হিন্দি উর্দু প্রতিবর্ণীকরণ
হিন্দি-উর্দু (দেবনাগরী: हिन्दी-उर्दू, নাস্তালিক:ہندی-اردو ) (হিন্দুস্তানি নামেও পরিচিত) [১] [২] হল উত্তর ভারত ও পাকিস্তানের লিঙ্গুয়া ফ্রাঙ্কা (একত্রে হিন্দুস্তান নামে পরিচিত)। [৩] হিন্দি আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে আধুনিক ভারতে দেবনাগরী লিপি ব্যবহার করে লিখিত একটি প্রমিত হিসাবে নিবন্ধিত, এবং উর্দু আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে আধুনিক পাকিস্তানে বর্ধিত পার্সো-আরবি লিপি ব্যবহার করে লেখা একটি মান হিসাবে নিবন্ধিত।
স্বরবর্ণ[সম্পাদনা]
| Hindustani Vowels | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Hindi | ISO 15919 | Urdu[৪] | Approxi. English
equivalent | ||||
| Initial | Final | Final | Medial | Initial | ||||
| ə[৫] | अ | ा | a | ـہ | ـا | ـ◌َـ | اَ | about |
| aː | आ | ā | ـا | آ | far | |||
| ɪ | इ | ि | i | ـی | ـ◌ِـ | اِ | still | |
| iː | ई | ी | ī | ◌ِـیـ | اِیـ | fee | ||
| ʊ | उ | ु | u | ـو | ـ◌ُـ | اُ | book | |
| uː | ऊ | ू | ū | ◌ُـو | اُو | moon | ||
| eː | ए | े | ē | ے | ـیـ | ایـ | mate | |
| ɛː | ऐ | ै | ai | ◌َـے | ◌َـیـ | اَیـ | fairy | |
| oː | ओ | ो | ō | ـو | او | force | ||
| ɔː | औ | ौ | au | ◌َـو | اَو | lot (Received Pronunciation) | ||
| ʰ[৬] | h | ھ | (Aspirated sounds) cake | |||||
| ◌̃[৭] | ँ | m̐ | ں | ـن٘ـ | ن٘ | nasal vowel faun ([ãː, õː], etc.) | ||
| ं | ṁ | jungle | ||||||
ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ[সম্পাদনা]
| PersoArabic | Roman | Devanagari | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| ک | k | क | |
| کھ | kh | ख | |
| ق | q | क़ | The nuqta, in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as क[৮][৯] |
| خ | k͟h | ख़ | The nuqta, in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as ख[৮][৯] |
| گ | g | ग | |
| غ | g͟h | ग़ | The nuqta, in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as ग[৮][৯] |
| گھ | gh | घ | |
| چ | c | च | |
| چھ | ch | छ | |
| ج | j | ज | |
| جھ | jh | झ | |
| ز | z | ज़ | The nuqta, in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as ज[৮][৯] |
| ذ | ẕ | ज़़ | (Approximated in Devanagari for one-to-one map. Actually same as ज़) |
| ض | ẓ | ॹ | (Approximated in Devanagari for one-to-one map. Actually same as ज़) |
| ظ | z̤ | ॹ़ | (Approximated in Devanagari for one-to-one map. Actually same as ज़) |
| ژ | zh | झ़ | Used in direct Farsi loan-words |
| ٹ | ṭ | ट | |
| ٹھ | ṭh | ठ | |
| ڈ | ḍ | ड | |
| ڈھ | ḍh | ढ | |
| ڑ | ṛ | ड़ | Colloquially, ṛ is often confused with ḍ and vice-versa |
| ڑھ | ṛh | ढ़ | Colloquially, ṛh is often confused with ḍh and vice-versa |
| ت | t | त | |
| تھ | th | थ | |
| ط | t̤ | त़ | The nuqta is generally ignored in Hindi and written as त |
| د | d | द | |
| دھ | dh | ध | |
| ن | n | न | |
| پ | p | प | |
| پھ | ph | फ | |
| ف | f | फ़ | The nuqta, in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as फ[৮][৯] |
| ب | b | ब | |
| بھ | bh | भ | |
| م | m | म | |
| ی | y | य | |
| ر | r | र | |
| ل | l | ल | |
| و | v | व | و is transcribed as /w/ for Arabic words and /v/ for Indo-Iranian words |
| w | व़ | ||
| ش | sh | श | |
| س | s | स | |
| ص | ṣ | स़ | The nuqta is generally ignored in Hindi and written as स |
| ث | s̱ | स़़ | (Approximated in Devanagari with 2 unicode nuqtas for one-to-one map. Actually same as स) |
| ہ | h | ह | |
| ح | ḥ | ह़ | The nuqta is generally ignored in Hindi and written as ह |
| ۃ | ẖ | ह॒ | Used only for Arabic-derived words (approximated in Devanagari) |
| ھ | h | ह | ھ is generally only used for aspirated consonants. Any individual usage is generally considered an error and to be taken as ہ |
| ع | ʿ | ʿ | Variable consonant placeholder |
সংস্কৃত ব্যঞ্জন[সম্পাদনা]
The following consonants are mostly used in words that are directly borrowed or adapted from Sanskrit.
| Perso-Arabic | Roman | Devanagari | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| ن٘ | ṅ | ङ | |
| ݩ | ñ | ञ | ݩ was introduced to write Gojri[১০] |
| ݨ | ṇ | ण | ݨ was introduced to write Shahmukhi[১০] |
| لؕ | ḷ | ळ | Rarely used in Shahmukhi |
| ݜ | ṣh | ष | ݜ was introduced to write Shina[১০] |
| ڔّ | r̥ | ऋ |
বিস্ফোরক ব্যঞ্জন[সম্পাদনা]
সারাইকি ভাষায় এ ব্যঞ্জনগুলো বেশি পাওয়া যায়৷
| Shahmukhi | Roman | Devanagari |
|---|---|---|
| ڳ | g̤ | ॻ |
| ڄ | j̈ | ॼ |
| ݙ | d̤ | ॾ |
| ٻ | ḇ | ॿ |
নমুনা পাঠ[সম্পাদনা]
কবি মুহাম্মদ ইকবাল রচিত তরানাহ এ মিল্লি৷
| ফার্সিকৃত আরবি লিপি | দেবনাগরী | রোমান | বাংলা অনুবাদ |
|---|---|---|---|
سَارے جَہَاں سے اَچّھَا، ہِنْدوسِتَاں ہَمَارَا۔ ہَمْ بُلْبُلے ہَیں اِسْکِی، یَہْ گُلْسِتَا ہَمَارَا۔۔ |
सारे जहाँ से अच्छा, हिन्दोसिताँ हमारा। हम बुलबुले हैं इसकी, यह गुलसिता हमारा॥ |
sārē jahā̃ sē acchā, hindōsitā̃ hamārā. ham bulbulē haĩ iskī, yah gulsitā hamārā.. |
সমগ্র জগতের থেকেও আমাদের হিন্দোসিতাঁ শ্রেষ্ঠ৷ আমরা এর বুলবুলি, আর এটা আমাদের বাগিচা সম৷ |
আরও দেখুন[সম্পাদনা]
তথ্যসূত্র[সম্পাদনা]
- ↑ "About Hindi-Urdu"। North Carolina State University। ১৫ আগস্ট ২০০৯ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ৯ আগস্ট ২০০৯।
- ↑ Ray, Aniruddha (২০১১)। The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। Primus Books। আইএসবিএন 978-93-80607-16-0।
- ↑ Ashmore, Harry S. (১৯৬১)। Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11 (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। Encyclopædia Britannica। পৃষ্ঠা 579।
- ↑ Diacritics in Urdu are normally not written and usually implied and interpreted based on the context of the sentence
- ↑ [ɛ] occurs as a conditioned allophone of /ə/ near an /ɦ/ surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa undergoes syncopation, and the resultant is just an [ɛ] preceding an /ɦ/. Hindi does not have a letter to represent ə as it is usually implied
- ↑ Hindi has individual letters for aspirated consonants whereas Urdu has a specific letter to represent an aspirated consonant
- ↑ No words in Hindustani can begin with a nasalised letter/diacritic. In Urdu the initial form (letter) for representing a nasalised word is: ن٘ (nūn + small nūn ghunna diacritic)
- ↑ ক খ গ ঘ ঙ Shapiro, Michael C. (১৯৮৯)। A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi (English ভাষায়)। Motilal Banarsidass Publ.। পৃষ্ঠা 20। আইএসবিএন 978-81-208-0508-8।
In addition to the basic consonantal sounds discussed in sections 3.1 and 3.2, many speakers use any or all five additional consonants (क़ ḳ, ख़ ḳh,ग़ ġ, ज़ z, फ़ f) in words of foreign origin (primarily from Persian, Arabic, English, and Portuguese). The last two of these, ज़ z and फ़ f, are the initial sounds in English zig and fig respectively. The consonant क़ ḳ is a voiceless uvular stop, somewhat like k, but pronounced further back in the mouth. ख़ ḳh is a voiceless fricative similar in pronunciation to the final sound of the German ach. ग़ ġ is generally pronounced as a voiceless uvular fricative, although it is occasionally heard as a stop rather than a fricative. In devanāgari each of these five sounds is represented by the use of a subscript dot under one of the basic consonant signs. In practice, however, the dot is often omitted, leaving it to the reader to render the correct pronunciation on the basis of his prior knowledge of the language.
- ↑ ক খ গ ঘ ঙ Pandey, Dipti; Mondal, Tapabrata; Agrawal, S. S.; Bangalore, Srinivas (২০১৩)। "Development and suitability of Indian languages speech database for building watson based ASR system"। 2013 International Conference Oriental COCOSDA held jointly with 2013 Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE): 3। ডিওআই:10.1109/ICSDA.2013.6709861।
Only in Hindi 10 Phonemes व /v/ क़ /q/ ञ /ɲ/ य /j/ ष /ʂ/ ख़ /x/ ग़ /ɣ/ ज़ /z/ झ़ /ʒ/ फ़ /f/
- ↑ ক খ গ "Proposal for extensions to the Arabic block" (পিডিএফ)।