সেফালোস্পোরিন: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

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দৃশ্যমানউইকিপাঠ্য
Sabuj Barua (আলোচনা | অবদান)
১,৫০৫টি সম্পাদনা
সেফালোস্পোরিনঃ নতুন নিবন্ধন পাতাটি en:Cephalosporin পাতা থেকে অনুবাদ শুরু হলো।
(কোনও পার্থক্য নেই)

১৮:২১, ২১ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০১৭ তারিখে সংশোধিত সংস্করণ

টেমপ্লেট:Use dmy dates

সেফালোস্পোরিন
ঔষধ শ্রেণী
সেফালোস্পোরিনের কেন্দ্রীয় গঠন
ব্যবহারব্যাক্ট্রিয় সংক্রমণ
জৈবিক লক্ষ্যPenicillin binding proteins
এটিসি কোডJ01D
বহিঃসংযোগ
MeSHD002511
এএইচএফএস/Drugs.comড্রাগের শ্রেণীসমূহ
Structure of the classical cephalosporins

সেফালোস্পোরিন (sg. /ˌsɛfələˈspɔːrɪn, ˌkɛ-, -loʊ-/[১][২]) হলো প্রক্ররতরুপে ছত্রাক আক্রেমোনিউয়াম (Acremonium) থেকে উদ্ভূত β-ল্যাক্টাম অ্যান্টিবায়োটিক শ্রেণীর অন্তর্গত ঔষধ, যা আগে "Cephalosporium" নামে জানা যেতো।[৩]

সেফামাইসিন-এর সহিত যুক্ত হয়ে আলাদা উপগোষ্ঠী বিটা-ল্যাক্টাম এন্টিবায়োটিক সেফাম নামে জানা যায়। ১৯৪৫ সালে ইতালীয় ফার্মাকোলজিস্ট জোসেফ ব্রোতযু এটি আবিষ্কার করেন এবং এবং ১৯৬৪ সালে এটি প্রথম বিক্রয় হয়।[৪]

চিকিৎসায় ব্যবহার

Cephalosporins are indicated for the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by bacteria susceptible to this particular form of antibiotic. First-generation cephalosporins are active predominantly against Gram-positive bacteria, and successive generations have increased activity against Gram-negative bacteria (albeit often with reduced activity against Gram-positive organisms).

বিরূপ প্রভাব

Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (≥ 1% of patients) associated with the cephalosporin therapy include: diarrhea, nausea, rash, electrolyte disturbances, and pain and inflammation at injection site. Infrequent ADRs (0.1–1% of patients) include vomiting, headache, dizziness, oral and vaginal candidiasis, pseudomembranous colitis, superinfection, eosinophilia, nephrotoxicity, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and fever.


কর্মপ্রণালী

Cephalosporins are bactericidal and have the same mode of action as other β-lactam antibiotics (such as penicillins), but are less susceptible to β-lactamases. Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer forming the bacterial cell wall. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity. The final transpeptidation step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan is facilitated by penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). PBPs bind to the D-Ala-D-Ala at the end of muropeptides (peptidoglycan precursors) to crosslink the peptidoglycan. Beta-lactam antibiotics mimic the D-Ala-D-Ala site, thereby irreversibly inhibiting PBP crosslinking of peptidoglycan.

Resistance

Resistance to cephalosporin antibiotics can involve either reduced affinity of existing PBP components or the acquisition of a supplementary β-lactam-insensitive PBP. Currently, some Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Escherichia coli strains are resistant to cephalosporins. Some Morganella morganii, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia rettgeri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens strains have also developed resistance to cephalosporins to varying degrees.[৫]

শ্রেণীবিভাগ

পঞ্চম প্রজন্মের সেফালোস্পোরিন এমআরএসএ (MRSA)-এর বিরুদ্ধে ফলদায়ক কাজ করে থাকে। Fifth-generation cephalosporins are effective against MRSA, however.

প্রজন্ম সদস্য বর্ণনা
১ Gram-positive: Activity against penicillinase-producing, methicillin-susceptible staphylococci and streptococci (though they are not the drugs of choice for such infections). No activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci or enterococci.

Gram-negative: Activity against Proteus mirabilis, some Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ("PEcK"), but have no activity against Bacteroides fragilis, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, indole-positive Proteus, or Serratia

2

অ্যামিবা বিরোধী সক্রিয়তা বা কার্যকলাপ:

The following cephems are also sometimes grouped with second-generation cephalosporins:

Gram-positive: Less than first-generation.

Gram-negative: Greater than first-generation: HEN Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes and some Neisseria + the PEcK described above

3

Antipseudomonal activity:

These cephems are also sometimes grouped with third-generation cephalosporins:

Gram-positive: Some members of this group (in particular, those available in an oral formulation, and those with antipseudomonal activity) have decreased activity against gram-positive organisms.

Gram-negative: Third-generation cephalosporins have a broad spectrum of activity and further increased activity against gram-negative organisms. They may be particularly useful in treating hospital-acquired infections, although increasing levels of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are reducing the clinical utility of this class of antibiotics. They are also able to penetrate the central nervous system, making them useful against meningitis caused by pneumococci, meningococci, H. influenzae, and susceptible E. coli, Klebsiella, and penicillin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. Since August 2012, the third-generation cephalosporin, ceftriaxone, is the only recommended treatment for gonorrhea in the United States (in addition to azithromycin or doxycycline for concurrent Chlamydia treatment). Cefixime is no longer recommended as a first-line treatment due to evidence of decreasing susceptibility.[৭] Activity against staphylococci and streptococci is less with the third-generation compounds than with the first- and second-generation compounds.[৮]

4

These cephems are also sometimes grouped with fourth-generation cephalosporins:

Note:Cefquinome is not approved for human use. It is for veterinary medicine.

Gram-positive: They are extended-spectrum agents with similar activity against Gram-positive organisms as first-generation cephalosporins.

Gram-negative: Fourth-generation cephalosporins are zwitterions that can penetrate the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.[৯] They also have a greater resistance to β-lactamases than the third-generation cephalosporins. Many can cross the blood–brain barrier and are effective in meningitis. They are also used against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

5 Ceftobiprole has been described as "fifth-generation" cephalosporin,[১০][১১] though acceptance for this terminology is not universal. Ceftobiprole has powerful antipseudomonal characteristics and appears to be less susceptible to development of resistance. Ceftaroline has also been described as "fifth-generation" cephalosporin, but does not have the antipseudomonal or VRE coverage of ceftobiprole.[১২] Ceftolozane is a new option for treatment of Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections (cIAI), and Complicated Urinary Tract Infections (cUTI). Ceftolozane is combined with the β-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam, as multi-drug resistant bacterial infections will generally show resistance to all β-lactam antibiotics unless this enzyme is inhibited.[১৩][১৪][১৫][১৬][১৭]
Other: These cephems have progressed far enough to be named, but have not been assigned to a particular generation: Nitrocefin is a chromogenic cephalosporin substrate, and is used for detection of β-lactamases.

History

আরও দেখুন: Discovery and development of cephalosporins

Cephalosporin compounds were first isolated from cultures of Cephalosporium acremonium from a sewer in Sardinia in 1948 by Italian scientist Giuseppe Brotzu.[১৮] He noticed these cultures produced substances that were effective against Salmonella typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, which had β-lactamase. Guy Newton and Edward Abraham at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at the University of Oxford isolated cephalosporin C. The cephalosporin nucleus, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), was derived from cephalosporin C and proved to be analogous to the penicillin nucleus 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), but it was not sufficiently potent for clinical use. Modification of the 7-ACA side chains resulted in the development of useful antibiotic agents, and the first agent, cefalotin (cephalothin), was launched by Eli Lilly and Company in 1964.

তথ্যসূত্র

  1. ↑ "cephalosporin"। মেরিয়াম-ওয়েবস্টার ডিকশনারি (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। 
  2. ↑ "cephalosporin - definition of cephalosporin in English from the Oxford dictionary"। OxfordDictionaries.com। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১৬-০১-২০। 
  3. ↑ ডোরল্যান্ডের চিকিৎসাশাস্ত্র অভিধানে "cephalosporin"
  4. ↑ Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology। OUP Oxford। ২০০৯। পৃষ্ঠা 56। আইএসবিএন 9780191039621। 
  5. ↑ "Cephalosporin spectrum of resistance"। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ জুলাই ২০১২। 
  6. ↑ Jędrzejczyk, Tadeusz। "Internetowa Encyklopedia Leków"। leki.med.pl। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৭-০৩-০৩। 
  7. ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6131a3.htm?s_cid=mm6131a3_w
  8. ↑ The Antimicrobial Drugs, by Eric M. Scholar. Page 108. books.google.com
  9. ↑ Richard L Sweet; Ronald S. Gibbs (১ মার্চ ২০০৯)। Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract। Lippincott Williams & Wilkins। পৃষ্ঠা 403–। আইএসবিএন 978-0-7817-7815-2। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৮ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১০। 
  10. ↑ Widmer AF (মার্চ ২০০৮)। "Ceftobiprole: a new option for treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus"। Clin. Infect. Dis.। 46 (5): 656–658। ডিওআই:10.1086/526528। পিএমআইডি 18225983। 
  11. ↑ Kosinski MA, Joseph WS (জুলাই ২০০৭)। "Update on the treatment of diabetic foot infections"। Clin Podiatr Med Surg। 24 (3): 383–396। ডিওআই:10.1016/j.cpm.2007.03.009। পিএমআইডি 17613382। 
  12. ↑ Kollef MH (ডিসেম্বর ২০০৯)। "New antimicrobial agents for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus"। Crit Care Resusc। 11 (4): 282–6। পিএমআইডি 20001879। 
  13. ↑ Takeda, S; Nakai, T; Wakai, Y; Ikeda, F; Hatano, K (২০০৭)। "In vitro and in vivo activities of a new cephalosporin, FR264205, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa"। Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy। 51 (3): 826–30। ডিওআই:10.1128/AAC.00860-06। পিএমআইডি 17145788। পিএমসি 1803152 অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য। 
  14. ↑ Toda, A; Ohki, H; Yamanaka, T; Murano, K; Okuda, S; Kawabata, K; Hatano, K; Matsuda, K; Misumi, K; Itoh, K; Satoh, K; Inoue, S (২০০৮)। "Synthesis and SAR of novel parenteral anti-pseudomonal cephalosporins: Discovery of FR264205"। Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters। 18 (17): 4849–52। ডিওআই:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.085। পিএমআইডি 18701284। 
  15. ↑ Sader, H. S.; Rhomberg, P. R.; Farrell, D. J.; Jones, R. N. (২০১১)। "Antimicrobial activity of CXA-101, a novel cephalosporin tested in combination with tazobactam against Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacteroides fragilis strains having various resistance phenotypes"। Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy। 55 (5): 2390–4। ডিওআই:10.1128/AAC.01737-10। পিএমআইডি 21321149। পিএমসি 3088243 অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য। 
  16. ↑ Craig, W. A.; Andes, D. R. (২০১৩)। "In vivo activities of ceftolozane, a new cephalosporin, with and without tazobactam against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae, including strains with extended-spectrum β-lactamases, in the thighs of neutropenic mice"। Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy। 57 (4): 1577–82। ডিওআই:10.1128/AAC.01590-12। পিএমআইডি 23274659। পিএমসি 3623364 অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য। 
  17. ↑ Zhanel, G. G.; Chung, P; Adam, H; Zelenitsky, S; Denisuik, A; Schweizer, F; Lagacé-Wiens, P. R.; Rubinstein, E; Gin, A. S.; Walkty, A; Hoban, D. J.; Lynch Jp, 3rd; Karlowsky, J. A. (২০১৪)। "Ceftolozane/tazobactam: A novel cephalosporin/β-lactamase inhibitor combination with activity against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli"। Drugs। 74 (1): 31–51। ডিওআই:10.1007/s40265-013-0168-2। পিএমআইডি 24352909। 
  18. ↑ Podolsky, M. Lawrence ( ) Cures Out of Chaos: How Unexpected Discoveries Led to Breakthroughs in Medicine and Health, Harwood Academic Publishers

বহিঃসংযোগ

টেমপ্লেট:CephalosporinAntiBiotics

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