কৃত্রিম তন্তু: সংশোধিত সংস্করণের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

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সম্পাদনা সারাংশ নেই
Jdebabrata (আলোচনা | অবদান)
সম্পাদনা সারাংশ নেই
১ নং লাইন: ১ নং লাইন:


'''কৃত্রিম তন্তু''' ( [[British English]] Synthetic fiber or synthetic fibre )'''Synthetic fiber''' or '''synthetic fibre''' (in [[British English]]; [[American and British English spelling differences#-re, -er|see spelling differences]]) are [[fiber]]s made by humans through [[chemical synthesis]], as opposed to [[natural fiber]]s that are directly derived from [[life|living]] organisms. They are the result of extensive research by [[scientist]]s to improve upon naturally occurring [[animal fiber|animal]] and [[fiber crop|plant fibers]]. In general, synthetic fibers are created by [[extrusion|extruding]] fiber-forming materials through [[spinneret (polymers)|spinnerets]], forming a fiber. These are called synthetic or artificial fibers. Synthetic fibers are created by a process known as polymerization, which involves combining monomers to make a long chain or polymer. The word polymer comes from a Greek prefix "poly" which means "many" and suffix "mer" which means "single units". (Note: each single unit of a polymer is called a monomer). There are two types of polymerization: linear polymerization and cross-linked polymerization.
'''কৃত্রিম তন্তু''' (Synthetic fiber বা synthetic fibre [[British English|ব্রিটিশ ইংরেজি]] তে)'''Synthetic fiber''' or '''synthetic fibre''' (in [[British English]]; [[American and British English spelling differences#-re, -er|see spelling differences]]) are [[fiber]]s made by humans through [[chemical synthesis]], as opposed to [[natural fiber]]s that are directly derived from [[life|living]] organisms. They are the result of extensive research by [[scientist]]s to improve upon naturally occurring [[animal fiber|animal]] and [[fiber crop|plant fibers]]. In general, synthetic fibers are created by [[extrusion|extruding]] fiber-forming materials through [[spinneret (polymers)|spinnerets]], forming a fiber. These are called synthetic or artificial fibers. Synthetic fibers are created by a process known as polymerization, which involves combining monomers to make a long chain or polymer. The word polymer comes from a Greek prefix "poly" which means "many" and suffix "mer" which means "single units". (Note: each single unit of a polymer is called a monomer). There are two types of polymerization: linear polymerization and cross-linked polymerization.


== Early experiments ==
== Early experiments ==

১১:০০, ১৭ অক্টোবর ২০২০ তারিখে সংশোধিত সংস্করণ

কৃত্রিম তন্তু (Synthetic fiber বা synthetic fibre ব্রিটিশ ইংরেজি তে)Synthetic fiber or synthetic fibre (in British English; see spelling differences) are fibers made by humans through chemical synthesis, as opposed to natural fibers that are directly derived from living organisms. They are the result of extensive research by scientists to improve upon naturally occurring animal and plant fibers. In general, synthetic fibers are created by extruding fiber-forming materials through spinnerets, forming a fiber. These are called synthetic or artificial fibers. Synthetic fibers are created by a process known as polymerization, which involves combining monomers to make a long chain or polymer. The word polymer comes from a Greek prefix "poly" which means "many" and suffix "mer" which means "single units". (Note: each single unit of a polymer is called a monomer). There are two types of polymerization: linear polymerization and cross-linked polymerization.

Early experiments

Joseph Swan created the first synthetic fiber.

The first fully synthetic fibre was glass.[১] Joseph Swan invented one of the first artificial fibers in the early 1880s;[২] today it would be called semisynthetic in precise usage. His fiber was drawn from a cellulose liquid, formed by chemically modifying the fiber contained in tree bark. The synthetic fiber produced through this process was chemically similar in its potential applications to the carbon filament Swan had developed for his incandescent light bulb, but Swan soon realized the potential of the fiber to revolutionise textile manufacturing. In 1885, he unveiled fabrics he had manufactured from his synthetic material at the International Inventions Exhibition in London.[৩]

The next step was taken by Hilaire de Chardonnet, a French engineer and industrialist, who invented the first artificial silk, which he called "Chardonnet silk". In the late 1870s, Chardonnet was working with Louis Pasteur on a remedy to the epidemic that was destroying French silkworms. Failure to clean up a spill in the darkroom resulted in Chardonnet's discovery of nitrocellulose as a potential replacement for real silk. Realizing the value of such a discovery, Chardonnet began to develop his new product,[৪] which he displayed at the Paris Exhibition of 1889.[৫] Chardonnet's material was extremely flammable, and was subsequently replaced with other, more stable materials.

Commercial products

Nylon was first synthesized by Wallace Carothers at DuPont.

The first successful process was developed in 1894 by English chemist Charles Frederick Cross, and his collaborators Edward John Bevan and Clayton Beadle. They named the fiber "viscose", because the reaction product of carbon disulfide and cellulose in basic conditions gave a highly viscous solution of xanthate.[৬] The first commercial viscose rayon was produced by the UK company Courtaulds in 1905. The name "rayon" was adopted in 1924, with "viscose" being used for the viscous organic liquid used to make both rayon and cellophane. A similar product known as cellulose acetate was discovered in 1865. Rayon and acetate are both artificial fibers, but not truly synthetic, being made from wood.[৭]

Nylon, the first synthetic fiber in the "fully synthetic" sense of that term,[তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন] was developed by Wallace Carothers, an American researcher at the chemical firm DuPont in the 1930s. It soon made its debut in the United States as a replacement for silk, just in time for the introduction of rationing during World War II. Its novel use as a material for women's stockings overshadowed more practical uses, such as a replacement for the silk in parachutes and other military uses like ropes.

The first polyester fiber was patented in Britain in 1928 by the International General Electric company.[৮] It was also produced by British chemists working at the Calico Printers' Association, John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson,[৯][১০], in 1941. They produced and patented one of the first polyester fibers which they named Terylene, also known as Dacron, equal to or surpassing nylon in toughness and resilience.[১১] ICI and DuPont went on to produce their own versions of the fiber.

The world production of synthetic fibers was 55.2 million tonnes in 2014.[১২]

Description

Synthetic fibers are made from synthesized polymers of small molecules. The compounds that are used to make these fibers come from raw materials such as petroleum based chemicals or petrochemicals. These materials are polymerized into a chemical that bonds two adjacent carbon atoms. Differing chemical compounds are used to produce different types of synthetic fibers.[তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন]

Synthetic fibers account for about half of all fiber usage, with applications in every field of fiber and textile technology. Although many classes of fiber based on synthetic polymers have been evaluated as potentially valuable commercial products, four of them - nylon, polyester, acrylic and polyolefin - dominate the market. These four account for approximately 98 percent by volume of synthetic fiber production, with polyester alone accounting for around 60 per cent.[১৩]

Pros

Synthetic fibers are more durable than most natural fibers and will readily pick-up different dyes. In addition, many synthetic fibers offer consumer-friendly functions such as stretching, waterproofing and stain resistance. Sunlight, moisture, and oils from human skin cause all fibers to break down and wear away. Natural fibers tend to be much more sensitive than synthetic blends. This is mainly because natural products are biodegradable. Natural fibers are susceptible to larval insect infestation; synthetic fibers are not a good food source for fabric-damaging insects.[তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন]

Compared to natural fibers, many synthetic fibers are more water resistant and stain resistant. Some are even specially enhanced to withstand damage from water or stains.

Cons

A device for spinning Viscose Rayon dating from 1901

Most of synthetic fibers' disadvantages are related to their low melting temperature:

  • The mono-fibers do not trap air pockets like cotton and provide poor insulation.
  • Synthetic fibers burn more rapidly than natural.
  • Prone to heat damage.
  • Melt relatively easily.
  • Prone to damage by hot washing.
  • More electrostatic charge is generated by rubbing than with natural fibers.
  • Not skin friendly, so it is uncomfortable for long wearing.[তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন]

Common synthetic fibers

Common synthetic fibers include:

Specialty synthetic fibers include:

[তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন]

Other synthetic materials used in fibers include:

Modern fibers that are made from older artificial materials include:

See also

References

  1. Loasby, G. (১৯৫১)। "The Development of the Synthetic Fibres"। Journal of the Textile Institute Proceedings42 (8): P411–P441। ডিওআই:10.1080/19447015108663852 
  2. "Sir Joseph Wilson Swan"Encyclopædia Britannica। ৭ মে ২০১৫ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৭ এপ্রিল ২০১৫ 
  3. How It Works: Science and Technologyবিনামূল্যে নিবন্ধন প্রয়োজন। Marshall Cavendish Corporation। ২০০৩। পৃষ্ঠা 851। আইএসবিএন 9780761473145 
  4. Garrett, Alfred (১৯৬৩)। The Flash of Geniusবিনামূল্যে নিবন্ধন প্রয়োজন। Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.। পৃষ্ঠা 48–49 
  5. Editors, Time-Life (১৯৯১)। Inventive Geniusবিনামূল্যে নিবন্ধন প্রয়োজন। New York: Time-Life Books। পৃষ্ঠা 52আইএসবিএন 978-0-8094-7699-2 
  6. Day, Lance; Ian McNeil (১৯৯৮)। Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology। Taylor & Francis। পৃষ্ঠা 113। আইএসবিএন 978-0415193993 
  7. Woodings, Calvin R.। "A Brief History of Regenerated Cellulosic fibers"। WOODINGS CONSULTING LTD.। ২২ এপ্রিল ২০১২ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২৬ মে ২০১২ 
  8. Loasby, G. (১৯৫১)। "The Development of the Synthetic Fibres"। Journal of the Textile Institute Proceedings42 (8): P411–P441। ডিওআই:10.1080/19447015108663852 
  9. "World of Chemistry"। Thomson Gale। ২০০৫। ২৮ অক্টোবর ২০০৯ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ১ নভেম্বর ২০০৯ 
  10. Allen, P (১৯৬৭)। "Obituary"। Chemistry in Britain 
  11. Frank Greenaway, ‘Whinfield, John Rex (1901–1966)’, rev. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 20 June 2011
  12. Man-Made Fibers Continue To Grow ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ২৮ এপ্রিল ২০১৬ তারিখে, Textile World
  13. J E McIntyre, Professor Emeritus of Textile Industries, University of Leeds, UK (সম্পাদক)। Synthetic fibers: Nylon, polyester, acrylic, polyolefin। Woodhead Publishing - Series in Textiles। 36। Cambridge। ১৭ জুলাই ২০১১ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২১ এপ্রিল ২০১০ 
  14. Katsnelson, Alla (২০১৫)। "News Feature: Microplastics present pollution puzzle"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences112 (18): 5547–5549। ডিওআই:10.1073/pnas.1504135112পিএমআইডি 25944930পিএমসি 4426466অবাধে প্রবেশযোগ্য