn g‡b K‡ib| †mŠiKj¼ Ges Francescosizzi I Ab¨vb¨ KZ…©K 1612-13 mv‡j †`Lv †mŠiKj‡¼i evrmwiK MwZi (Movement) ZviZg¨ U‡jwÝ Ges GwióU‡ji w¯’i gnvwe‡k¦i aviYvi wei“‡× kw³kvjx (Variation) hyw³ (Argument) wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| M¨vwjwjIi c~‡e© Thomas Harriat bv‡g GKRb Bs‡iR MwYZwe` I ch©UK (Explorer) Pvu‡`i A™¢yZ `vM( Strange Spottedness) ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib| M¨vwjwjI Pvu` ch©‡e¶b K‡i eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h, G¸‡jv Avm‡j Pvu‡`i c„‡ôi cvnvo Ge Mnei (Crater) | GB ch©‡e¶bI Gwi÷U‡ji avibvi we‡ivax, KviY Gwi÷Uj `vex Ki‡Zb †h Pvu` n‡jv wbLyuZ †MvjK| Qvqvc_ Milky way ‡K Av‡M g‡b Kiv n‡Zv †beyjv (Nebubus). wKš‘ M¨vwjwjI ch©‡e¶b K‡i †`‡Lb †h, Qvqvc_ Avm‡j AmsL¨ Zvivi Nb mwbœ‡ekb| GB mwbœ‡ek‡K c„w_ex †_‡K †`L‡j †gN g‡b nq| M¨vwjwjI Ggb A‡bK Zviv‡K c„w_ex †_‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z m¶g nb †h¸‡jv Lvwj †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv| wZwb 1617 mv‡j Dimv †gRi (Ursa Major) Gi wØZviv (Double star) wgRvi (Mizar) ‡`L‡Z cvb| M¨vwjwjI †Uwj‡¯‹v‡ci Øviv †`L‡Z cvb †h, Zviv Ges MÖn mevB †`L‡Z †MvjvKvi I Zvivi e¨vm Aí wKQy †m‡KÛ (a few seconds of arc) Dialogue concerning the two Chief World System-1 M¨vwjwjI †Uwj‡¯‹vc QvovB Zvivi AvK…wZ gvcvi GKwU c×wZ eY©bv K‡ib| wZwb Zviv Ges `„wói gv‡S GKwU cvZjv `wo Szwj‡q †`b| Zvi ci `wowU †_‡K me©wbæ KZ`~i †_‡K `woi wfZi w`‡q Zvivi w`‡K ZvKv‡j ZvivwU †`Lv hv‡e bv Zv gvcv nq| Zvici `woi cÖ¯’ gvcv n‡j GB `yB Z_¨ Øviv Zvivi e¨vm KZUzKz †Kvb (Angle) ˆZwi Ki‡Q Zv gvcv hvq| M¨vwjwjI e‡jb †h, Zvivi e¨v‡mi HwKK Ni (first magnitude) cvuP †m‡K‡Ûi (Arcsecond) †ewk bq| M¨vwjwjI eyS‡Z cv‡ibwb †h, Zvivi †h e¨vm wZwb †g‡cwQ‡jb Zv e¨vwZPvi (Differaction ) evqygÛ‡ji Øviv weK…wZi Kvi‡Y cÖK…Z gvb †_‡K m‡i Av‡m| eZ©gv‡b cÖhyw³we`¨v (Engineering) bv‡g cwiwPZ weÁv‡bi kvLvqI M¨vwjwjI we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb| 1595 †_‡K 1598 mv‡ji g‡a¨ M¨vwjwjI wWI‡gwUªK I wgwjUvix K¤úv‡mi e¨vcK Dbœqb mvab K‡iwQ‡jb| GB K¤úvm †Mvj›`vR (Gunner) Ges f~wg RwicKvix‡`i (Surveyor) we‡kl Kv‡R jvM‡Zv| †Mvj›`vR GB K¤úvm e¨envi K‡i Kvgvb (Cannon) w`‡q mwVK j‡¶¨ †Mvjv wb‡¶c Ki‡Z cviZ, †Mvjv wb‡¶‡ci Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq evi“‡`i (Gunpowder) wnmve Ki‡Z cviZ| Aciw`‡K f~wg RwicKvixiv GB K¤úvm w`‡q mgavZz eûf~R ˆZwi K‡i Gi †¶Îdj †ei Ki‡Z cviZ| M¨vwjwjI GB K¤úvm wewµ K‡i †ek Avq-‡ivRMvi K‡iwQ‡jb| 1593 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI _v‡gv©wgUvi (Thermometer) ‰Zwi K‡ib| wZwb G‡Z ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ evZv‡mi ms‡KvPb-cÖmvi‡bi m¤úK©‡K Kv‡R jvMvb Ges GKwU wUD‡ei (Tube) ga¨ w`‡q cvwbi ¯—i‡K DVv-bvgv Kivb| 1609 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI Ges _gvm n¨vwiqU (Thomas Harriot) bvgK GK Bs‡iRx me©cÖ_g AvKv‡ki Zviv (Star) ‡`L‡Z cÖwZmiY-`~iex¶Y hš¿ (Refracting telescope) e¨envi K‡ib| †Uwj‡¯‹vc (Telescope) bvgwU Av‡m MÖxK kã tele hvi A_© `~i (far) Ges skopein hvi A_© †`Lv ( to look or see) †_‡K | 1610 mvj †_‡K M¨vwjwjI †Uwj‡¯‹vc e¨envi K‡i KxU-cZ½ ch©‡e¶b Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| 1624 mv‡ji g‡a¨ M¨vwjwjI Compound Microscope ‰Zwi K‡i †d‡jb| gvB‡µv‡¯‹vc (Microscope) ev Abyex¶Y bvgwU G‡m‡Q MÖxK kã micro hvi A_© †QvU Ges Skopein hvi A_© †`Lv (to look at) _v‡K| 1612 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI cÖ¯—ve K‡ib †h, e„n¯úwZ MÖ‡ni DcMÖ‡ni Ae¯—vb‡K gnv‰ewk¦K Nwo (Universal Clock) wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq| G c×wZ‡Z c„w_exi †h †Kvb ¯’v‡bi `ªvwNgvskI (longitude) ‡ei Kiv hvq| GB c×wZ 1681 mv‡j Giovanni domevics cassini me©cÖ_g mdjfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qQ‡jb| M¨vwjwjI Zvi Rxe‡bi †kl mg‡q hLb AÜ n‡qwM‡qwQ‡jb, ZLb †cÛyjvg Nwoi Rb¨ escapement c×wZ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z 1650 mv‡ji w`‡K Christiaan Huggens cÖ_g Kvh©¶g †cÛyjvg Nwo evbv‡Z m¶g nb| M¨vwjwjIi ZvwË¡K Ges e¨envwiK c`v_©weÁvb PPv© Sir Isaac Newton Gi cÖ_vMZ ejwe`¨v Classical Mechanics) Gi Avwe¯‹v‡i we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L| mij †`vjK (Pendulum) wb‡q †ek wKQy cix¶v-wbix¶v Kivi ci M¨vwjwjI `vex K‡ib †h, mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj †`vj‡Ki †`vj‡bi we¯—v‡ii Dci wb©f©i K‡i bv| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z nvB‡mb (Huygens) ‡`Lvb †h, M¨vwjwjIi GB `vex wKQy we‡kl ‡¶‡Îi Rb¨ mZ¨| M¨vwjwjI Av‡iv Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib †h, mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKv‡ji eM© ‡cÛyjv‡gi ˆ`‡N¨©i mgvbycvwZK| M¨vwjwjIi Av‡iKwU ¸i“Z¡cyY© KvR Av‡Q hvi Rb¨ wZwb Lye GKUv cwiwPZ bb| Zvi GB KvRwU k‡ãi K¤úbv‡¼i mv‡_ RwoZ| wZwb chisel ‡K wewfbœ MwZ‡Z N‡l †`Lvb †h, Chisel Frequency Gi Lv‡Ri `~i‡Z¡i mv‡_ Drcbœ k‡ãi m¤úK© Av‡Q| 1638 mv‡j M¨vwjwjI `yBRb ch©‡e¶‡Ki Øviv Av‡jvi †eM gvcvi GKwU c×wZ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| wZwb cÖ‡Z¨K ch©‡e¶‡K XvKbvmn GKwU K‡i evwZ †`b| ch©‡e¶KØq ci¯úi n‡Z `~‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| cÖ_g ch©‡e¶K Zvi evwZi XvKbv Ly‡j Ges wØZxq Rb cÖ_g R‡bi Av‡jv †`Lvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wb‡Ri evwZi XvKbv Ly‡j †`q| cÖ_g R‡bi evwZi XvKbv †Lvjv Ges wØZxq R‡bi Av‡jv †`Lvi g‡a¨Kvi mg‡qi cv_©K¨ nj ch©‡e¶K؇qi g‡a¨Kvi `~iZ¡ Av‡jv `yBevi AwZµg Ki‡Z †h cwigvb mgq †bq Zvi mgvb| M¨vwjwjI †`‡Lb †h, hw` ch©‡e¶K؇qi g‡a¨Kvi `~iZ¡ GK gvB‡ji Kg nq| Zvn‡j Av‡jvi †eM GB c×wZ‡Z gvcv hvq bv| g‡b nq Av‡jv †hb Zvr¶wYKfv‡e GB `yiZ¡ AwZµg K‡i‡Q| M¨vwjwjI Av‡cw¶KZvev‡`i g~j m~ÎwU cÖ`vb K‡ib| m~ÎwU n‡jv †h‡Kvb system hw` mij‡jLv eivei wbw`©ó †e‡M Pj‡Z _v‡K Z‡e H system G c`v_©weÁv‡bi m~θ‡jv AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e, system Gi †eM A_ev w`‡Ki Dci myθ‡jv wbf©i Ki‡e bv| myZivs cig w¯’wZ ev cig MwZ e‡j wKQy bvB| wfb‡mv‡Rv wfwfqvwb (Vincenzo Viviani) bvgK M¨vwjwjIi GK QvÎ e‡jwQ‡jb †h, M¨vwjwjI wcmvi †njv‡bv wgbvi †_‡K GKB c`v‡_©i ˆZwi wfbœ f‡ii `ywU ej (ball) ‡d‡j †`wL‡qwQ‡jb †h, Zv‡`i cZ‡bi mgq Zv‡`i f‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡ibv| wKš‘ Gwi÷Uj e‡jwQ‡jb †h, fvix e¯‘ nvjKv e¯‘i †P‡q `ª“Z wb‡P c‡o| M¨vwjwjI Avm‡jB GB cix¶v K‡iwQ‡jb wKbv Gi †Kvb cÖgvb bvB, Z‡e BwZnvmwe`iv a‡i †bb †h, GwU GKwU wPš—v-cix¶v (Thought Experiment) `vex K‡ib †h, GB cix¶vwU d‡j K‡iwQ‡jb Simon stevin 1586 mv‡j †WjdU (Delft ) Gi GKwU Pv‡P©i UvIqv‡i| 1638 mv‡j wWm‡Kvwm© (Discorsi) ‡Z M¨vwjwjIi GKwU PwiÎ mvjwfqvwZ (Salviati) hv‡K M¨vwjwjIi gyLcvÎ (Spokesman) wn‡m‡e aiv nq| e‡jb †h, wfbœ f‡ii e¯‘ ïY¨ gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q mgf‡i cwZZ nq| M¨vwjwjI cÖ¯—ve K‡ib †h, coš— e¯‘ hw` †Kvb gva¨‡gi wfZi w`‡q cwZZ nq Ges e¯‘i Dci gva¨g KZ…©K cÖ‡qvMK…Z evav hw` D‡c¶v Kivi g‡Zv nq| Z‡e e¯‘wU mgZ¡i‡b (Uniform Acceleration) G cwZZ n‡Z _vK‡e| †Kvb e¯‘ hw` w¯’ive¯’v †_‡K mgZ¡i‡b Pj‡Z _v‡K Z‡e †m e¯‘i mwVK MZxq m~Î (Kinematical Law) M¨vwjwjI †ei K‡ib| m~ÎwU n‡jv AwZµvš— `~iZ¡ AwZevwnZ mg‡qi e‡Y©i mgvbycvwZK (dt2) | M¨vwjwjIi c~‡e© wb‡Kvj A‡im‡g (Nicole Oresme) 14 Zg kZ‡K mg‡e‡M MwZkxj e¯‘i mg‡qi e‡M©i m~ÎwU Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| Wwgb‡Mv wW †mv‡Uv (domingo de soto) 16k kZvwã‡Z `vex K‡ib †h, e¯‘ hw` mylg gva¨‡gi (Homsgeneous medium) ga¨ w`‡q co‡Z _v‡K, Z‡e mgZ¡i‡b Z¡wiZ n‡e| M¨vwjwjI GB mg‡qi e‡M©i m~ÎwU R¨vwgwZiK AvKvi (Geometrical construction) Ges mwVK MvwbwZK kã e¨envi K‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z m¶g nb| wZwb Av‡iv `vex K‡ib †h, e¯‘i Dci †Kvb ej we‡kl K‡i Nl©b ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv bv n‡j e¯‘wU mg‡e‡M Pj‡Z _vK‡e| Aciw`‡K A¨vwi÷Uj e‡jwQ‡jb †h, e¯‘ ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB ax‡i ax‡i Pj‡Z _v‡K (naturally slow down) Ges GK mgq †_‡g hvq hw` bv Zvi Dci †Kvb ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| hw`I RoZv (Inertia) Gi avibv A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB A‡b‡K w`‡qwQ‡jb, M¨vwjwjI me© cÖ_g G avibv‡K MvwbwZK iƒc †`b, cix¶v Øviv cÖgvb K‡ib Ges Nl©b e‡ji avibv Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| Zvi GB avibv wbDU‡bi MZxq m~‡Îi (Newton’s law of motion) Gi cÖ_gwU‡Z mwbœ‡ewkZ Av‡Q| M¨vwjwjI e¨envwiK c`v_© weÁv‡b Mwb‡Zi cÖ‡qvM (Application) NwU‡qwQ‡jb| Zvi MvwbwZK c×wZ n‡jv Zvi mg‡qi Av`k© ¯^iƒc| M¨vwjwjI wKQy MwYZI Avwe¯‹vi K‡iwQ‡jb| Gi g‡a¨ AbZ¨Zg nj Golileo’s Paradox. GwU e‡j †h, hZ¸‡jv msL¨v Av‡Q ZZ¸‡jv wbLyuZ eM© Av‡Q, wKš‘ AwaKvsk b¤^iB wbLyuZ eM© bq|