জাতিগত নিধন

Refugees at Taurus Pass during the Armenian genocide. The Ottoman government aimed to reduce the number of Armenians below 5–10% of the population in any part of the empire, which necessarily entailed the elimination of a million Armenians.^[১]

জাতিগত নিধন বা জাতিগত নির্মূলকরণ বলতে কোনও প্রদত্ত অঞ্চল থেকে কোনও তথাকথিত "অবাঞ্ছিত" নৃগোষ্ঠীগত, জাতিগত বা ধর্মীয় সম্প্রদায়ের ব্যক্তিদেরকে জোরপূর্বক অপসারণ কিংবা চরম পর্যায়ে তাদেরকে হত্যার মাধ্যমে নির্মূলকরণকে বোঝায়। প্রায়শই কোনও এলাকা বা অঞ্চলকে নৃগোষ্ঠীগতভাবে অধিকতর সমসত্ত্ব করার লক্ষ্যে এই অপরাধটি ঘটানো হয়। সরাসরি না প্রত্যক্ষ অপসারণ (যেমন বিবাসন, জনসমষ্টি স্থানান্তর, ইত্যাদি) ছাড়াও এই অপরাধটিতে পরোক্ষ পদ্ধতি (যেমন হত্যা, ধর্ষণ ও সম্পত্তির বিনাশ) প্রয়োগ করা হতে পারে, যাতে ভুক্তভোগী সম্প্রদায়টি পালিয়ে যেতে বাধ্য হয় ও তাদের ফিরে আসা প্রতিরোধ করা যায়।^[২]^[৩]^[৪] যদিও জাতিগত নিধন শব্দবন্ধটির আন্তর্জাতিক আইনে কোনও সংজ্ঞা নেই, এটিকে মানবতাবিরোধী অপরাধ হিসেবে গণ্য করা হয়, এমনকি গণহত্যা বিষয়ক চুক্তির আওতায়ও এটি পড়তে পারে।^[২]^[৫]^[৬]

জাতিগত নিধনের সময় প্রদত্ত অঞ্চলে লক্ষ্যকৃত সম্প্রদায়ের ভৌত ও সাংস্কৃতিক সমস্ত নিদর্শন অপসারণ করার চেষ্টা করা হয় এবং এ উদ্দেশ্যে তাদের ঘরবাড়ি, সামাজিক কেন্দ্র, খামার ও অবকাঠামোগুলি ধ্বংস করে ফেলা হয় এবং এর পাশাপাশি তাদের স্মৃতিসৌধ, সমাধিস্থল ও উপাসনালয়গুলিকেও অপবিত্র করা হয়।^{[তথ্যসূত্র প্রয়োজন]}

যদিও সমগ্র ইতিহাস জুড়েই জাতিগত নিধন ঘটেছে, এই পরিভাষাটি সর্বপ্রথম ১৯৯০-এর দশকের যুগোস্লাভ যুদ্ধের সময় অপরাধীরা প্রথম সু-অর্থে বা সুভাষণ হিসেবে এটি ব্যবহার করে। এরপর থেকে এটি আন্তর্জাতিক সংবাদ প্রচারমাধ্যমগুলিতে ব্যাপকভাবে ব্যবহৃত হওয়া শুরু করে।^[৭]

তথ্যসূত্র[সম্পাদনা]

↑ Akçam, Taner (২০১১)। "Demographic Policy and the Annihilation of the Armenians"। The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। Princeton University Press। আইএসবিএন 978-0-691-15333-9। The thesis being proposed here is that the Armenian Genocide was not implemented solely as demographic engineering, but also as destruction and annihilation, and that the 5 to 10 percent principle was decisive in achieving this goal. Care was taken so that the number of Armenians deported to Syria, and those who remained behind, would not exceed 5 to 10 percent of the population of the places in which they were found. Such a result could be achieved only through annihilation... According to official Ottoman statistics, it was necessary to reduce the prewar population of 1.3 million Armenians to approximately 200,000.
↑ ^ক ^খ "Ethnic cleansing"। www.un.org। United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০ ডিসেম্বর ২০২০।
↑ Walling, Carrie Booth (২০০০)। "The history and politics of ethnic cleansing"। The International Journal of Human Rights। 4 (3–4): 47–66। এসটুসিআইডি 144001685। ডিওআই:10.1080/13642980008406892। Most frequently, however, the aim of ethnic cleansing is to expel the despised ethnic group through either indirect coercion or direct force, and to ensure that return is impossible. Terror is the fundamental method used to achieve this end.
Methods of indirect coercion can include: introducing repressive laws and discriminatory measures designed to make minority life difficult; the deliberate failure to prevent mob violence against ethnic minorities; using surrogates to inflict violence; the destruction of the physical infrastructure upon which minority life depends; the imprisonment of male members of the ethnic group; threats to rape female members, and threats to kill. If ineffective, these indirect methods are often escalated to coerced emigration, where the removal of the ethnic group from the territory is pressured by physical force. This typically includes physical harassment and the expropriation of property. Deportation is an escalated form of direct coercion in that the forcible removal of 'undesirables' from the state's territory is organised, directed and carried out by state agents. The most serious of the direct methods, excluding genocide, is murderous cleansing, which entails the brutal and often public murder of some few in order to compel flight of the remaining group members.13 Unlike during genocide, when murder is intended to be total and an end in itself, murderous cleansing is used as a tool towards the larger aim of expelling survivors from the territory. The process can be made complete by revoking the citizenship of those who emigrate or flee.
↑ Schabas, William A. (২০০৩)। "'Ethnic Cleansing' and Genocide: Similarities and Distinctions"। European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online। 3 (1): 109–128। ডিওআই:10.1163/221161104X00075। The Commission considered techniques of ethnic cleansing to include murder, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, extrajudicial executions, sexual assault, confinement of civilian populations in ghetto areas, forcible removal, displacement and deportation of civilian populations, deliberate military attacks or threats of attacks on civilians and civilian areas, and wanton destruction of property.
↑ Jones, Adam (২০১২)। "'Ethnic cleansing' and genocide"। Crimes Against Humanity: A Beginner's Guide (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। Simon and Schuster। আইএসবিএন 978-1-78074-146-8।
↑ Schabas, William A. (২০০৩)। "'Ethnic Cleansing' and Genocide: Similarities and Distinctions"। European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online। 3 (1): 109–128। ডিওআই:10.1163/221161104X00075। 'Ethnic cleansing' is probably better described as a popular or journalistic expression, with no recognized legal meaning in a technical sense... 'ethnic cleansing' is equivalent to deportation,' a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions as well as a crime against humanity, and therefore a crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal.
↑ Thum 2010, পৃ. 75: way. Despite its euphemistic character and its origin in the language of the perpetrators, 'ethnic cleansing' is now the widely accepted scholarly term used to describe the systematic and violent removal of undesired ethnic groups from a given territory.

[1] Akçam, Taner (২০১১)। "Demographic Policy and the Annihilation of the Armenians"। The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। Princeton University Press। আইএসবিএন 978-0-691-15333-9। The thesis being proposed here is that the Armenian Genocide was not implemented solely as demographic engineering, but also as destruction and annihilation, and that the 5 to 10 percent principle was decisive in achieving this goal. Care was taken so that the number of Armenians deported to Syria, and those who remained behind, would not exceed 5 to 10 percent of the population of the places in which they were found. Such a result could be achieved only through annihilation... According to official Ottoman statistics, it was necessary to reduce the prewar population of 1.3 million Armenians to approximately 200,000.

[UN-2] ক ^খ "Ethnic cleansing"। www.un.org। United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০ ডিসেম্বর ২০২০।

[3] Walling, Carrie Booth (২০০০)। "The history and politics of ethnic cleansing"। The International Journal of Human Rights। 4 (3–4): 47–66। এসটুসিআইডি 144001685। ডিওআই:10.1080/13642980008406892। Most frequently, however, the aim of ethnic cleansing is to expel the despised ethnic group through either indirect coercion or direct force, and to ensure that return is impossible. Terror is the fundamental method used to achieve this end.
Methods of indirect coercion can include: introducing repressive laws and discriminatory measures designed to make minority life difficult; the deliberate failure to prevent mob violence against ethnic minorities; using surrogates to inflict violence; the destruction of the physical infrastructure upon which minority life depends; the imprisonment of male members of the ethnic group; threats to rape female members, and threats to kill. If ineffective, these indirect methods are often escalated to coerced emigration, where the removal of the ethnic group from the territory is pressured by physical force. This typically includes physical harassment and the expropriation of property. Deportation is an escalated form of direct coercion in that the forcible removal of 'undesirables' from the state's territory is organised, directed and carried out by state agents. The most serious of the direct methods, excluding genocide, is murderous cleansing, which entails the brutal and often public murder of some few in order to compel flight of the remaining group members.13 Unlike during genocide, when murder is intended to be total and an end in itself, murderous cleansing is used as a tool towards the larger aim of expelling survivors from the territory. The process can be made complete by revoking the citizenship of those who emigrate or flee.

[4] Schabas, William A. (২০০৩)। "'Ethnic Cleansing' and Genocide: Similarities and Distinctions"। European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online। 3 (1): 109–128। ডিওআই:10.1163/221161104X00075। The Commission considered techniques of ethnic cleansing to include murder, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, extrajudicial executions, sexual assault, confinement of civilian populations in ghetto areas, forcible removal, displacement and deportation of civilian populations, deliberate military attacks or threats of attacks on civilians and civilian areas, and wanton destruction of property.

[5] Jones, Adam (২০১২)। "'Ethnic cleansing' and genocide"। Crimes Against Humanity: A Beginner's Guide (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। Simon and Schuster। আইএসবিএন 978-1-78074-146-8।

[6] Schabas, William A. (২০০৩)। "'Ethnic Cleansing' and Genocide: Similarities and Distinctions"। European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online। 3 (1): 109–128। ডিওআই:10.1163/221161104X00075। 'Ethnic cleansing' is probably better described as a popular or journalistic expression, with no recognized legal meaning in a technical sense... 'ethnic cleansing' is equivalent to deportation,' a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions as well as a crime against humanity, and therefore a crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal.

[FOOTNOTEThum201075-7] Thum 2010, পৃ. 75: way. Despite its euphemistic character and its origin in the language of the perpetrators, 'ethnic cleansing' is now the widely accepted scholarly term used to describe the systematic and violent removal of undesired ethnic groups from a given territory.

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