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১৯৬৫-৬৬ সালের ইন্দোনেশীয় গণহত্যা: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

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Che12Guevara (আলোচনা | অবদান)
১,৪৭২টি সম্পাদনা
সম্পাদনা সারাংশ নেই
Che12Guevara (আলোচনা | অবদান)
১,৪৭২টি সম্পাদনা
সম্প্রসারণ
১২ নং লাইন: ১২ নং লাইন:
| date = ১৯৬৫-১৯৬৬
| date = ১৯৬৫-১৯৬৬
| type = [[জনগণের রাজনৈতিক নির্মূলকরণ]], [[গণহত্যা]], [[পরিকল্পিত গণহত্যা]]<ref name=Melvin />
| type = [[জনগণের রাজনৈতিক নির্মূলকরণ]], [[গণহত্যা]], [[পরিকল্পিত গণহত্যা]]<ref name=Melvin />
| fatalities = {{nowrap|৫০০,০০০<ref name="Robinson2018"/>{{rp|3}} থেকে ১,০০০,০০০<ref name="Robinson2018">{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html |location= |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |page= |isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3 |author-link=}}</ref>{{rp|3}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last=Melvin |first=Jess |date=2018 |title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694 |location= |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=1 |isbn=978-1-138-57469-4 |author-link=}}</ref><ref name="Blumenthal80">Mark Aarons (2007). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&lpg=PA80&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide]." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). ''[http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law).]'' [[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]]. {{ISBN|9004156917}} p.&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA80 80].</ref><ref name="indoholo">[http://time.com/4055185/indonesia-anticommunist-massacre-holocaust-killings-1965/ The Memory of Savage Anticommunist Killings Still Haunts Indonesia, 50 Years On], ''Time''</ref>}}
| fatalities = {{nowrap|১,০০০,০০০<ref name="Robinson2018"/>{{rp|3}} থেকে ৩,০০০,০০০<ref name="Robinson2018">{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html |location= |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |page= |isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3 |author-link=}}</ref>{{rp|3}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last=Melvin |first=Jess |date=2018 |title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694 |location= |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=1 |isbn=978-1-138-57469-4 |author-link=}}</ref><ref name="Blumenthal80">Mark Aarons (2007). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&lpg=PA80&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide]." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). ''[http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law).]'' [[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]]. {{ISBN|9004156917}} p.&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA80 80].</ref><ref name="indoholo">[http://time.com/4055185/indonesia-anticommunist-massacre-holocaust-killings-1965/ The Memory of Savage Anticommunist Killings Still Haunts Indonesia, 50 Years On], ''Time''</ref>}}
| perps = [[ইন্দোনেশীয় সেনা]] এবং বিভিন্ন [[ডেথ স্কোয়াড]], [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র]], [[যুক্তরাজ্য]], [[অস্ট্রেলিয়া]], [[সুইডেন]] এবং অন্যান্য পশ্চিমা সরকারগুলির দ্বারা সমর্থিত<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html |location= |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=206–207|isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3 |quote="In short, Western states were not innocent bystanders to unfolding domestic political events following the alleged coup, as so often claimed. On the contrary, starting almost immediately after October 1, the United States, the United Kingdom, and several of their allies set in motion a coordinated campaign to assist the army in the political and physical destruction of the PKI and its affiliates, the removal of Sukarno and his closest associates from political power, their replacement by an army elite led by Suharto, and the engineering of a seismic shift in Indonesia's foreign policy towards the West. They did this through backdoor political reassurances to army leaders, a policy of official silence in the face of the mounting violence, a sophisticated international propaganda offensive, and the covert provision of material assistance to the army and its allies. In all these ways, they helped to ensure that the campaign against the Left would continue unabated and its victims would ultimately number in the hundreds of thousands."}}</ref><ref name="Melvintelegrams" /><ref name="Simpson2010">{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bradley |date=2010 |title=Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |location= |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |page=193 |isbn=978-0-8047-7182-5 |quote="Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army-led massacre of alleged PKI members, and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party's unarmed supporters might not go far enough, permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the [Johnson] Administration's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia. This was efficacious terror, an essential building block of the [[neoliberal]] policies that the West would attempt to impose on Indonesia after Sukarno's ouster."}}</ref><ref name="tribunal">{{cite news |last=Perry |first=Juliet |date=21 July 2016 |title=Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide; US, UK complicit |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/21/asia/indonesia-genocide-panel/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
| perps = [[ইন্দোনেশীয় সেনা]] এবং বিভিন্ন [[ডেথ স্কোয়াড]], [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র]], [[যুক্তরাজ্য]], [[অস্ট্রেলিয়া]], [[সুইডেন]] এবং অন্যান্য পশ্চিমা সরকারগুলির দ্বারা সমর্থিত<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html |location= |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=206–207|isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3 |quote="In short, Western states were not innocent bystanders to unfolding domestic political events following the alleged coup, as so often claimed. On the contrary, starting almost immediately after October 1, the United States, the United Kingdom, and several of their allies set in motion a coordinated campaign to assist the army in the political and physical destruction of the PKI and its affiliates, the removal of Sukarno and his closest associates from political power, their replacement by an army elite led by Suharto, and the engineering of a seismic shift in Indonesia's foreign policy towards the West. They did this through backdoor political reassurances to army leaders, a policy of official silence in the face of the mounting violence, a sophisticated international propaganda offensive, and the covert provision of material assistance to the army and its allies. In all these ways, they helped to ensure that the campaign against the Left would continue unabated and its victims would ultimately number in the hundreds of thousands."}}</ref><ref name="Melvintelegrams" /><ref name="Simpson2010">{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bradley |date=2010 |title=Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |location= |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |page=193 |isbn=978-0-8047-7182-5 |quote="Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army-led massacre of alleged PKI members, and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party's unarmed supporters might not go far enough, permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the [Johnson] Administration's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia. This was efficacious terror, an essential building block of the [[neoliberal]] policies that the West would attempt to impose on Indonesia after Sukarno's ouster."}}</ref><ref name="tribunal">{{cite news |last=Perry |first=Juliet |date=21 July 2016 |title=Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide; US, UK complicit |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/21/asia/indonesia-genocide-panel/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
}}
}}


The '''Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66''' ('''Indonesian genocide''',<ref>Robert Cribb (2004). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=LoQo50YPzTUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA133#v=onepage&q&f=false The Indonesian Genocide of 1965–1966]." In [[Samuel Totten]] (ed). ''Teaching about Genocide: Approaches, and Resources''. [[Information Age Publishing]], pp. 133–143. {{ISBN|159311074X}}</ref><ref name=Melvin>{{cite journal |last1=Melvin |first1=Jess |year=2017 |title=Mechanics of Mass Murder: A Case for Understanding the Indonesian Killings as Genocide |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=487–511 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2017.1393942 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Robinson2018" />{{rp|4}} '''Indonesian Communist Purge''', '''Indonesian politicide''',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roosa |first1=John |title=The 1965–66 Politicide in Indonesia: Toward Knowing Who Did What to Whom and Why |url=http://aparc.fsi.stanford.edu/southeastasia/events/1965-66-politicide-indonesia-toward-knowing-who-did-what-whom-and-why |website=Stanford}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Indonesian Politicide of 1965–66: How Could it Have Happened? |url=https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/events/indonesian-politicide-1965-66-how-could-it-have-happened |publisher=Maastricht University}}</ref> or the '''1965 Tragedy''') ({{lang-id|Pembunuhan Massal Indonesia & Pembersihan G.30.S/PKI}}) were large-scale killings and [[civil unrest]] that occurred in [[Indonesia]] over several months, targeting [[Communist Party of Indonesia]] (PKI) party members, Communist sympathisers, [[Gerwani]] women, [[Abangan|ethnic Javanese Abangan]],<ref name="Ricklefs 1991, p. 288">Ricklefs (1991), p. 288.</ref> [[Chinese Indonesians|ethnic Chinese]] and alleged leftists, often at the instigation of the armed forces and government. It began as an [[anti-communist]] [[purge]] following a controversial attempted ''[[coup d'état]]'' by the [[30 September Movement]]. The most widely published estimates were that 500,000 to more than one million people were killed,<ref name="Robinson2018"/>{{rp|3}}<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="Blumenthal80"/><ref name="indoholo"/> with some more recent estimates going as high as two to three million.<ref name="Indonesia's killing fields">[http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2012/12/2012121874846805636.html Indonesia's killing fields]. [[Al Jazeera]], 21 December 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gellately |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Gellately |last2=Kiernan |first2=Ben |author-link2=Ben Kiernan |date=July 2003 |title=The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/specter-genocide-mass-murder-historical-perspective |location= |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k9Ro7b0tWz4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA290#v=onepage&q&f=false 290–291] |isbn=0-521-52750-3 |access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> The purge was a pivotal event in the [[Transition to the New Order|transition to the "New Order"]] and the elimination of PKI as a political force, with impacts on the global [[Cold War]].<ref name="Atlantic2017">{{cite news |last=Bevins |first=Vincent |date=20 October 2017 |title=What the United States Did in Indonesia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/ |work=The Atlantic |access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref> The upheavals led to the fall of [[President of Indonesia|President]] [[Sukarno]] and the commencement of [[Suharto]]'s three-decade [[authoritarian]] presidency.
'''১৯৬৫-৬৬ সালের ইন্দোনেশীয় গণহত্যা''' ('''ইন্দোনেশীয় পরিকল্পিত গণহত্যা''',<ref>Robert Cribb (2004). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=LoQo50YPzTUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA133#v=onepage&q&f=false The Indonesian Genocide of 1965–1966]." In [[Samuel Totten]] (ed). ''Teaching about Genocide: Approaches, and Resources''. [[Information Age Publishing]], pp. 133–143. {{ISBN|159311074X}}</ref><ref name=Melvin>{{cite journal |last1=Melvin |first1=Jess |year=2017 |title=Mechanics of Mass Murder: A Case for Understanding the Indonesian Killings as Genocide |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=487–511 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2017.1393942 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Robinson2018" />{{rp|4}} '''ইন্দোনেশীয় কমিউনিস্ট গণহত্যা''',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roosa |first1=John |title=The 1965–66 Politicide in Indonesia: Toward Knowing Who Did What to Whom and Why |url=http://aparc.fsi.stanford.edu/southeastasia/events/1965-66-politicide-indonesia-toward-knowing-who-did-what-whom-and-why |website=Stanford}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Indonesian Politicide of 1965–66: How Could it Have Happened? |url=https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/events/indonesian-politicide-1965-66-how-could-it-have-happened |publisher=Maastricht University}}</ref> বা '''১৯৬৫ ট্র্যাজেডি''') ({{lang-id|Pembunuhan Massal Indonesia & Pembersihan G.30.S/PKI}}) ১৯৬৫-১৯৬৬ সালের বেশ কিছু মাস ধরে [[ইন্দোনেশিয়া|ইন্দনেশিয়ায়]] ঘটেছিল, যার মাধ্যমে ইন্দনেশিয়ার ডানপন্থী সরকার ও সৈন্য বাহিনী, [[মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র]], [[যুক্তরাজ্য]], [[অস্ট্রেলিয়া]], [[সুইডেন]] এবং অন্যান্য পশ্চিমা সরকারগুলির দ্বারা সমর্থনে, গণ-হত্যাকাণ্ড চলেছিল। এই হত্যাকান্ডে খুন হয় অন্তত ১,০০০,০০০ (দশ লক্ষ) [[ইন্দোনেশিয়ার কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি]](পিকেআই) সদস্য, [[ইন্দোনেশিয়ার কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি]]<nowiki/>র সমর্থক, বামপন্থী, [[গেরওয়ানি]] মহিলা, জাতিগত [[জাভাদেশীয় অবাঙ্গন]]<ref name="Ricklefs 1991, p. 288">Ricklefs (1991), p. 288.</ref>, [[নাস্তিক্যবাদ|নাস্তিক]], "[[কাফির]]" এবং "[[চীনা ইন্দোনেশীয়|জাতিগত চীনা]]" মানুষ। [[৩০ সেপ্টেম্বর আন্দোলন|৩০ সেপ্টেম্বর আন্দোলনের]] উপর [[অভ্যুত্থান|অভ্যুত্থানের]] মিথ্যা অভযোগ দাগিয়ে দিয়ে একটি কমিউনিস্ট বিরোধী হত্যাকাণ্ড হিসাবে শুরু হয়েছিল। প্রাথমিকভাবে অনুমান করা হয়েছিল যে ৫০০,০০০ (পাঁচ লক্ষ) থেকে ১,০০০,০০০ (দশ লক্ষ)-এরও বেশি লোক মারা গিয়েছে,<ref name="Robinson2018"/>{{rp|3}}<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="Blumenthal80"/><ref name="indoholo"/> সাম্প্রতিক অনুমান বলে ২,০০০,০০০ (বিশ লক্ষ) থেকে ৩,০০০,০০০ (ত্রিশ লক্ষ) মানুষকে হত্যা করা হয়েছিল।<ref name="Indonesia's killing fields">[http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2012/12/2012121874846805636.html Indonesia's killing fields]. [[Al Jazeera]], 21 December 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gellately |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Gellately |last2=Kiernan |first2=Ben |author-link2=Ben Kiernan |date=July 2003 |title=The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/specter-genocide-mass-murder-historical-perspective |location= |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k9Ro7b0tWz4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA290#v=onepage&q&f=false 290–291] |isbn=0-521-52750-3 |access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> এই হত্যাকাণ্ড [[নিউ অর্ডারে রূপান্তর]] এবং পিকেআইকে রাজনৈতিক শক্তি হিসাবে নির্মূল করার একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ঘটনা ছিল, বিশ্বব্যাপী [[স্নায়ুযুদ্ধ|স্নায়ুযুদ্ধে]] এর প্রভাব ছিল।<ref name="Atlantic2017">{{cite news |last=Bevins |first=Vincent |date=20 October 2017 |title=What the United States Did in Indonesia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/ |work=The Atlantic |access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref> এই উত্থানের ফলে [[ইন্দোনেশিয়ার রাষ্ট্রপতি|রাষ্ট্রপতি]] [[সুকর্ণ|সুকর্ণের]] পতন ঘটে এবং [[সুহার্তো|সুহার্তোর]] তিন দশকের অত্যাচারী রাষ্ট্রপতিত্বের সূচনা হয়।


Vigilance and [[social stigma|stigma]] against a perceived communist threat remained a hallmark of Suharto's doctrine, and it is still in force even today.<ref>{{cite news |last=Varagur |first=Krithika |date=23 October 2017 |title=Indonesia Revives Its Communist Ghosts |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2017-10-23/indonesian-military-stirs-communist-fears-for-political-advantage |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
Vigilance and [[social stigma|stigma]] against a perceived communist threat remained a hallmark of Suharto's doctrine, and it is still in force even today.<ref>{{cite news |last=Varagur |first=Krithika |date=23 October 2017 |title=Indonesia Revives Its Communist Ghosts |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2017-10-23/indonesian-military-stirs-communist-fears-for-political-advantage |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
২৬ নং লাইন: ২৬ নং লাইন:


== তথ্যসূত্র ==
== তথ্যসূত্র ==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book |language=Indonesian |editor-last=Alham |editor-first=Asahan |title=Di Negeri Orang: Puisi Penyair Indonesia Eksil |trans-title=In Another Person's Country: Poems By Exiled Indonesian Poets |publisher=Lontar Foundation |location=Jakarta |ref=harv |year=2002 |isbn=978-979-8083-42-6}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Allan |first1=Stuart |last2=Zeilzer |first2=Barbie |year=2004 |title=Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |ref=harv}}
* Bellamy, Alex J. (2012). ''Massacres and Morality: Mass Atrocities in an Age of Civilian Immunity.'' [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0199288429}}.
* Blakeley, Ruth (2009). ''[http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/ State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South].'' [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|0415686172}}
* Blumenthal, David A. and McCormack, Timothy L. H. (2007). ''The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law).'' [[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]]. {{ISBN|9004156917}}
* [[Harold Crouch|Crouch, Harold]] (1978). ''The army and politics in Indonesia'', Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press {{ISBN|0801411556}} (A revision of the author's thesis, Monash University, Melbourne, 1975, entitled: The Indonesia Army in politics, 1960–1971.) pp.&nbsp;65–66. Cited in Cribb (1990).
* {{Citation | last = Cribb | first = Robert | contribution = Introduction: Problems in the historiography of the killings in Indonesia | editor-last = Cribb | editor-first = Robert | title = Monash papers on Southeast Asia – No 21. The Indonesian killings of 1965–1966: studies from Java and Bali | pages = 1–43 | publisher = Monash University, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies | place = Clayyton, Victoria | year = 1990}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/2635467 |last1=Cribb |first1=Robert |first2=Charles |last2=Coppel |year=2009 |pages=447–465 |issn=1469-9494 |doi=10.1080/14623520903309503 |title=A genocide that never was: explaining the myth of anti-Chinese massacres in Indonesia, 1965–66 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=11 |issue=4 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |s2cid=145011789 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Friend |first=T. |title=Indonesian Destinies |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01137-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo }}
* {{Cite thesis |type=Paper delivered at the 17th Biennial Conference on the Asian Studies Association of Australia |title=Knowing Indonesia from Afar: Indonesian Exiles and Australian Academics |url=http://arts.monash.edu.au/mai/asaa/davidhill.pdf |last=Hill |first=David |year=2008 |ref=harv |accessdate=16 March 2012 |archivedate=16 March 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66CgifgN8?url=http://arts.monash.edu.au/mai/asaa/davidhill.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=McDonald |first=Hamish |title=Suharto's Indonesia |place=Melbourne |publisher=Fontana Books |year=1980 |isbn=0-00-635721-0}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=McGregor |editor1-first=Katharine |editor1-link= |editor2-last=Melvin |editor2-first=Jess |editor2-link= |editor3-last=Pohlman |editor3-first=Annie |editor3-link= |date=2018 |title=The Indonesian Genocide of 1965: Causes, Dynamics and Legacies (Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide) |url=https://www.palgrave.com/de/book/9783319714547 |location= |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-3-319-71454-7}}
* [[Nathaniel Mehr|Mehr, Nathaniel]] (2009). ''Constructive Bloodbath in Indonesia: The United States, Great Britain and the Mass Killings of 1965–1966.'' Spokesman Books. {{ISBN|0851247679}}
* {{cite book |last=Melvin |first=Jess |date=2018 |title=The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Army-and-the-Indonesian-Genocide-Mechanics-of-Mass-Murder/Melvin/p/book/9781138574694 |location= |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-57469-4 |author-link=}}
* Oey Hong Lee, (1971) ''Indonesian government and press during Guided Democracy'' Hull: University of Hull, Hull monographs on South-East Asia; no. 4 . Zug, Switzerland : Inter Documentation Co.
* {{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M. C. |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|MacMillan]] |year=1991 |isbn=0-333-57689-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey |title=The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Views in Bali |publisher=Ithaca: Cornell University Press |year=1995 |pages=Chapter 11}} cited here from Friend (2003).
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html |location= |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |page= |isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3 |author-link=}}
* {{cite book |last=Roosa |first=John |title=Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto's Coup d'État in Indonesia |year=2006 |publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison, Wisconsin |isbn=978-0-299-22034-1}}
* {{Citation |editor1-last=Schaefer |editor1-first=Bernd |editor2-last=Wardaya |editor2-first=Baskara T. |year=2013 |title=1965: Indonesia and the World |location=Jakarta |publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama |isbn=978-9-792-29872-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Schwarz |first=A. |year=1994 |title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |isbn=1-86373-635-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw }}
* Simpson, Bradley (2010). ''[http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968].'' [[Stanford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0804771820}}
* {{cite book |last=Tan |first=Mely G. |authorlink=Mely G. Tan |year=2008 |language=Indonesian |title=Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia: Kumpulan Tulisan |trans-title=Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia: A Collection of Writings |publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia |location=Jakarta |isbn=978-979-461-689-5 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Jean Gelman |title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories |url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2003 |location=New Haven and London |isbn=0-300-10518-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Vickers |first=Adrian |authorlink=Adrian Vickers |title=A History of Modern Indonesia |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-521-54262-6}}
* Vickers, Adrian (1995), From {{cite book |editor=Eric Oey |title=Bali |publisher=Periplus Editions |year=1995 |location=Singapore |pages=26–35 |isbn=962-593-028-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Vittachi |first=Tarzie |title=The Fall of Sukarno |publisher=Andre Deutsch Ltd |year=1967}}
* {{cite book |last=Weiner |first=Tim |title=Legacy of Ashes&nbsp;– The History of the CIA |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84614-064-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Westad |first=Odd Arne |authorlink=Odd Arne Westad |year=2005 |title=The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-64382-5 |ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}

== বহিঃসংযোগ ==
* [http://www.tribunal1965.org/en/final-report-of-the-ipt-1965/ Final Report of the IPT 1965: Findings and Documents of the IPT 1965]. International People's Tribunal 1965.
* [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/hindsight/accomplices-in-atrocity-the-indonesian-killings-of/3182630#transcript Accomplices in Atrocity. The Indonesian killings of 1965 (transcript)]. [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]], 7 September 2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203100616/https://www1.wsws.org/exhibits/1965coup/coup-1.htm Lessons of the 1965 Indonesian Coup] Terri Cavanagh, ''[[World Socialist Web Site]],'' 1998.
* [https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/06/indonesian-communist-party-suharto-massacre-purge/ The Forgotten Massacres]. ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]].'' 2 June 2015.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/30/opinion/suhartos-purge-indonesias-silence.html?_r=0 Suharto’s Purge, Indonesia’s Silence]. [[Joshua Oppenheimer]] for ''[[The New York Times]]'', 29 September 2015.
* [http://bigstory.ap.org/article/89662f5cb17b4ed3afe22389071804f9/indonesia-takes-step-toward-reckoning-65-66-atrocities Indonesia takes step toward reckoning with '65–66 atrocities]. ''[[The Associated Press]]''. 18 April 2016
* [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-24/calls-for-indonesia-to-acknowledge-anti-communist-mass-graves/7439146 Indonesia challenged to admit existence of mass graves from anti-communist purges]. ''Australian Broadcasting Corporation.'' 23 May 2016.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/29/world/asia/indonesia-communist-purge.html?mcubz=0 Indonesia Takes a Step Back From Reckoning With a Past Atrocity]. ''The New York Times'', 29 September 2017.
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/09/30/in-indonesia-the-fake-news-that-fueled-a-cold-war-massacre-is-still-potent-five-decades-later/ In Indonesia, the ‘fake news’ that fueled a Cold War massacre is still potent five decades later]. ''[[The Washington Post]].'' 30 September 2017.
* [http://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/theres-now-clear-proof-that-soeharto-orchestrated-the-1965-killings/ There’s now proof that Soeharto orchestrated the 1965 killings] by Jess Melvin. Indonesia at Melbourne at the [[University of Melbourne]], 26 June 2018.
* [https://www.counterpunch.org/2019/02/27/a-history-of-the-indonesian-massacres/ A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–1966] by Gregory Elich
* [https://books.google.ca/books?id=oVUEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA30&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q&f=false LIFE Magazine article, 1 July 1966]


[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:মানবাধিকার লঙ্ঘন]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:মানবাধিকার লঙ্ঘন]]

২২:০৫, ৩ নভেম্বর ২০২০ তারিখে সংশোধিত সংস্করণ

১৯৬৫-৬৬ সালের ইন্দোনেশীয় গণহত্যা
নিউ অর্ডারে রূপান্তর-এর অংশ-এর অংশ
অভ্যুত্থানের চেষ্টার জন্য পিকেআইকে দোষারোপ করে অ্যান্টি-পিকেআই বই
স্থানইন্দোনেশিয়া
তারিখ১৯৬৫-১৯৬৬
লক্ষ্যইন্দোনেশিয়ার কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি(পিকেআই) সদস্য, সমর্থক, গেরওয়ানি সদস্য, জাতিগত জাভাদেশীয় অবাঙ্গন,[১] নাস্তিক, "কাফির" এবং "জাতিগত চীনা"[২]
হামলার ধরনজনগণের রাজনৈতিক নির্মূলকরণ, গণহত্যা, পরিকল্পিত গণহত্যা[২]
নিহত১,০০০,০০০[৩]:৩ থেকে ৩,০০০,০০০[৩]:৩[৪][৫][৬]
হামলাকারী দলইন্দোনেশীয় সেনা এবং বিভিন্ন ডেথ স্কোয়াড, মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, যুক্তরাজ্য, অস্ট্রেলিয়া, সুইডেন এবং অন্যান্য পশ্চিমা সরকারগুলির দ্বারা সমর্থিত[৭][৮][৯][১০]

১৯৬৫-৬৬ সালের ইন্দোনেশীয় গণহত্যা (ইন্দোনেশীয় পরিকল্পিত গণহত্যা,[১১][২][৩]:৪ ইন্দোনেশীয় কমিউনিস্ট গণহত্যা,[১২][১৩] বা ১৯৬৫ ট্র্যাজেডি) (ইন্দোনেশীয়: Pembunuhan Massal Indonesia & Pembersihan G.30.S/PKI) ১৯৬৫-১৯৬৬ সালের বেশ কিছু মাস ধরে ইন্দনেশিয়ায় ঘটেছিল, যার মাধ্যমে ইন্দনেশিয়ার ডানপন্থী সরকার ও সৈন্য বাহিনী, মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, যুক্তরাজ্য, অস্ট্রেলিয়া, সুইডেন এবং অন্যান্য পশ্চিমা সরকারগুলির দ্বারা সমর্থনে, গণ-হত্যাকাণ্ড চলেছিল। এই হত্যাকান্ডে খুন হয় অন্তত ১,০০০,০০০ (দশ লক্ষ) ইন্দোনেশিয়ার কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি(পিকেআই) সদস্য, ইন্দোনেশিয়ার কমিউনিস্ট পার্টির সমর্থক, বামপন্থী, গেরওয়ানি মহিলা, জাতিগত জাভাদেশীয় অবাঙ্গন[১], নাস্তিক, "কাফির" এবং "জাতিগত চীনা" মানুষ। ৩০ সেপ্টেম্বর আন্দোলনের উপর অভ্যুত্থানের মিথ্যা অভযোগ দাগিয়ে দিয়ে একটি কমিউনিস্ট বিরোধী হত্যাকাণ্ড হিসাবে শুরু হয়েছিল। প্রাথমিকভাবে অনুমান করা হয়েছিল যে ৫০০,০০০ (পাঁচ লক্ষ) থেকে ১,০০০,০০০ (দশ লক্ষ)-এরও বেশি লোক মারা গিয়েছে,[৩]:৩[৪][৫][৬] সাম্প্রতিক অনুমান বলে ২,০০০,০০০ (বিশ লক্ষ) থেকে ৩,০০০,০০০ (ত্রিশ লক্ষ) মানুষকে হত্যা করা হয়েছিল।[১৪][১৫] এই হত্যাকাণ্ড নিউ অর্ডারে রূপান্তর এবং পিকেআইকে রাজনৈতিক শক্তি হিসাবে নির্মূল করার একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ঘটনা ছিল, বিশ্বব্যাপী স্নায়ুযুদ্ধে এর প্রভাব ছিল।[১৬] এই উত্থানের ফলে রাষ্ট্রপতি সুকর্ণের পতন ঘটে এবং সুহার্তোর তিন দশকের অত্যাচারী রাষ্ট্রপতিত্বের সূচনা হয়।

Vigilance and stigma against a perceived communist threat remained a hallmark of Suharto's doctrine, and it is still in force even today.[১৭]

Despite a consensus at the highest levels of the US and British governments that it would be necessary "to liquidate Sukarno", as related in a CIA memorandum from 1962,[১৮] and the existence of extensive contacts between anti-communist army officers and the US military establishment – training of over 1,200 officers, "including senior military figures", and providing weapons and economic assistance[১৯][২০] – the CIA denied active involvement in the killings. Declassified US documents in 2017 revealed that the US government had detailed knowledge of the mass killings from the beginning, and was supportive of the actions of the Indonesian Army.[৮][২১][২২] US complicity in the killings, which included providing extensive lists of PKI officials to Indonesian death squads,[৩০] has previously been established by historians and journalists.[২১][১৬] A top-secret CIA report from 1968 stated that the massacres "rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century, along with the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War."[৩১][৩২]

টীকা

  1. ↑ ক খ Ricklefs (1991), p. 288.
  2. ↑ ক খ গ Melvin, Jess (২০১৭)। "Mechanics of Mass Murder: A Case for Understanding the Indonesian Killings as Genocide"। Journal of Genocide Research। 19 (4): 487–511। ডিওআই:10.1080/14623528.2017.1393942 অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য। 
  3. ↑ ক খ গ ঘ Robinson, Geoffrey B. (২০১৮)। The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66। Princeton University Press। আইএসবিএন 978-1-4008-8886-3। 
  4. ↑ ক খ Melvin, Jess (২০১৮)। The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder। Routledge। পৃষ্ঠা 1। আইএসবিএন 978-1-138-57469-4। 
  5. ↑ ক খ Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. আইএসবিএন ৯০০৪১৫৬৯১৭ p. 80.
  6. ↑ ক খ The Memory of Savage Anticommunist Killings Still Haunts Indonesia, 50 Years On, Time
  7. ↑ Robinson, Geoffrey B. (২০১৮)। The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66। Princeton University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 206–207। আইএসবিএন 978-1-4008-8886-3। In short, Western states were not innocent bystanders to unfolding domestic political events following the alleged coup, as so often claimed. On the contrary, starting almost immediately after October 1, the United States, the United Kingdom, and several of their allies set in motion a coordinated campaign to assist the army in the political and physical destruction of the PKI and its affiliates, the removal of Sukarno and his closest associates from political power, their replacement by an army elite led by Suharto, and the engineering of a seismic shift in Indonesia's foreign policy towards the West. They did this through backdoor political reassurances to army leaders, a policy of official silence in the face of the mounting violence, a sophisticated international propaganda offensive, and the covert provision of material assistance to the army and its allies. In all these ways, they helped to ensure that the campaign against the Left would continue unabated and its victims would ultimately number in the hundreds of thousands. 
  8. ↑ ক খ Melvin, Jess (২০ অক্টোবর ২০১৭)। "Telegrams confirm scale of US complicity in 1965 genocide"। Indonesia at Melbourne। University of Melbourne। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২১ অক্টোবর ২০১৭। The new telegrams confirm the US actively encouraged and facilitated genocide in Indonesia to pursue its own political interests in the region, while propagating an explanation of the killings it knew to be untrue. 
  9. ↑ Simpson, Bradley (২০১০)। Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968। Stanford University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 193। আইএসবিএন 978-0-8047-7182-5। Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army-led massacre of alleged PKI members, and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party's unarmed supporters might not go far enough, permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the [Johnson] Administration's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia. This was efficacious terror, an essential building block of the neoliberal policies that the West would attempt to impose on Indonesia after Sukarno's ouster. 
  10. ↑ Perry, Juliet (২১ জুলাই ২০১৬)। "Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide; US, UK complicit"। CNN। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৫ জুন ২০১৭। 
  11. ↑ Robert Cribb (2004). "The Indonesian Genocide of 1965–1966." In Samuel Totten (ed). Teaching about Genocide: Approaches, and Resources. Information Age Publishing, pp. 133–143. আইএসবিএন ১৫৯৩১১০৭৪X
  12. ↑ Roosa, John। "The 1965–66 Politicide in Indonesia: Toward Knowing Who Did What to Whom and Why"। Stanford। 
  13. ↑ "The Indonesian Politicide of 1965–66: How Could it Have Happened?"। Maastricht University। 
  14. ↑ Indonesia's killing fields. Al Jazeera, 21 December 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  15. ↑ Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (জুলাই ২০০৩)। The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 290–291। আইএসবিএন 0-521-52750-3। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৯ অক্টোবর ২০১৫। 
  16. ↑ ক খ Bevins, Vincent (২০ অক্টোবর ২০১৭)। "What the United States Did in Indonesia"। The Atlantic। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২১ অক্টোবর ২০১৭। 
  17. ↑ Varagur, Krithika (২৩ অক্টোবর ২০১৭)। "Indonesia Revives Its Communist Ghosts"। U.S. News & World Report। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৩ অক্টোবর ২০১৭। 
  18. ↑ Allan ও Zeilzer 2004, পৃ. ??.
    Westad (2005, pp. 113, 129) notes that, prior to the mid-1950s—by which time the relationship was in definite trouble—the US actually had, via the CIA, developed excellent contacts with Sukarno.
  19. ↑ "[Hearings, reports and prints of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs] 91st: PRINTS: A-R."। hdl:2027/uc1.b3605665?urlappend=%3Bseq=440। 
  20. ↑ Macaulay, Scott (17 February 2014). The Act of Killing Wins Documentary BAFTA; Director Oppenheimer’s Speech Edited Online. Filmmaker. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  21. ↑ ক খ "Files reveal US had detailed knowledge of Indonesia's anti-communist purge"। The Associated Press via The Guardian। ১৭ অক্টোবর ২০১৭। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১৮ অক্টোবর ২০১৭। 
  22. ↑ Dwyer, Colin (১৮ অক্টোবর ২০১৭)। "Declassified Files Lay Bare U.S. Knowledge Of Mass Murders In Indonesia"। NPR। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২১ অক্টোবর ২০১৭। 
  23. ↑ Kadane, Kathy (২১ মে ১৯৯০)। "U.S. Officials' Lists Aided Indonesian Bloodbath in '60s"। The Washington Post। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৬ জুলাই ২০১৭। 
  24. ↑ U.S. Seeks to Keep Lid on Far East Purge Role. Associated Press via Los Angeles Times, 28 July 2001. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  25. ↑ Vickers (2005), p. 157; Friend (2003), p. 117.
  26. ↑ ক খ Bellamy, J. (2012). Massacres and Morality: Mass Atrocities in an Age of Civilian Immunity. Oxford University Press. আইএসবিএন ০১৯৯২৮৮৪২৯. p. 210.
  27. ↑ McDonald (1980), p. 53; Friend (2003), p. 115.
  28. ↑ 185. Editorial Note. Office of the Historian. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  29. ↑ Thomas Blanton (ed). CIA stalling State Department histories: State historians conclude U.S. passed names of communists to Indonesian Army, which killed at least 105,000 in 1965-66. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 52., 27 July 2001. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  30. ↑ [২৩][২৪][২৫][২৬] Although some PKI branches organised resistance and reprisal killings, most went passively to their deaths.[২৭][২৬][২৮][২৯]
  31. ↑ Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. আইএসবিএন ৯০০৪১৫৬৯১৭ p. 81.
  32. ↑ David F. Schmitz (২০০৬)। The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1965–1989। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা 48–9। আইএসবিএন 978-0-521-67853-7। 

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